MST-Department of Gender and Development Studies

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Self-Help Groups’ Contributions and Empowerment of Women in Nakuru County, Kenya Moraa
(Kenyatta University, 2025-01) Moraa, Gladys Obiria
This study examined the capacities women gained through participation in self help groups and how they utilized these capacities to improve their lives and those of their families in Kaptembwo Ward, Nakuru Town West Sub-county, and Nakuru County, Kenya. While previous studies have emphasized the role of self-help groups in women’s empowerment, few have explored how these groups equip women with capacities and how they convert them into practical skills. The study had four objectives: to identify factors influencing women’s participation in groups, to examine the capacities women acquire and how they convert them into skills, to assess challenges hindering women’s empowerment, and to identify strategies for enhancing women’s acquisition of capacities and their conversion into skills. The study applied the Capability Approach and Functionalism Theory. A descriptive survey research design wasused, with a sample of 185 respondents selected through random and stratified random sampling from a target population of 2,044 women in 192 self-help groups. Data was collected using questionnaires for group members and an interview schedule for group leaders. A letter of introduction was obtained from the Graduate Schooland a research permit from the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation(NACOSTI). Before obtaining informed consent from the respondents, the researcher provided them with details about the study's purpose, expectations, voluntary participation, and NACOSTI's permit for the research. Respecting confidentiality and anonymity, the researcher securely stored data, met participants in safe, comfortable locations, and adhered to anti-plagiarism standards by presenting original work and citing sources appropriately.Qualitative data was analyzed using inductive coding, while quantitative data was processed using descriptive statistics.The study found that women primarily joined self-help groups to save money and access loans, with secondary motivations including acquiring skills in investment and negotiation. Women reported acquiring capacities such as time management, negotiation, and assertiveness. However, these capacities did not always translate into practical skills.The study found that a significant barrier to women’s participation in group activities was the refusal of their husbands to grant them permission.The study identified three strategies for enhancing women’s acquisition of capacities and their conversion into skills: a participatory approach that educates both men and women about the role of self-help groups, translating policies into local languages, and providing regular training sessions for women and their spouses on managing profitable businesses. The study recommends that self-help groups expand their activities to include entrepreneurship training, health education, and legal awareness. Additionally, structured mentorship and follow-up programmes should be introduced to help women apply their acquired capacities. Stakeholders, including the government, non-governmental organizations, and community leaders, should provide support to address the challenges women face in self-help groups. Development partners should collaborate to implement strategies that integrate inclusive educational programmes,addressing both the value of self helpgroups and broader socio-economic barriers.
Gender as a Determinant of Students’ Participation Levels in Science Fair Competitions in Secondary Schools in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Nzusyo, Maureen Muthoki
Despite longstanding efforts by governments and international bodies to promote women's involvement in science and technology, women remain underrepresented in most scientific fields globally (UNESCO, 2017). This disparity is often linked to early education experiences, including limited participation in science-related co-curricular activities (Akala, 2010). It is assumed that participation in science-oriented co-curricular competitions such as science fairs boost students’ performance and interest in the science subject. This study sought to analyse Gender as a Determinant of Students’ Participation levels in Science Fair Competitions in Secondary Schools in Kiambu county-Kenya. It investigated whether the situation is the same in the identified area of study. Specifically, it explored gender differences in the number of boys and girls participating in selected science fair competitions from 2012 to 2021 in secondary schools in Thika west sub-county, examined the selection processes in schools for representation in science fair competitions among secondary school boys and girls in the area of study, determined the factors influencing participation in the said science fair competitions, and also identified gender responsive strategies that can ensure gender equitable participation in these fairs. Using a descriptive survey design, the study sampled 350 respondents through purposive, simple random, and stratified sampling. It was guided by Social Role Theory and collected data using questionnaires for students and structured interview guides for science teachers. Data collection techniques included self-administration of questionnaires to selected students and conduction of structured interview guides to selected science teachers by the researcher. It obtained secondary data from literature on gender and science, and science fairs. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS (version 23) which was present in frequencies, counts, percentages, tables and figures, while analysis of qualitative data was done using content analysis and presented thematically and verbatim. Findings showed a gender gap in participation favoring boys, despite schools employing gender-sensitive selection processes. Key barriers to female participation were found to include: Gender stereotypes and ideologies, lack of female role models, limited career guidance and sexual harassment. The study proposed strategies such as organisation of workshops to boost self-image and creation of gender equality awareness. Finding of the study offer valuable insights for the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders to supervise gender mainstreaming in science fairs in secondary schools since evidence exists that there is a gender discrepancy in participation in science fairs in secondary schools (Steegh, 2021).
