MST-Department of Sociology

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Evaluation of Strategies for the Reduction of Adolescent Pregnancies in Public Boarding Girls Secondary Schools of Narok County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Bundi, Emma Kemuma
The study delves into the assessment of strategies aimed at curbing the prevalence of adolescent pregnancies within public boarding girls’ secondary schools in Narok County, Kenya. With a comprehensive focus, the research aims to identify the strategies that have been put into action, gauge their effectiveness, pinpoint the obstacles faced, and propose viable solutions tailored to the context of Narok County's boarding schools. Guided by the ecological systems theory, the study takes into account the dynamic interplay between diverse life environments and their influence on behaviour. Employing a cross-sectional descriptive design, the research centres on students enrolled in boarding schools in Narok County, aiming for a comprehensive understanding of the situation. The study's sample encompasses 72 participants, comprising school principals, counsellors, and students. This selection is achieved through purposive sampling, a method that ensures the inclusion of key stakeholders who possess valuable insights into the issue. Through a qualitative approach involving interviews and focus group discussions, the study collects data that is subsequently scrutinized for emerging themes and patterns. The investigation reveals a range of strategies designed to reduce adolescent pregnancies, including counselling services, peer counselling initiatives, active parental involvement, and organized speaker sessions. Unveiling the challenges that impede these strategies, the research points to obstacles such as parental non-cooperation, deep-rooted cultural norms, peer pressures, and financial constraints. In response, the study presents practical solutions encompassing the promotion of sports and educational clubs, the provision of comprehensive sexual education, distribution of sanitary towels, and a stronger legal framework against those responsible for underage pregnancies. The study also unearths the root causes behind adolescent pregnancies, underscoring the influence of poverty and teacher oversight, and inadequate sexual education. To mitigate these causes, the study highlights the importance of promoting abstinence and comprehensive sexual education to equip adolescents with the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate relationships and their consequences. Recognizing that the battle against adolescent pregnancies demands a collaborative approach, the study emphasizes the need for concerted efforts from parents, schools, local communities, religious institutions, and law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, the study underscores the intrinsic link between preventing adolescent pregnancies and upholding the right to education, particularly for young girls. By addressing this issue comprehensively, society can contribute to ensuring a safer, healthier and more equitable educational environment for all.
Environmental and Socioeconomic Challenges in the Access of Cash Transfer Funds by Older Persons in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Murugi, Justina Wangari
In realizing that older people are more vulnerable, many nations, including Kenya, have put in place social protection programs geared towards protecting social welfare and rights, thus reducing poverty and inequality among the elderly. This study sought to examine environmental and socioeconomic challenges associated with the access of cash transfers by examining the characteristics of the older persons benefiting from the cash transfer funds, the challenges they face in accessing the cash transfer funds, and the coping mechanism they use in accessing the cash transfer funds in Murang'a County. The study used the social breakdown theory. An exploratory research design was used that targeted older persons above 70 years of age who were beneficiaries of older person's cash transfer funds. A semi-structured interview schedule was used in data collection. Focus group discussions were also conducted with the older persons. Key informants including representatives from the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection and the local administration (chiefs) were also interviewed. Stratified random sampling was used for equal representation of both males and females to get 225 respondents across the four sub-counties. This sample was proportionately divided across four sub counties which were purposively sampled because of the nature of their terrain. Since the study adopted a mixed methods approach, the quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to generate descriptive statistics. The qualitative data was analyzed through the generation of themes. The researcher adhered to ethical principles in conducting the research participation in the study was voluntary. The finding revealed that older persons suffer more due to environmental and socioeconomic challenges that surround them. Social exclusion and inequality, age, and disability increase their vulnerability. They face challenges with the distance to the cash collection points, the terrain is difficult to navigate, the transport means are unpredictable and uncomfortable for some older persons and they also face challenges with weather conditions characterized by rainfall. In dealing with the challenges, older persons reported using caregivers to help them access the funds, collecting the funds by themselves, waiting patiently to be served, and inquiring about the availability of funds. Although the OPTC has been of benefit to older persons, a lot of improvements are required in order to achieve timely disbursement and accessibility of the funds as the study found.
Implications of Gender Relations on Forest Management among the Indigenous Ogiek of Mau Forest in Nakuru County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Cheruiyot, Paul Kiprono
This study aimed at interrogating the implications of gender relations among indigenous Ogiek on management of Mau Forest in Nakuru County, Kenya to guide gender mainstreaming in forest management. The objectives of the study included identifying the traditional gender division of labour among the indigenous Ogiek of Mau Forest, examining the extent to which the Forest Policy 2014 and Forest Conservation and Management Act 2016 integrates gender concerns in forest management, examining how women participation in forest management promotes gender equality and discussing the implications of the study findings on gender mainstreaming in forest management. The study employed cultural ecofeminist theory which captures relationship between women and the earth, comparing how women and nature are subordinated by men in patriarchal society. The study used descriptive survey study design, with purposive and systematic random sampling methods to choose sixty-seven respondents from the community forest associations (CFAs) within the Mau ecosystem. Data from the indigenous Ogiek residents were collected using questionnaires while key-in-depth interview schedule was used to collect data from Ogiek village elders, Kenya Forest Service Officers, and area chief. Test-retest method was used to test reliability of study instruments. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analysed establishing patterns, categories, and themes. Study findings were presented in percentages, graphs, charts, and tables. The findings showed that there exists traditional gender division of labour underprivileged by Ogiek patriarchal social structure which influences forest management among indigenous Ogiek of Mau Forest. The findings further revealed that the forest legal framework in Kenya especially the Kenya Constitution 2010, Forest Policy 2014 and Forest Act 2016 are gender blind. The study recommends that CFAs to adopt various affirmative strategies including quotas in certain positions to improve women’s participation in CFAs while considering cultural constraints limiting their participation.
Utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors in Nairobi city county, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Muriuki, Pamela Karimi; Grace Wamue-Ngare; Grace B. Mose Okong’o
Domestic violence is a criminal offense and a violation of fundamental human rights as provided in the Constitution 2010, the Kenya Penal Code, and the Sexual Offenses Act 2006, among other legal frameworks at the international, regional, and national levels. It also contributes to health problems, which ultimately translate into a social and economic burden for survivors, society, and the government. This study assessed the utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors in Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi City County. The study objectives were; to explore various forms of domestic violence reported in select health and legal facilities in the study area, assess healthcare and legal services available to domestic violence survivors, establish factors that determine utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors, and lastly, suggest effective strategies for enhancing the utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors. The public enforcement of law theory advanced by Polinsky and Shavell (2005) was used to guide the conceptualization of the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. 54 adult male and female domestic violence survivors were sampled purposefully. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules and analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study found that physical assault, sexual violence, and neglect were the most reported cases. Findings also revealed that survivors sought healthcare and legal services, with some incidences of late reporting and nonreporting. It was found that even though survivors were considerably near healthcare and legal facilities, opportunity costs in terms of transport, legal service fees, and healthcare expenses were prohibitive for them. Besides, service provision was hampered by numerous challenges, including inadequate resources, both human and financial, and requisite infrastructure, affecting the quality of services. and complex referral pathways that discouraged survivors from pursuing justice. There was a lack of basic awareness of the crime scene response, with evidence being lost at this point by tampering either with the survivor, perpetrator, or the scene of crime. Additionally, awareness of DV management protocols and guidelines among service providers was weak and inconsistent. It was established that there was some level of coordination among healthcare workers in ensuring referral systems were in place and that the survivors were provided with comprehensive care depending on the facility's capacity; however, the focus was more on the medical treatment and less on the comprehensive forensic medical examination, which contributed to the obstruction of justice in these cases. The study recommended a coordinated, multi-agency approach to remedy numerous movements (back and forth) of survivors and the investigating officer, re-traumatization of survivors, increased turnaround time, and wastage of financial resources. Upscaling awareness creation at the community level was recommended, as was the harmonization of medical-legal documents to reduce fatigue and logistics associated with handling these documents.
Determinants of vulnerability to risk taking behaviour among girls in public day secondary schools in kiambaa, Kiambu County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta university, 2023-11) Mwangi, Lucy Njeri; Pacificah Okemwa; Susan Waiyego Mwangi
The study investigated the determinants of vulnerability to Risk Taking Behaviours (RTB) among girls in Public Day Secondary Schools (PDSS) in Kiambaa SubCounty, Kiambu County, Kenya. This was due to the high levels of RTB among secondary school girls that had been reported. The specific objectives were to identify the types of RTB among girls in PDSS, examine internal and external factors influencing vulnerability to RTB, assess gender-related challenges faced by girls engaged in RTB, and propose gender-responsive strategies to mitigate vulnerability. The study integrated two theories, problem behaviour theory and empowerment theory .It employed a descriptive survey methodology. Using proportional stratified random sampling and purposive sampling procedures 68 teachers, 96 girls, 12 principals from 12 PDSSs, along with 6 sub-county education officers and 12 parents, totalling 194. Participated in the study. A pilot study involving 1 teacher and 10 students from Kiambu Sub-County was conducted to assess content and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.7) ensured internal consistency and reliability of variables. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, analysed using SPSS version 24 for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data, and presented via tables and figures. The findings revealed various RTB among girls, including unprotected sex, prostitution, drug use, abortion, theft, and fighting. RTB determinants encompassed factors like parental divorce, absenteeism, peer pressure, financial hardship, and lack of role models, excessive idle time, societal influences, and declining values. Gender-specific challenges emerged, such as early pregnancies, abortions, forced marriages, academic failure, rejection, and health risks from unsafe abortions. Gender-responsive strategies suggested included enhanced counselling programs, life skills development, rehabilitation facilities, job opportunities, loans for mothers, bursary funding clear disciplinary policies, spiritual guidance, and second chances for young mothers to complete their education. In conclusion, this study highlights the existence of RTB among girls in PDSS and underscores the complexity of factors influencing these behaviours. To effectively address RTB, a comprehensive approach that considers both internal and external factors is essential. Recognizing the specific challenges faced by girls is crucial. Gender-sensitive interventions that involve collaboration between schools, parents, and the community are vital in creating a supportive environment that encourages healthier behaviours among girls in PDSS.
Socio-Economic Dynamics of Intrafamilial Elder Abuse in Baringo County, Kenya Chesang’ Consolata Jepkemei
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Jepkemei, Chesang’ Consolata; Samuel M. Mwangi
Until the emergence of policies and legal frameworks to address domestic violence -including intimate partner and child abuse- in the last decades of the 20th century, abuse of the older persons had persisted as a private matter that received very little public attention. Even so, intrafamilial elder abuse (IFEA) has been acknowledged globally as a pervasive problem, associated with overwhelming distinct consequences, outcomes, and societal expenses. Kenya is experiencing population ageing at a high rate, which implies that, with it, elder abuse, and particularly IFEA is anticipated to become a more pressing problem, distressing millions of older individuals countrywide. This study sought to explore the socio-economic dynamics of IFEA in Baringo County. The study objectives were to profile the dominant types of IFEA, to examine the dynamics of IFEA in relation to the associated socio-economic risk factors, and to assess the dynamics associated with reporting and disclosure of IFEA, guided by Homan’s Social Exchange theory. The study embraced a cross-sectional analytical survey design to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The study was conducted in Baringo County. The respondents of the study were older persons in the area who were aged 65 years and older; 226 older persons from two purposively sampled sub counties were sampled for the study. The Black and Champion sample size determining formula was used. The study also targeted key informants including local authorities, health care authorities, adult protection agency representatives and law enforcement. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussion guides were used in data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 to generate both descriptive and inferential statistics such as crosstabs and chi-square tests. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study established that most prevalent form of intrafamilial abuse reported in the study was psychological abuse (79.2%) while sexual abuse was the least (19.9%) prevalent type of IFEA. The study found out that gender of the victim, victim dependence and vulnerability, living arrangements, trust relationships, social isolation and financial dependency on the older person influenced the older persons’ experiences with the different types of abuse reported in the study. Based on the reported dynamics of IFEA in relation to reporting, the study concluded that given the right platforms, older persons are more likely to report incidences of abuse. The study concludes that IFEA is a dynamic social problem, which varies across cultural contexts, perceptions, socio-economic risk factors, as well as in its reporting and disclosure. The study recommends that elder abuse should be declared a public health issue and strategies and measures be put in place to protect abuse victims and encourage them to seek help.