University Students Perceptions on Leveraging Mobile Phone Applications to Report Sexual Violence Incidents in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(2023-06) Otieno, Ken
Women's Participation in Milk Value-Addition in Nyeri County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2023-01) Ngocho, Charles G.
Abstract
Domestic Violence against Men and Its Implications on their Perceived Masculinity in Busia County, Kenya
(2023-05) Wanyama Lynette Makhono
Abstract
Effects of the Constituency Women Enterprise Scheme on the Performance of Women Enterprises in Nyamira County- Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Bosire, Kerubo Millicent
Globally, women’s economic empowerment has been identified as a prerequisite to enhancing their participation in economic development. It accelerates economic growth and improves women's financial independence by creating job opportunities. Additionally, their social, educational and health standards at the individual and family levels improve. The government of Kenya introduced the Women Enterprise Scheme to empower women economically through the provision of credit and business support services. Women in Kenya have been able to access credit through registered groups. However, businesses owned by women have experienced challenges such as collapse, low profits, and stagnation which have further led to high loan defaults among borrowers. Therefore, this study sought to assess the effects of the Constituency Women Enterprise Scheme on the performance of women's enterprises. The objectives of the study were: To assess the demographic characteristics of women beneficiaries, establish types of businesses operated by women, assess how C-WES has improved the performance of women enterprises, and identify challenges and mitigation measures of women enterprises. The liberal feminist theory guided the study. Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) was used to determine a sample size of 368 respondents who were further selected by systematic random sampling. Further, data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules; and was analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, and presented in form of graphs, charts, and tables. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 17.0). Findings from the study revealed that loan size, lack of supervision, loan diversion, gender roles, competition, and business support services affected enterprise performance. Demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, and level of education also influenced enterprise performance. The study recommends that C-WES should tailor their financial products that better meet the needs of women entrepreneurs by increasing the grace and repayment period and loan size. Further, the Ministry of Public Service, Youth & Gender Affairs should devise strategies that help address gender-related challenges that affect the effective uptake of C-WES and the performance of business enterprises.
Gendered Implications of Involuntary Resettlement of Displaced Families: The Case of Karimenu II Dam, Kiambu County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Njuku, Lawrence Kiarie; Geraldine Musyoki; Mutuma, Sheila
Abstract
Gendered Implications of Involuntary Resettlement of Displaced Families: The Case of Karimenu II Dam ,Kiambu County,Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Kiarie, Njuku Lawrence; Geraldine Musyoki; Sheila Mutuma
Men, Masculinities and Insecure Livelihoods in Mukuru Informal Settlement, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Kabala, Nathaniel Henry Nyawate; Pacificah Okemwa; Mildred Lodiaga
Abstract
Determinants of Vulnerability to Risk taking Behavior among Girls in Public Day Secondary School in Kiambaa, Kiambu county, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Mwangi, Lucy N; Pacificah Okemwa
ABSTRACT The study investigated the determinants of vulnerability to risk taking Behaviour (RTB) among girls in Public Day Secondary Schools (PDSS) in Kiambaa Sub- County, Kiambu County, Kenya. This was due to the high levels of RTB among secondary school girls that had been reported. The specific objectives were to identify the types of RTB among girls in PDSS, examine internal and external factors influencing vulnerability to RTB, assess gender-related challenges faced by girls engaged in RTB, and propose gender-responsive strategies to mitigate vulnerability. The study integrated two theories, problem behaviour theory and empowerment theory .It employed a descriptive survey methodology. Using proportional stratified random sampling and purposive sampling procedures 68 teachers, 96 girls, 12 principals from 12 PDSSs, along with 6 sub-county education authorities and 12 parents, totalling 194. Participated in the study. A pilot study involving 1 teacher and 10 students from Kiambu Sub-County was conducted to assess content and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha (u= 0.7) ensured internal consistency and reliability of variables. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, analysed using SPSS version 24 for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data, and presented via tables and figures. The findings revealed various RTB among girls, including unprotected sex, prostitution, drug use, abortion, theft, and fighting. RTB determinants encompassed factors like parental divorce, absenteeism, peer pressure, financial hardship, and lack of role models, excessive idle time, societal influences, and declining values. Gender-specific challenges emerged, such as early pregnancies, abortions, forced marriages, academic failure, rejection, and health risks from unsafe abortions. Gender-responsive strategies suggested included enhanced counselling programs, life skills development, rehabilitation facilities, job opportunities, loans for mothers, bursary funding clear disciplinary policies, spiritual guidance, and second chances for young mothers to complete their education. In conclusion, this study highlights the existence of RTB among girls in PDSS and underscores the complexity of factors influencing these behaviours. To effectively address RTB, a comprehensive approach that considers both internal and external factors is essential. Recognizing the specific challenges faced by girls is crucial. Gender-sensitive interventions that involve collaboration between schools, parents, and the community are vital in creating a supportive environment that encourages healthier behaviours among girls in PDSS.
Gendered Implications of Involuntary Resettlement of Displaced Families: The Case of Karimenu II Dam, Kiambu County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Njuku, Lawrence Kiarie; Geraldine Musyoki; Sheila Mutuma
This study investigated the gender implications of involuntary resettlement at Karimenu II Dam. The specific objectives were: to examine the particular resettlement strategies employed by the government on the displaced families for the construction of Karimenu II Dam; to assess the gender implications on the lives and livelihoods of the displaced families through the government‟s development project at Karimenu II; to establish the coping mechanisms adopted by women and men following their involuntary resettlement and to suggest possible ways for the government to come up with involuntary resettlement programs that are gender responsive. The study employed the Impoverishment, Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) model developed in the late 1990s by the World Bank and coined by Michael Cernea (2002); which provides a conceptual tool for identifying the inherent risks that may cause impoverishment through involuntary displacement and resettlement. It also employed the refined IRR model by Andnet Gizachew in 2015 to cater for omissions of other risks of involuntary resettlement. Karimenu II dam which was constructed between the years 2018 to 2022 is located in Gatundu North Sub-county of Kiambu County. The study employed a case study design. Out of the target population of 600 families, the researcher found out that only 300 families had been resettled during the first phase, and the sample size of 169 respondents was selected by use of Krejcie & Morgan sampling table. It also included 6 key informants. Data was collected by use of questionnaires, direct observation, structured and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented in form of tables, figures and histograms while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The research brought to light the socio-economic gender outcome of the involuntarily displaced persons of Karimenu II Dam construction. There were significant social and economic disruption of the lives of the PAPs. The shock of being displaced caused distress especially among the elderly and women. Problematic valuation of property followed by delays in compensation led to riots and mistrust between the implementers and the affected. However, following the Involuntary Resettlement an opportunity of growth arose for the PAPs rather than the anticipated impoverishment. Many were able to relocate with their livestock, resettled well and were able to invest better agriculturally and in business, setting them on a path of economic growth. There were significant gender outcomes where many women got an opportunity to share in decision-making at the domestic level during relocation and investments on their new lands while a sizeable number of men gave up alcoholism to manage their new settlements and investments. This data may be helpful in acquiring gender disaggregated outcomes on the lives and livelihoods of PAPs of Involuntary Resettlement, to the government and other stakeholders in the future for a gender responsive planning of development projects where populations are to be displaced involuntarily. It will also contribute to the body of knowledge on Involuntary Resettlement from a gender perspective. The study has made recommendations to implementers of IR, community leaders and the PAPs that may help improve future IR outcomes.
Gender Analysis and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kericho County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Miyawa, Harrison Joshua; Casper Masiga
Entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as an important driver of economic growth, productivity, innovation and employment, and it is widely accepted as a key aspect of economic dynamism. The Kenyan economy relies heavily on small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to support livelihoods and provide jobs. Over 15 million people are reportedly employed in the sector, which also adds about 30% to the country's overall worth. Despite this, MSMEs nevertheless face many difficulties that hinder their growth, chief among which is their limited access to financing. Thus, the study was informed. The goal of this survey was to analyze the performance of SMEs among the gender in Kericho County. The objectives of the survey were; to explore the extent of gender influence on performance of SMEs after accessing credit from micro-finance institutions, to find out the challenges affecting performance of SMEs funded by micro-finance institutions, to identify the factors contributing to gender gap in SMEs performance and to establish entrepreneurship’s characteristics that influence access to credit from micro-credit institutions. The institutional theory, which focuses on elements that are externally or internally central inside the company and sustainable innovation, served as the study's main theoretical framework. The research design for the survey was a descriptive survey. The researcher created the state of affairs in the field for this study, and no variable was altered, leading to the decision to use a descriptive survey research design. Purposive sampling was utilized to interview management officials while random sampling was used in group interview. The target population was 1000 SMEs operators in Kericho County and the sample for the study was 44 households. Structured questionnaires for business owners and interview guides for in-depth information from microcredit employees served as the primary data gathering instruments for this study. In order to determine the uniformity of responses, the reliability testing formula known as the prophesy was used. The pilot instrument was split into two equal halves, and the correlation coefficients between the two halves were determined by Spearman-Brown. The survey findings established that most of the SME were started in the last five years, between 2006 and 2021. This can be attributed to several factors in the Kenya economy such as structural adjustment programs (SAPs). The major source of capital was savings from the farming and micro-credit institutions. The government and NGOs should ensure that finances are made available to both men and women in business. This could be done through awareness campaign on the existence of such financial institutions with the help of the government. This will improve capital base and create more opportunities hence assisting in reducing unemployment which is the main purpose of the informal sector. The government should come up with a policy that require micro-finance institution and NGOs in individual capacities or in collaboration with the government to have a human resource or manpower development to train the target population before accessing credit or loans.
Influence of Social Capital on Performance of Self Help Groups in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Joy, Wasirimba N.; Dickson M. Ombaka
Self Help Groups (SHGs) are informal groups formed to allow its members to get financial benefits by helping one another. Their objective is to build savings as well as credit for their members. Social capital (SC) is viewed as a combination of a SHG‟s characteristics of bonding, bridging, and linking forms. The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of social capital on the performance of self-help groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya. The study was guided by four objectives: 1) to examine the relationship between social capital and performance of self-help groups; 2) to examine the relationship between trust and performance of self-help groups; 3) to examine the relationship between social cohesion and performance of self-help groups; and 4) to establish the challenges facing self-help groups in Nambale Sub-County and recommend solutions. This study was anchored on two theories: the Social Capital Theory and the Group Development Theory by Bruce Tuckman which explains the link between social capital and the performance of self-help groups. The study used a mixed-method approach and adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted all Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County. The researcher purposively selected twelve (12) SHGs in three sub-locations of Nambale Township Location from a sample size of 96 respondents who were randomly selected. Questionnaires, focused group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs) were used to collect primary data. The researcher administered 96 questionnaires with a response rate of 95%; 9 FGDs, and 12 KIIs. Quantitative data was analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23 while qualitative data was analysed qualitatively through content analysis. The study observed all ethical considerations throughout the research process. The study found that 58% of the respondents indicated that their group members were trustworthy and had grown very close over the last five years while 42% per cent felt that their group members were somehow trustworthy and had grown somehow close. Overall, the respondents indicated that they agreed that there was strong group cohesion within their SHGs. Eighty-three percent (83%) indicated that they would be willing to give their support in terms of time, money, and labour toward a community project that would not be of direct benefit to them. It is therefore clear from the findings that trust levels, mutual reciprocity, and social cohesion play a pivotal role in determining the performance of SHGs. Study concludes that performance of SHGs in Nambale Sub-County was a function of different factors such as effective leadership, cohesiveness of members, effective communication, sharing of benefits and liabilities, effective participation in projects and activities of the group, proper record-keeping, and proper conflict resolution framework. It recommends proper regulations on registrations, financial and non-financial support to SHGs, homogenous membership, and training for members for efficiency and enhanced performance.