Implementation Status of Inclusive Education and Employment Policies for Persons with Disabilities in Selected Public Institutions in Liberia
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Collins, Edwina; Casper Masiga; Daniel Ngugi
Inclusive education and employment for persons with disability are strategic global development objectives. The government of Liberia have implemented several policy measures to ensure inclusivity for persons with disabilities in these vital institutions. Despite the policy focus, the situation of persons with disabilities remains difficult as accessibility still remains a daunting challenge. This study therefore sought to assess the implementation status of inclusive education and employment policies for persons with disabilities in selected public institutions in Liberia. The objectives of the study were: To assess the extent to which public high schools have integrated accessibility for students with disabilities, To explore the degree to which public high schools are integrating gender in accessibility for students with disabilities, To establish the extent to which government policy on inclusive employment of persons with disability has been implemented in public institutions and To analyze the extent stakeholder believe and attitude promote or constraint the implementation of inclusive education and employment policies. This study is anchored on human right based and social models of disability. The research design incorporates both quantitative and qualitative methods. Purposive sampling was used to select 106 respondents comprising of students and employees with disabilities, principals and human resource directors. Quantitative data was collected through electronic data collection tools (Kobo/ Survey CTO) and transferred in Excel spreadsheets for descriptive analysis and comparison. Qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews and analyzed according to themes. Result from the study showed that students with disabilities attending public high schools had limited accessibility to physical structures, teaching aid and materials. And although students had access to gender differentiated toilets, the lack of water was a major sanitary issue especially for female students. Findings also showed that unlike males, female students were less knowledgeable and sensitized on policies on inclusive education policy. Moreover, it was established that persons with disabilities were still finding it difficult to secure employment with public institutions as inclusive employment policies were not implemented. Further analysis indicated that the perception of principals towards inclusive education and human resource directors towards inclusive employment policies had the propensity of constraining its implementation. The study also found that limited budgetary allocation to implement inclusive policies, lack of teacher training in disability pedagogy and unavailability of training materials for teachers and students for inclusive education were among factors contributing to gaps in the implementation of inclusive disability policies. The study recommends that the government of Liberia fund the Ministry of Education inclusive education budget to implement the necessary activities that will ensure accessibility for both male and female students with disabilities. The Ministry of Gender which coordinates all disability mainstreaming activities should ensure that government policies on inclusive employment including the 4% employment quota for persons with disabilities are implemented by all public institutions. Additional, the National Commission on Disability should create more public awareness on government inclusive policies.
Assessment of Older Persons’ Participation in Community Development Activities in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kawira, Mutegi Josphine; Lucy W. Maina; Samuel Mwangi
The accelerated population ageing has become a development concern in the 21stcentury with nations least prepared to deal with the consequences of population ageing. To address these consequences, older persons should be encouraged to become active participants on issues impacting their lives. However, older persons have not been able to fully participate in development process with reports showing low levels of participation in social, economic, political and cultural activities. This study sought to assess involvement of older persons to community development. Specifically, the study sought to assess extent of older person’s participation in community development activities in Tharaka Nithi County, identify factors that hinder participation of older persons in development, assess the effects of non-participation of older persons in development and suggest measures to enhance older person’s participation in community development. The study was anchored in the political economy of ageing theory which demonstrates the differences in how older persons act which is influenced by social, economic and political structures that shape ageing. The study employed descriptive survey design by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. A simple random sampling method was used to select a sample of 157 older persons from the target population of 7,730 older persons from Tharaka Nithi County. Additionally, 3 social development officers, 3 administrative officers and 1 faith-based leader were purposively selected on the basis of their knowledge, expertise and experience of working with older persons for in-depth interviews. Data was collected using questionnaire, interview schedule and through personal observations. Data was analyzed using frequency count and percentages and presented in form of tables and graphs. The researcher sought approvals from graduate school, ethics review committee, NACOSTI and relevant county government bodies in addition, participants were informed the purpose of the study and their consent sought before questions were administered. The researcher assured them of confidentiality before, during and after the study. The study established older persons participated in community development through paid labour, engaging in leisure and cultural activities, providing informal child care, participation in elections through voting and being active members of Nyumba kumi initiatives. Participation in social and cultural activities was moderate and relatively low in economic and political domains. The study further established a combination of individual, social, economic and political factors influencing participation of older persons in community development activities. The study concluded that low participation of older persons in community development activities exposed them to poverty, inability to access resources, inadequate representation in decision-making and poor public services and isolation as well as poor physical and mental health. The study concluded that these effects of low participation exposed them to become socially excluded in community development activities leaving them more vulnerable and marginalized by the rest of the community. The study recommends government, other stakeholders to encourage and support older persons to access equal opportunities to participate in community development activities as well as play an active role in providing solutions to their challenges. The study findings will be useful in informing work/labour force policies, strategies and programs by local and national governments as well as development partners in addressing older person’s rights.
Caregivers Challenges in Facilitating Vulnerable Orphaned Children Cope with Hiv/Aids Stigma in Bauchi Metropolitan, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Ahmed, Suleiman; George Evans Owino; Gladys M. Nyachieo
prevalence of HIV and AIDS stigma on children has caused a burden on caregivers, HIV-positive children, and their families. About 17 million children around the world have lost one or both parents due to HIV and AIDS and left to caregivers (UNAIDS, 2019. USAID, 2021). This study explored the range of challenges caregivers encounter in assisting vulnerable children and HIV/AIDS orphans facing issues related to social stigmatization. The main aim was to highlight major challenges encountered by caregivers in the Bauchi metropolis. Specifically, the objectives were set to identify the practical issues affecting the role of caregivers with religion as a significant cultural factor. The majority of caregivers of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa with Nigeria accounting for an estimated 1.9 million cases (UNAIDS, 2019, USAID, 2021). However, despite collective efforts by caregivers, families, and communities aimed towards protecting, caring, and supporting infected affected children, the scourge of stigma has remained high. Reports indicate that more is needs to be done to support caregivers for them to look after those children (UNAIDS, 2019). Therefore, this study focuses on caregivers' predicament while helping HIV and AIDS vulnerable orphaned children in Bauchi Metropolis. The study highlights the challenges caregivers experience as a result of stigmatization reinforce by cultural and religious influence among others, in making children living with HIV and AIDS cope with the epidemic. The purpose of the study was to understand the position of caregiver's characteristics situations and impact culture, and religion's impact on the care of children with HIV and AIDS in Bauchi Metropolitan. The study was guided by two theories, the Stigmatization theory by Goffman, and the Structuration theory by Giddens. The sequential transformative approach of quantitative and qualitative methods (mixed method) was used in this study through a descriptive cross-sectional survey. SPSS was used to analyze the quantitative data using descriptive statistics such as means, frequency, and percentages, while NVivo software was used to analyze qualitative data synthesis and prose thematically. Bauchi metropolis has about 218 caregivers of children orphaned & vulnerable to HIV and AIDS. Data collection questionnaires and interview guides were used. Key informant interviews were conducted on government agencies and NGOs. The findings revealed that caregivers faced challenges and difficulties while dealing with orphaned and vulnerable children with HIV and AIDS. These challenges were mainly due to lack of education from most of the caregivers, lack of knowledge on how to handle stigma cases, and lack of consultation habit (inquiry) that make them unable to properly handle issues of stigma. In addition, the government is not doing enough to support caregivers in helping those HIV children cope with the stigma. The influence of culture, religion, and society has also made it difficult for caregivers to help children with HIV and AIDS to overcome stigma. The study, therefore, recommends the empowerment of caregivers with skills acquisitions, training, and workshops, and to be part of the decision-making on programs related to HIV and AIDS.
Effects of Juvenile Delinquents’ Rehabilitation Programs on Behaviour Modification in Selected Rehabilitation Schools in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Wangari, Mwangi Elizabeth; Daniel Muia; Gladys M. Nyachieo
The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of juvenile delinquents’ rehabilitation programs on juvenile’s behavior modification in selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya. The study was carried out in four government rehabilitation schools in Kiambu, Nairobi and Kirinyaga Counties: Kirigiti Girl’s Rehabilitation School, Dagoretti Girl’s Rehabilitation School, Kabete Boy’s Rehabilitation School and Wamumu Boy’s Rehabilitation School. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of the juveniles, to establish the effects of vocational training program on behavior modification of juveniles; determine the effects of academic enrichment program on behavior modification of juveniles and to assess the effects of social development program on behavior modification of juveniles in the selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya. In overall, the study intended to find out whether the rehabilitation programs had positive effects in modifying juvenile’s behavior and reducing recidivism. The study used explanatory sequential mixed method design. The target population for the study was 142 delinquent juveniles who were in their last year of rehabilitation at the selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya and 22 Key informants who comprised of welfare officers, academic teachers, and vocational instructors. Census and purposive sampling were used to draw the sample size of 142 delinquent juveniles and 12 key informants, respectively. Research instruments used were interview schedule guide and Key informant interview (KII) guide. The instruments were pre-tested for validity and reliability. Approval to carry out the research was sought from the relevant authorities. Informed assent and consent were sought. Privacy and confidentiality of data collected was maintained. The quantitative data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 while the qualitative data was analyzed inductively through narrative analysis. The findings were described numerically using measures of distribution (frequencies and percentages) and presented in form of charts, graphs, tables, and narrations. The findings indicated that vocational training program was the most preferred and with positive effects in empowering juveniles with skills and knowledge in different jobs to meet their financial needs. Academic program was found to have positive effects on behavior change by enabling juveniles solve the problems they encounter logically. All juveniles participated in spiritual welfare program, and it had positive effects in modifying delinquent juveniles as it taught them moral and ethical values. Mandatory counselling was offered to juveniles individually at admission and thereafter, counselling program was mostly administered to groups and on few instances to individuals. Some juveniles did not like counselling as they reported that the counsellors had some bad attitude towards them. The study concluded that the existing juvenile rehabilitation programs had positive effects on juvenile rehabilitation and behavior modification in reducing recidivism. The study recommended more academic and vocational teachers to be employed; training materials and tools to be availed; more vocational courses to be embraced; qualified counselors to be employed; welfare officers to adopt a positive attitude while interacting with the juveniles; and guardians/parents to be involved in juvenile rehabilitation process. Equally, the study recommends research on effects of parent/guardian involvement in juvenile’s rehabilitation on behavior modification.