Determinants of Gender Differential in Access and Utilisation of Reproductive Health Services among Youth in Limuru, Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Mugure, Ngugi Eunice; Mildred J. Lodiaga.; Grace Okong’o.
Gender differential in access and utilisation of Reproductive Health Services (RHS) among young women and men is a major challenge in ensuring healthy youthful population. Differential access and utilisation of Reproductive Health Services is determined by many factors which may be personal, social-cultural, and socio-economic, or due to institutional arrangements occasioned by policies and practices. This study investigated the determinants of gender differential in access and utilization of reproductive health services by male and female youth in Ndeiya Division, Limuru Sub- County. The objectives were: to explore the institutional determinants, to establish the social-cultural determinants and to assess the social-economic determinants that affect differential access and utilisation of Reproductive Health Services by the male and female youth in Ndeiya Division. The study was guided by the Social Cognitive Theory. Descriptive survey design was adopted to collect numerical and non-numerical information. The target population consisted of 28667male youth and 28686 female youth aged between 15-24 years. The study solicited information from a sample size of 397individuals comprising 198 males and 199 females. Stratified and simple random sampling were employed to select the youths whose data were collected using questionnaires. In addition, five health officers from the two public health facilities within Ndeiya division were selected using census survey.Numerical information was collected using questionnaires while qualitative data was collected using key informant interview guide. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20,aidedin analysing the primary data. The study established that more young women accessed and utilised Reproductive Health Services as compared to young men. The findings gathered from this research will arm the government and stakeholders with information on determinants of differential access and utilisation of Reproductive Health Services by the male and female youth. Information provided may be used to design interventions, such as policies and programmes that are gender sensitive in addressing this differential access and utilisation of RHS. Study recommendations were: The empowerment of young men through training programs to create awareness on the need of seeking RHS without being influenced by gender stereotype notions, young women to be empowered to make their personal decisions on issues of RH, training and employment of more health service provider personnel in all health facilities in Ndeiya Division, more training and employment of male service providers in health facilities to cater for the young men and to ensure comfort and confidence, providereproductive health services at a time convenient to the youth, especially outside official working hours when youth are available, provision of separate male and female clinics integrated in the same health facility, introduction of RH programmes particularly targeting male youth to address their risky behaviour of poorly seeking RHS, andestablish more youth centres with separate activities and discussions for men and women.
Influence of Social Capital on Performance of Self Help Groups in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Joy, Wasirimba N; Dickson M. Ombaka
Self Help Groups (SHGs) are informal groups formed to allow its members to get financial benefits by helping one another. Their objective is to build savings as well as credit for their members. Social capital (SC) is viewed as a combination of a SHG‟s characteristics of bonding, bridging, and linking forms. The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of social capital on the performance of self-help groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya. The study was guided by four objectives: 1) to examine the relationship between social capital and performance of self-help groups; 2) to examine the relationship between trust and performance of self-help groups; 3) to examine the relationship between social cohesion and performance of self-help groups; and 4) to establish the challenges facing self-help groups in Nambale Sub-County and recommend solutions. This study was anchored on two theories: the Social Capital Theory and the Group Development Theory by Bruce Tuckman which explains the link between social capital and the performance of self-help groups. The study used a mixed-method approach and adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted all Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County. The researcher purposively selected twelve (12) SHGs in three sub-locations of Nambale Township Location from a sample size of 96 respondents who were randomly selected. Questionnaires, focused group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs) were used to collect primary data. The researcher administered 96 questionnaires with a response rate of 95%; 9 FGDs, and 12 KIIs. Quantitative data was analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23 while qualitative data was analysed qualitatively through content analysis. The study observed all ethical considerations throughout the research process. The study found that 58% of the respondents indicated that their group members were trustworthy and had grown very close over the last five years while 42% per cent felt that their group members were somehow trustworthy and had grown somehow close. Overall, the respondents indicated that they agreed that there was strong group cohesion within their SHGs. Eighty-three percent (83%) indicated that they would be willing to give their support in terms of time, money, and labour toward a community project that would not be of direct benefit to them. It is therefore clear from the findings that trust levels, mutual reciprocity, and social cohesion play a pivotal role in determining the performance of SHGs. Study concludes that performance of SHGs in Nambale Sub-County was a function of different factors such as effective leadership, cohesiveness of members, effective communication, sharing of benefits and liabilities, effective participation in projects and activities of the group, proper record-keeping, and proper conflict resolution framework. It recommends proper regulations on registrations, financial and non-financial support to SHGs, homogenous membership, and training for members for efficiency and enhanced performance.
Influence of Social Capital on Performance of Self Help Groups in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Wasirimba, N. Joy; Dickson M. Ombaka
Self Help Groups (SHGs) are informal groups formed to allow its members to get financial benefits by helping one another. Their objective is to build savings as well as credit for their members. Social capital (SC) is viewed as a combination of a SHG’s characteristics of bonding, bridging, and linking forms. The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of social capital on the performance of self-help groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya. The study was guided by four objectives: 1) to examine the relationship between social capital and performance of self-help groups; 2) to examine the relationship between trust and performance of self-help groups; 3) to examine the relationship between social cohesion and performance of self-help groups; and 4) to establish the challenges facing self-help groups in Nambale Sub-County and recommend solutions. This study was anchored on two theories: the Social Capital Theory and the Group Development Theory by Bruce Tuckman which explains the link between social capital and the performance of self-help groups. The study used a mixed-method approach and adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted all Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County. The researcher purposively selected twelve (12) SHGs in three sub-locations of Nambale Township Location from a sample size of 96 respondents who were randomly selected. Questionnaires, focused group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs) were used to collect primary data. The researcher administered 96 questionnaires with a response rate of 95%; 9 FGDs, and 12 KIIs. Quantitative data was analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23 while qualitative data was analysed qualitatively through content analysis. The study observed all ethical considerations throughout the research process. The study found that 58% of the respondents indicated that their group members were trustworthy and had grown very close over the last five years while 42% per cent felt that their group members were somehow trustworthy and had grown somehow close. Overall, the respondents indicated that they agreed that there was strong group cohesion within their SHGs. Eighty-three percent (83%) indicated that they would be willing to give their support in terms of time, money, and labour toward a community project that would not be of direct benefit to them. It is therefore clear from the findings that trust levels, mutual reciprocity, and social cohesion play a pivotal role in determining the performance of SHGs. Study concludes that performance of SHGs in Nambale Sub-County was a function of different factors such as effective leadership, cohesiveness of members, effective communication, sharing of benefits and liabilities, effective participation in projects and activities of the group, proper record-keeping, and proper conflict resolution framework. It recommends proper regulations on registrations, financial and non-financial support to SHGs, homogenous membership, and training for members for efficiency and enhanced performance.
Impacts of Financial Literacy on Economic Empowerment of Small Scale Women Traders in Kisii County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Nyamagwa, Richard; Pacificah Okemwa; Leah Wanjama
The study sought to find out the effects of financial literacy on economic empowerment of small scale women traders in South Mugirango sub-county. Small scale women traders in South Mugirango sub-county have continued to show limited growth if not retardation. The need for financial literacy skills has become significant with the emphasis of economic empowerment of women. Low levels of financial literacy skills or lack of it among small scale women traders inhibit their growth hence diminish their economic success. The study objectives were; to find out the relationship between budgeting practices and economic empowerment among small scale women traders, to determine the effects of book-keeping practices on economic empowerment among small scale women traders, to establish the effects of credit management practices on economic empowerment among small scale women traders and to find out the challenges experienced by women in accessing financial literacy training programmes in South Mugirango Sub-County. The study was guided by the financial literacy theory. The descriptive Survey research design was used to guide the study. The target population for the study was registered small scale women traders who were beneficiaries of Equity Group Foundation project in South Mugirango Sub-County. A sample size of 34% trained small scale women traders and untrained small scale women traders was selected through random sampling technique. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires administered to the two groups; and key informant interviews with women traders and EGF Credit officers. Data collected was then organized, coded and entered in the computer for analysis. Quantitative analysis yielded frequency distributions, one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with F-statistic, as well as cross tabulations with Chi-square statistic, t-test was used to analyze the differences in performance between the trained and the untrained. The study findings revealed that budgeting skills acquired through financial literacy programmes played significant roles in growing sales, profits and ensuring smooth running of the business. However, some women traders did not carry out any budgeting in their business citing household commitments. In addition, Credit management skills played key roles in enhancing performance of SSEs through facilitation to acquire and manage loans to ensure that loan liability was minimized. Results further indicate that most women traders do not keep proper books of account. However, for those practicing book keeping the skills obtained influenced the performance of their businesses by providing them with mechanisms for tracking performance, and accurate decision making. The findings further revealed that women traders who had undergone financial literacy training were more economically empowered than those who had not. Results also revealed that financial literacy training had a significant positive impact on economic empowerment on small scale women traders. Despite the importance of financial literacy trainings, the programmes are not gendered so as to accommodate the interests of the small scale women traders. The effects of financial literacy skills are evident in economically empowering small scale women traders. The government and Non-governmental organizations should therefore initiate and fund gender-responsive financial literacy programmes throughout the country as a strategy to economically empower small scale women traders.