Role of Perception and Utilization of Aftercare Programmes in Reintegration of Ex-Borstal Inmates in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kagunda, Jean Mwihaki; Lucy Maina; Francis Kerre
Offenders released from confinement face a variety of challenges that may hinder their ability to become law-abiding citizens (Petersilia, 2005). A key feature of successful crime prevention strategies is the attention given to the social reintegration of ex-prisoners into the community and the development of interventions designed to reduce the levels of recidivism and crime. This study endeavoured to find out how perceptions towards the aftercare programmes utilized on ex-borstal (Juvenile delinquent) inmates contributed to their reintegration into the community. The study was carried out in Murang'a County and assessed the perceptions and utilization by ex-offenders of aftercare programmes, intervention measures employed to reintegrate them into the community and the contribution the aftercare programmes have made in reduction of crime and reoffending rates among the ex-borstal inmates. The study employed descriptive survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data was gathered from 44 ex-borstal inmates, 44 family members of the ex-borstal inmates and 30 chiefs through an interview. Furthermore, 14 probation officers were given a questionnaire to fill. Data collected from the field was presented in tables and analysed using frequency counts, percentages and mean. The instrument was pretested to ensure its validity and reliability. The first key finding of the study was on the perception and utilization of aftercare programmes among the ex-borstal inmates and it revealed that a majority of the ex-inmates had a positive disposition towards the aftercare programmes offered and they had been interacting with them through the probation office. Secondly, the study found that those ex-borstal inmates who effectively utilized the aftercare programmes offered to them attested to seeing a reduction in crime and recidivism. Thirdly, on the contribution the aftercare programmes had made in the reintegration of the ex-borstal inmates it emerged that reintegration was realized when all stakeholders came together in support of the ex-inmates by accepting them and assisting them to resettle back into the community. Finally, on the challenges facing the implementation of aftercare programmes by probation officers, the study found that there were three specific programmes that the probation officers found difficult to implement as those programmes were beyond their scope and jurisdiction and were dependant on another office to facilitate and ensure implementation. It emerged from the study that the community at large was unaware of the efforts made by probation officers to reintegrate ex-inmates back to the community through aftercare programmes and therefore it was recommended that the Probation and Aftercare Service department intensify awareness on the very important role they play in ensuring that crime and rates of recidivism are reduced. The study further recommended that the two levels of government combine efforts to make the services of drugs and substance abuse treatment centres and mental health clinics readily accessible to ex-borstal inmates who are in need of these services by ensuring that centres and clinics are in every county and the cost be significantly subsidized as most of the ex-inmate’s hail from low income earning homes among other recommendations. The general conclusion of the study was that positive perception and utilization of aftercare programmes contributed well to ex-borstal inmate’s reintegration into the community where at 59% the ex-borstal inmates changed to become good and law-abiding citizens and at 55% avoided reoffending.
Determinants of Fertility among Young Couples in Misau, Bauchi state, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Baba, Bala; Daniel M. Muia; Parvin Moloo
In Sub-Sahara Africa the level of fertility rate is very high compared to other regions across the globe. Culture, economic, social, health, environmental factors and birth control methods are key determinants that directly affect fertility. These factors which have manifested themselves in different socio-economic and cultural situations, localities, demographics among others, ultimately determine the fertility of the population in space and time. High fertility if not controlled leads to high population that eventually put pressure on government to provide adequate socio-economic developments. Population in Nigeria and Misau has been sharply growing in the recent past. Since, population and fertility are directly linked, this study investigated the determinants of fertility among young couples in Misau, Bauchi state Nigeria. The research objectives were: To investigate the demographic factors that influence young couple‘s fertility, to examine the socio-cultural factors that influence young couples‘ fertility and, to assess the strategic measures of controlling fertility among young couples in Misau, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study was guided by the theory of Intergenerational Wealth Flows postulated by John Caldwell. The study adopted mixed methods that involved interpreting, analysing, collecting, and corroborating with qualitative and quantitative information. Out of a target population of 2800, 338 respondents were sampled using Krejcie and Morgan's formula and 137 respondents were sampled using Mugenda and Mugenda sample size formula. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques was used in choosing respondents. Quantitative field data was cleaned and inputted into SPSS where frequency distribution, percentages and Multiple Linear Regression was analysed while Qualitative data was analysed by using thematic content analysis. Analysed quantitative results was presented in tables while qualitative results were captured in key voices or verbatim reporting. Research findings revealed that education was found to have a great influence on the family size. It also established that use of birth control methods affects fertility. The culture of all tribes explored allows husband make decision on anything concerning family affairs thus, affecting family size. It was established that only a few couples use modern family control methods implying that fertility rate in Misau is high because most religions do not restrict child bearing. The regression analysis results show that demographic factors, socio-cultural factors and measures of controlling fertility influenced positively young couples fertility by 71.5% (R2= 0.715).The regression analysis showed that demographic factors influenced young couples fertility rate by 19.1%(R2=0.715), socio-cultural factors influenced fertility rate among young couples by 78.3% (R2=0.783) while strategic measures for controlling fertility influenced fertility rate among young couples by 53.4% (R2= 0.534). The study concludes there is high fertility rate in Misau and that it is caused by factors such as competition among wives, preference of male child, child mortality, and the age of the couples. The study further concludes that religion contributes to high fertility because it encourages couples to bear many children because it allows polygamy and it does not advocate for family planning. The study concludes that many couples in Misau are not applying contraceptive measures because they are patriarchal. The main recommendation of this study was that the government should enlighten the young couples particularly in the rural areas to adopt modern methods of fertility control to regulate the level of high fertility. It should also implement a policy that will reduce high fertility rate.