Role of Social Risk Management Strategies in Reducing Vulnerabilities of Pastoral Nomadic Households after Subdivision of Group Ranches in Kajiado County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022-06) Ngatti, Anastasia Mghoi; Daniel M. Muia
The study aimed to gain an understanding of the Social Risk Management Strategies (SRMS) applied by pastoral households in sub-divided group ranches so as to support their resilience to extreme events and to support the development of these communities. The study was undertaken in Nkukuon, Sholinke and Olooloitikosh villages of Oloosirkon Division – which are areas where pastoral-nomadic households from the former Ololoitikosh Group ranch can be found. The main study objectives were to: (i) identify and analyse the SRMS that were established or adjusted to support pastoral-nomadic households in Oloosirkon Division; (ii) establish the effect of SRMS on pastoral recovery strategies and subsequent maintenance of pastoral-nomadism as a livelihood stream; and (iii) suggest measures that can be undertaken at community and policy level to facilitate sustainable SRMS in favor of pastoral-nomadism. The social exchange theory was considered to explain (i) whether pastoralists would set up new relationship based on new social systems to reduce vulnerabilities, especially after the loss of socially protected common grazing grounds under the group ranch system; (ii) whether the households would retain and build these relationships after seeing their value to reducing vulnerabilities on their livelihoods. The study used a descriptive case study research design and used household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations as data collection methodologies in pastoral nomadic households in a segment of the former Ololoitikosh Group Ranch. The Kenyatta University Graduate School, the Kenyatta University Ethical Review Committee (KUERC), and the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI), all gave their approvals and permits prior to the field investigations. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data, and the chi square test of independence was used to determine whether the null hypothesis should be accepted or rejected. The study found that the top four socioeconomic challenges faced by pastoral-nomadic households are inadequate food, inadequate grazing resources, inadequate water supply and health challenges. It also found that the main mechanisms applied to manage these challenges that were driven by the community’s social network / social capital were establishment of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and Co-operative Societies. The findings show that the role of traditional social risk management strategies applied by pastoralists such as communal protection of dry season grazing grounds and reciprocity have evolved from maintenance of stock as the main objective, to one that (i) applies a multiple approach of ensuring the ability to meet the ongoing household’s basic socio-economic needs that rely on a cash based economy; while (ii) ensuring the ability to purchase new stock and / or the ability to maintain existing stock thus ensuring the survival of livestock keeping as a livelihood stream. The results of the study Chi square test findings also led to the acceptance of the study’s null hypotheses namely (i) increased vulnerability to extreme events causes pastoral-nomadic households to participate in SRMS; and (ii) households that survive extreme events after participating in co-operative social risk management strategies are more likely to maintain their membership in such groups. However, the study also found that these SRMS are not without challenges and recommendations were made on: (i) development of financial literacy and business development skills training programs; (ii) improvement of group access to financial services; (iii) formalization of SHGs, CBOs and Co-operatives (iv)land-use planning; and (v) responsive training for land-use planning professionals.