Determinants of Prevention and Treatment of Malaria among Pregnant Women in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Gambo, Suleiman; Francis Kerre
Malaria in pregnancy has remained a public health challenge in Bauchi Metropolis Nigeria, leading to stillbirths, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and maternal deaths. This study investigated the determinants of prevention and treatment of malaria among pregnant women in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. The target group were pregnant women between the ages of 15-49 years old. The study had the following specific objectives: To examine how demographic characteristics of the pregnant women influence malaria prevention and treatment; to establish the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Bauchi Metropolis; to examine factors influencing malaria prevention and treatment among pregnant women; and to determine pregnant women‘s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of treatment and preventive measures against malaria. The study guided by Kleinman‘s (1980) Explanatory Model (EM) and Health Belief Model (HBM) by Becker (1976). It was a cross-sectional survey research design that adopted a quantitative method of data collection and data analysis. The study used a simple random technique to collect data from respondents during antenatal sessions in Bauchi Specialist Hospital. The study used Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula and arrived at the sample size of 317 respondents. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire and was analyzed and managed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS ver. 22). The study established that maternal age influenced malaria prevalence because more than half of the respondents infected with the disease fall within the age bracket 20 to 29. Poverty was also among the prominent factors that influence malaria prevention and treatment among expectant mothers. On the knowledge of malaria preventive measure usage of insecticide treated nets among the respondents were very low. The study recommends collaboration between line ministries such as Health, Education, Environment, religious leaders, community leaders, and healthcare affiliated NGOs to create awareness and advocacy around malaria, its prevention, treatment and the importance of mosquito treated nets. The study also recommends that pregnant women should be given free ITNs with free malaria treatment as practice in other states of Nigeria.
Assessment of the Contribution of International Non- Governmental Organisations Development Programmes to Women Socio-Economic Empowerment in Makueni County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Elizabeth M., Kithuka; Pacificah Okemwa; Leah Wanjama
This study was based on the contribution of INGOs development programmes to women socio-economic empowerment in Makueni and Mbooni sub counties, Makueni County in Kenya. Specifically, the study aimed to establish types of INGOs development programs towards women socio-economic empowerment, effects of development programmes, the challenges faced and strategies to apply during the implementation of the INGOs development programmes. The study was guided by the Theory of Change, and Sarah Longwe’s Framework. Further, the study employed mixed Approach (qualitative and quantitative method) and descriptive research design in data collection. The targeted population was women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) of World Vision and Action Aid programmes. The sample size included 114 women recipients from different SHGs, 8 men (spouses) in SHGs,10 project staff officials from the two INGOs, 24 SHG leaders and 6 key informants from Makueni County Government, making a total of 162 respondents. The sampling techniques included multistage, purposive, and Random sampling. Data collection tools included questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides and interview schedules and secondary data from INGOs records. Qualitative data was analysed using themes and quantitative using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) software. Descriptive statistics such as graphs, frequency distributions, tables, and charts were utilized to summarize the findings. The study findings established that the level of contribution of INGOs development programs influenced women socio economic empowerment. This depended on the type of programs and challenges faced by INGOs development programs. In addition, age influenced women rights awareness while education impacted on access to resources. Data revealed that the type of program given to the women groups influenced their socio-economic empowerment. This was evidenced by the effects of programs such as the provision of water and sanitation, women awareness of their rights and SGBV while there was limited access to and control over productive resources, limited training on entrepreneurship, limited involvement of women in development projects. Generally, beneficiaries felt that the INGOs development programmes were inadequate in empowering women and the programs seemed to be creating more dependency among women recipients hence high levels of poverty. Women socio economic empowerment was also influenced by challenges such as inadequate access to and control over the resources, limited entrepreneurial skills and SGBV among women. The study identified main strategies to empower women as enhancing awareness on women rights to improve access and control over the resources, enhancing training on entrepreneurial skills and addressing SGBV. The study concludes that contribution of INGOs development programs influences women socio economic empowerment. The study recommends: INGOs to do thorough investigations on the specific development projects that fit WSHGs and avoid duplication of services. They should also aim at doing more capacity building on entrepreneurship skills and awareness creation on women rights to improve access to and control over resources and reduce SGBV. The INGOs should involve men through influencing community systems that target improvement to access and control of resources by women. It is hoped that the findings will help policy makers, INGOs, Central and County Government officials to implement the right projects that meet the needs of women.
The Impact of Socio-Economic Characteristics of Workforce on Productivity: A Case Study of Contracted Mumias Sugar Outgrowers, Western Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Wafula, Justus Otiato
The major objective of the study was to examine the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of work force on productivity among the contracted outgrowers ofMumias Sugar Scheme, western Kenya. Data were collected from Mumias Sugar contracted outgrowers and their workforce based on sample of 30 contracted outgrowers farmers and 90 workers. Sampling was guided by stratified and systematic sampling, while data collection used a survey in which structurerd questionnaires were major data collection tools. Descriptive statistics were used to obtain frequencies, percentages and averages. Inferential statistics including chi-square were used to estimate the differences between groups and the extent to which the observations were significant and can be generalized to the population. Multiple regressions were used to identify impact of the various factors on productivity and other dependent variables. The findings of the study showed that farmers' age(s), education and work contract are the key socio-economic characteristics that account for productivity in the scheme. More important to the study was the impact of the socio-economic characteristics of the workforce on production and which the findings indicate that workers age(s) and education significantly influence production.
The Role of Ethnomedicine in the Provision of Primary Health Care: The Case of Iguhu Location, Kakamega South District, Kakamega County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2012-10) Isindu, Shivachi Taji
Primaryhealth care is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individualsand families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their developmentin the spirit of self-determination. Ethnomedicine is widely recognized as an important element of primary health care. However, there seems to be little understandingof its actual role, with most studies focusing on the therapeutic value andthe efficacy of herbs and other pharmacopoeia, rather than the social, cultural and psychologicalaspects of the same. Thus, ethnomedicine has still not been given its properplace in health care provision especially at the policy-making level. This study set out to investigate the role of ethnomedicine in the provision of primary health care. Specifically, the study sought to investigate the factors that determine the utilizationof ethnomedicine; to find out the preventive and treatment procedures used by ethno medical practitioners; and to investigate the role of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies of ethnomedicine in the prevention and cure of common illnesses and injuries. This study was conducted in Iguhu location, KakamegaSouth District, in the Kakamega County of Kenya. The study relied mainly on survey research techniques but supplemented this by observation and secondary data.The sampling unit was the household from which one member was purposively selected.Ethnomedical practitioners were selected purposively through the snowball technique. After data collection, a codebook was developed, and then the data was analyzedusing the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. This study established that the overall influence of the level of educational attainment on the utilization of ethnomedicine is skewed, with respondents at both extremes of the level of education reporting a high rate of utilization, as opposed to those who have attained only secondary school education. The study also established that religious affiliation, the level of income and occupational activities did not have a significant influence on the ,., patterns of utilization of ethnomedicine. However, the study revealed that age, sex and marital status had a significant influence on the utilization of ethnomedicine. The study also found that illnesses and injuries perceived to have been caused by biophysical factors may be prevented and cured by both biomedical and ethnomedical practitioners. However, illnesses and injuries perceived to have been caused by superhuman factors may be prevented by ethnomedical practitioners only employing both pharmacological and non pharmacological therapies. The study detected a very high rate of reported success rates of ethnomedicine. The study concluded that utilization of ethnomedicine remains strongly prevalent in the study area. The study also showed that most respondents mix biomedical and ethnomedical remedial therapies in their health seeking practice. Therefore, ethnomedicine is an integral part of the \primary health care system in the study area and other similar rural settings. The study concludes that both ethnomedical and biomedical practitioners show a willingnessto cooperate and expressed a desire to learn more from each other.
An Assesment of Sustainability Strategies for Community Managed Rural Water Supply Schemes in Njoro Ward, Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Mogaka, Elkanah Ombiro
Community managed rural water supply schemes (CMRWSS) are community water projects undertaken with and for the community in addressing local interest, needs and aspirations. From preliminary observations, most CMRWSS in the country collapse or perform below expectation soon after the implementation phase. Some literature reviewed in this study attest to the fact that some of these rural water projects which depend on external funding stagger to survive once the support gets withdrawn as a result of what this study view as unreliable sustainability strategies in place. Report from World Bank (WB) reveals that the Government of Kenya receives donor aid from various sources to fund water projects in the country but most projects fail to yield expected results. That scenario opened a research gap the study sought to unravel. Thus, the study embarked on assessing sustainability strategies of CMRWSS by probing how community participation; project financing; management approaches and community training on operations, maintenance and management would influence sustainability frameworks used by CMRWSS. The study site was Njoro Ward of Nakuru County. The study used the stakeholders’ participation theory which appreciates the input of both internal (community) and external (donor) stakeholders as integral players in enhancing sustainability. Descriptive survey design was used as it gives an in-depth probe of the phenomenon under study. The target population was 4,743 registered members belonging to seven CMRWSS. The unit of analysis was ‘household’ because CMRWSS’ membership was per each household. Yamane (1967) formulae with an error margin of 5% was used to obtain the sample size of 368 out of the given target population. The sampled respondents were distributed among the four sub-locations in the vast Ward using stratified proportional sampling technique based on membership strength for each sub-location. Respondents from each stratum (sub-location) were selected through a simple random sampling technique. Five key informants were selected purposively to give their opinion on the subject matter. The questionnaire was the primary instrument or tool for data collection for this study. Quantitative data analyzed using SPSS (Version, 20) and descriptive statistics were presented through percentages and frequencies. The information was presented by use of bar charts, graphs and pie charts and discussions. Content analysis was used to analyze data that was qualitative in nature from openended questions. The study established that sustainability strategies of community managed rural water supply schemes could be made effective by: involving stakeholders to participate fully, adoption of reliable management approaches, training of community management committee frequently on project operations, maintenance and management. Developing strategic plans for financing water supply systems was also crucial. The study recommends that community members should be engaged actively across all the phases of the project, particularly at the planning and design phases. Also, the study recommends that policy makers could formulate policies to address sustainable financing of community water projects.
Influence of Definitions of Malaria Illness on Health seeking Behavior in Homabay County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-02) Odinga, Nancy Awuor
Malaria poses a great challenge to countries in the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. This disease kills many people despite the interventions that have been put in place. This study explored the influence of definitions of malaria illness on health-seeking behavior in Homabay County, Kenya. The objectives of this study were to document the sociodemographic characteristics of residents of Homabay County, to establish the definitions of malaria illness held by the residents of Homabay County, to determine the health-seeking behavior adopted during malaria illness and to analyze the relationship between definitions of illness and health-seeking behavior for malaria. The study adopted the Symbolic Interaction Theory, Health Belief Model (HBM) and Suchman Stages of Illness and Medicare Model. The study employed a crosssectional survey research design utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches in data collection. It utilized a sample size of (384) respondents from Suba South Constituency in Homabay County. Qualitative data was collected using key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Four key informant interviews and four focus group discussions together with the open-ended questions in the questionnaire provided qualitative data. Closed-ended questions in the questionnaire provided quantitative data which was analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 and presented in form of tables and charts. Qualitative data, on the other hand, was transcribed and presented in themes as per the objective of the study. The study revealed that a majority of the respondents had the correct definition of malaria illness which they linked to mosquito bites however there were misconceptions surrounding the disease such as malaria being caused by staying long in water and drinking dirty water among others. The study also revealed that respondents used pain killers together with other drugs bought from chemists as their first point of action when they had symptoms of malaria. The use of health facilities in rectifying ill health was considered when over the counter drugs did not cure illness. This study also revealed a relationship between the definitions of malaria illness and health-seeking behavior through analysis of the number of respondents’ definitions of malaria illness and the action they took. Those who defined malaria to be caused by mosquitoes went to local shops or chemists and health facilities to seek treatment. This study, therefore, concluded that respondents had the correct etiology of malaria coupled with other definitions arising out of social experiences with the disease. The study recommended the need for sensitization of malaria through vernacular radio stations and the participation of community members during health talks to improve on knowledge, health-seeking behavior and demystify misconceptions. Through this, interventions geared towards mitigating malaria can be accepted and be more effective.