Influence of Social Capital on Performance of Self Help Groups in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya
(2022) Wasirimba, Joy N.; Dickson M. Ombaka
Self Help Groups (SHGs) are informal groups formed to allow its members to get financial benefits by helping one another. Their objective is to build savings as well as credit for their members. Social capital (SC) is viewed as a combination of a SHG’s characteristics of bonding, bridging, and linking forms. The main aim of this study was to explore the influence of social capital on the performance of self-help groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County of Busia County, Kenya. The study was guided by four objectives: 1) to examine the relationship between social capital and performance of self-help groups; 2) to e the relationship between trust and performance of self-help groups; 3) to examine the relationship between social cohesion and performance of self-help groups; and 4) to establish the challenges facing self-help groups in Nambale Sub-County and recommend solutions. This study was anchored on two theories: the Social Capital Theory and the Group Development Theory by Bruce Tuckman which explains the link between social capital and the performance of self-help groups. The study used a mixed-method approach and adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted all Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Nambale Sub-County. The researcher purposively selected twelve (12) SHGs in three sub-locations of Nambale Township Location from a sample size of 96 respondents who were randomly selected. Questionnaires, focused group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs) were used to collect primary data. The researcher administered 96 questionnaires with a response rate of 95%; 9 FGDs, and 12 KIIs. Quantitative data was analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23 while qualitative data was analysed qualitatively through content analysis. The study observed all ethical considerations throughout the research process. The study found that 58% of the respondents indicated that their group members were trustworthy and had grown very close over the last five years while 42% per cent felt that their group members were somehow trustworthy and had grown somehow close. Overall, the respondents indicated that they agreed that there was strong group cohesion within their SHGs. Eighty-three percent (83%) indicated that they would be willing to give their support in terms of time, money, and labour toward a community project that would not be of direct benefit to them. It is therefore clear from the findings that trust levels, mutual reciprocity, and social cohesion play a pivotal role in determining the performance of SHGs. Study concludes that performance of SHGs in Nambale Sub-County was a function of different factors such as effective leadership, cohesiveness of members, effective communication, sharing of benefits and liabilities, effective participation in projects and activities of the group, proper record-keeping, and proper conflict resolution framework. It recommends proper regulations on registrations, financial and non-financial support to SHGs, homogenous membership, and training for members for efficiency and enhanced performance.
Gender Participation in Soil Fertility Management among Smallholder Farmers in Sabatia and Mbeere South, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Githome, Jackline Wangui; Jane Wangaruo; Jane Mugwe
The focus on improving soil fertility is a key concern in development today. Previously, Soil Fertility Management (SFM) was studied from the biophysical perspective with various paradigms dominating research and development studies. These approaches focused majorly on the external inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, and quality seeds) as well as farming techniques intended to maximize productivity such as mechanization. These methods have been criticized for failing to produce their intended objectives. Recently, research has emphasized on the need to adopt integrated soil fertility management practices which also considers the economic, social and cultural dynamics in the management of soil fertility. The study is focused on gender participation in the management of soil fertility in Sabatia sub-county as well as Mbeere South subcounty. The theory of change in agriculture by Ester Boserup was applied due to its emphasis on need to revisit agricultural practices to meet the demands of present and future generations. The study employed a cross-sectional design of survey. Simple random and Purposive sampling techniques were employed in achieving a sample of 384 respondents from Sabatia and Mbeere. The researcher used key informant guides, a focus group discussion guide, and an interview schedule as the research instruments to acquire the baseline data. Quantitative data in from the completed interview schedules was coded, cleaned and analyzed. This was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21.0. Both inferential and descriptive statistics has been used in the study. The qualitative data obtained was analyzed qualitatively and presented through thematic description. Ethical considerations were adhered to during the study as well as ensuring the safety of the information. The findings of this study established that in Sabatia, female farmers practiced ISFM more than male while for Mbeere, male farmers practiced ISFM more than female. The study also revealed that there was no significant influence of land ownership and extension services in the participation of both female and male growers in soil fertility management. This study also established that more female farmers are likely to be in a farmer group as compared to male farmers. In conclusion, there was therefore need for sensitization of farmers to join farmer groups. There was also a need to increase the number of extension service officers in the two selected areas. The findings of this study may benefit farmers, academicians, and the realm of extension services and the broader Connessa project for instance in innovation platforms.

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