Participation of Women Parliamentarians in Kenya’s Legislative Process 1963-2017
(Kenyatta University, 2020-05) Mathenge, Lucy N. Kihia
Since independence up to the 11th Parliament (1963 to 2017) in Kenya, the increase in the number of women in Parliament has been slow. The highest ever attained number was 86 in the 11th parliament (2013-2017) save for affirmative action. Though the number of women MPs in Kenya has been low (160) since independence to the 11th Parliament, compared to male MPs (1,832), there has been an average achievement in delivering the gender agenda in the country. The gradual increase in numbers of women MPs since independence has not translated into a significant increase in delivery of the gender agenda (UN Women 2017). The objectives of this study are: establishing bills tabled by women MPs since independence to 11th Parliament that could benefit the welfare of women in Kenya, evaluating achievements by women parliamentarians since independence to 11th parliament in delivering bills which translate into laws, examining the challenges encountered by women MPs in executing their legislative roles during the study period, and determining the best strategies and support that can enhance performance of women legislatures in delivering bills and laws that benefit women in Kenya, to bridge any knowledge gap identified in the study. The study applied the Theory of Change as expounded by Avril Blamey and Mhairi Mackenzie (Vogel,2012), to explore new possibilities and environment for political change in order to deliver the gender agenda. Descriptive survey and interview schedules were used. The target population was 160 women MPs, elected or nominated, in Parliament during the study period. Due to the small target population, a sample size of 46 respondents were sampled by stratified random sampling and purposive sampling for the study. The sampling criteria was 10 percent sample in each strata (Mugenda, 2003). Women who had served for more than one term or held key positions in Parliament during the study period were purposively sampled for in-depth information including opinion leader in Parliament, leaders of women organizations and academia. Face to face interviews with the respondents were done. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics that entailed mean scores and standard deviations. Quantitative data was presented in frequency distribution tables, pie charts, and bar graphs to summarize and organize it so as to explain relationships among categories. Qualitative data was categorized into common themes, presented in narrative and verbatim forms. Women did not contribute equally in Parliament with respect to moving bills that had impact on women’s welfare in Kenya. This was mainly attributed to lack of experience in the legislative process and parliamentary procedures which could be addressed through capacity building and support networks. In conclusion, the performance of women in parliament since independence up to 11th parliament had an average mean score of below 3.0 (mean<3.0). The study recommended that the State, political Parties, Civil Society Organizations and other stakeholders should support capacity development for women in Parliament, for a transformative institutional change.
Youth Involvement in Soil Fertility Management in Embu and Vihiga Counties, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-10) Dave, Molla John
Kenya and generally Sub-Saharan Africa has been experiencing a severe decline in soil fertility which has resulted in low crop productivity, thereby threatening country’s and the region’s efforts to overcome some of the challenges including food insecurity, malnutrition, poverty, and general unemployment. While efforts have been put in place to improve the declining fertility of soils including development and importation of new soil fertility management (SFM) techniques and technologies, they have suffered limited adoption. This is because major focus has been on the biophysical aspects of soil fertility with limited attention paid to the societal aspects. This study sought to explore the societal factors that influence SFM, with focus on youth who comprise a significantly large proportion of the population in the country and the region, and also have invaluable characteristics critical for the adoption of sustainable SFM practices and adaptive technologies. The objectives of the study were to establish the SFM practices of youth farmers, and to examine the influence of the socio-cultural, economic and political factors on their involvement in SFM guided by Luhmann’s social systems theory. The study adopted a cross-sectional analytical survey design employing a mixed methods approach. The study was conducted in Mbeere South and Sabatia sub-counties. The primary respondents in the study were youth farmers; 200 youth farmers were sampled. The study also targeted key informants including agricultural extension officers, representatives of agricultural NGOs, CBOs, and financial institutions offering credit to farmers. FGDs were also held with youth farmers in farmer groups. To collect data, semi-structured interview schedules, KII guides, and FGD guides were used. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 to produce both descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages, and inferential statistics such as chi-square tests and Cramer’s V. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study established that most (56%) of the youth farmers in Mbeere South practiced either organic or inorganic SFM method, while the remaining practiced mixed organic and inorganic SFM method. In Sabatia on the other hand, most (59%) practiced mixed organic and inorganic SFM method, while the remaining practiced either organic or inorganic SFM method. Among the socio-cultural factors examined, education level, gender, membership to farmer groups, and perception of farm fertility were found to influence youth involvement in SFM in both study areas. Among the economic factors, satisfaction with farm income influenced youth involvement in SFM in both study areas, while distance to markets was of influence in Sabatia only. Among the political factors, land ownership, access to extension services, and access to government subsidized fertilizers influenced youth involvement in SFM in both study areas. The study concludes that youth involvement in SFM is influenced, variably across different areas, by the societal factors including the social, cultural, economic, and political aspects. It is therefore important that efforts at soil fertility improvement take into account these societal factors. The study recommends that deliberate efforts should be made to encourage youth involvement in sustainable SFM measures, through improved access to the influential societal factors

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