MST-Department of Sociology

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Male Police Officers and Response, To Crimes against Women in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-10) Sayia, Johnson Barasa
Ihere has been g RIOWing research interest in examining police officers’ response ‘0, dominance of erime, but very few studies have empirically assessed male police officers and how it hag impacted reporting of crimes against women. This study aimed in Murang"a in establishing male police officers and their response to crimes against women County, Kenya, The hobjectives were; to determine the prevalent of male dominance ational Police Service, to examine the challenges rise women Survivors of erime fyee while reporting to the police and to determine how incidents sexual and gender-based Violence impact the willingness of women to report Sl{Ch response to the police, Necessity to address the issues that revolve around police (0 crimes against female persons was discussed through the theory of Equity researcl Within the N Feminism, developed in 2 017 by Christina Hoff Sommers. The study utilized Ex- Post Facto design in the respondents study; whereas the target population was a total of 45 women, with a sample size of 4], The sampling projection was 20 civilian 5 civilian men, 5 Police constables, 2 Corporals, 2 Sergeants. 2 Inspectors, collected 2 Chief Inspectors, 2 Senjor Superintendents and 1 Commissioner. The data was through both closed- discussions, interviews, obse; collected employed two types of data: Quantitative and qualitative, Descriptive statistics was in analyzing the quantitative data. The descriptive s\atisticsrinclflfied measures of both centra] tendency and variability. The measures were mean, median, mode, range and standard graphs. Qualitative A data was analyzed by focusing on the identification and reporting of themes within the collected data. Findings from the qualitative data were presented in verbatim quotes and narra officers was greater than dissatisfaction with : SGBV being attended to by male police officers, while the increase in was related to the j concluded that the NPS gender-imbalance is the contributor to over-representation male of police officers in all of interactions between committed police officers on recording and investigating crimes against women. (
Determinants of Implementation of Gender-Based Violence Policies in Schools in Mandera County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022-05) Mohamed, Abdiwahab Ibrahim
Abstract
Male Police Officers and Response, To Crimes against Women in Murang’a County, Kenya Sayia
(Kenyatta University, 2023-10) Barasa, Johnson
victims There has been a RIOWing research interest in examining police officers’ response ‘0, dominance of erime, but very few studies have empirically assessed male police officers and how it hag impacted reporting of crimes against women. This study aimed in Murang"a in establishing male police officers and their response to crimes against women County, Kenya, The hobjectives were; to determine the prevalent of male dominance women ational Police Service, to examine the challenges rise sexual Survivors of erime fyee while reporting to the police and to determine how incidents and gender-based Violence impact the willingness of women to report Sl{Ch response to the police, Necessity to address the issues that revolve around police (0 crimes against female persons was discussed through the theory of Equity researcl Within the N Post Feminism, developed in 2 017 by Christina Hoff Sommers. The study utilized Ex- Facto design in the respondents study; whereas the target population was a total of 45 with a sample size of 4], The sampling projection was 20 civilian women, 5 civilian men, 5 Police constables, 2 Corporals, 2 Sergeants. 2 Inspectors, collected 2 Chief Inspectors, through 2 Senjor Superintendents and 1 Commissioner. The data was discussions, both closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires, focus group collected interviews, observation and perusal of secondary sources. The study employed two types of data: Quantitative and qualitative, Descriptive statistics was in analyzing the quantitative data. The descriptive statistics: included mode, measures of both centra] tendency and variability. The measures were mean, median, graphs. range Qualitative and standard deviation. They were presented visually by tables and data was analyzed by focusing on the identification and reporting of themes within the collected data. Findings from the qualitative data were presented in verbatim quotes and narrative form. It was found out that the number of male police dissatisfaction officers was greater than that of female police officers, women expressed their SGBV with being attended to by male police officers, while the increase in concluded was related to the improper handling of cases reported by women. The study that the NPS gender-imbalance is the contributor to over-representation male police of officers in all areas of police deployments, resulting into rare occurrences makes of interactions between members of the public and female police officers. The study recommendations existing for the NPSC to ensure there is full implementation of the specialized laws and formulate policies regarding recruitment of police officers, and committed training of police officers on recording and investigating crimes against women.
Stakeholders’ Relationships and Conflict Situations in the Oil Extractive Industry: A Case of Turkana County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Wabomba, Simiyu Tobias
Abstract
Enablers of Women's Participation in Self-Help Groups in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-02) Muriuki, Josphat Mucira
Women are increasingly using Self-Help Groups as a strategy for transforming their social and economic lives through their active participation. The main aim of this study was to find out the factors that enable women to take part in SHGs in Ndenderu Ward of Kiambu County. Particularly, the researcher explored the role of family, self- fulfillment and financial factors in enhancing the degree of willingness for women to take part in SHGs. The research employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey design and a mixed methods approach which made use of both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population included women members of SHGs which have been registered and are located in Ndenderu Ward. The study sample was drawn from a total number of 30 registered SHGs. The sample size of 6 SHGs was identified using a simple random sampling technique and 20 respondents picked from each group thus making a sample size of 120 respondents for the survey. Other key informants included the leaders of the selected SHGs and the Ward Development Officer. The data was collected using structured questionnaire together with an interview schedule. The validity and reliability of data collection instruments was established before commencing data collection. The tool for quantitative analysis that was used was that of SPSS data analysis tool that enables statiscians to describe quantitative data in a descriptive way. On the other hand, content analysis was used in analysing qualitative data. The study findings were presented by using measures of central tendency where the measures were presented using tables and bar charts. The study was also guided by ethical values and principles and followed the guidelines provided by Kenyatta University Graduate School. According to the findings, family factors are not an important determinant of women’s participation in the SHGs in Kiambu County. Self-fulfillment and financial factors played a significant role in the determination of women’s participation in SHGs in Kiambu. The study recommended that researchers and community practitioners should conduct a survey to establish other critical determinants other than family factors since these were found not to have any effect on the participation of women in SHGs. The SHGs should add more emphasis on ensuring the support for the self-fulfilment factors as well as the financial factors that have been examined in the study since they were found to play a significant role in the participation of women in SHGs in Kiambu County. The Kiambu County government should also play an active role in the growth of SHGs by developing policies that will promote their expansion especially through administrative support, training, proper coordination and effective monitoring of their performance.
Enablers of Women's Participation in Self-Help Groups in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-02) Muriuki, Josphat Mucira
Women are increasingly using Self-Help Groups as a strategy for transforming their social and economic lives through their active participation. The main aim of this study was to find out the factors that enable women to take part in SHGs in Ndenderu Ward of Kiambu County. Particularly, the researcher explored the role of family, self- fulfillment and financial factors in enhancing the degree of willingness for women to take part in SHGs. The research employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey design and a mixed methods approach which made use of both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population included women members of SHGs which have been registered and are located in Ndenderu Ward. The study sample was drawn from a total number of 30 registered SHGs. The sample size of 6 SHGs was identified using a simple random sampling technique and 20 respondents picked from each group thus making a sample size of 120 respondents for the survey. Other key informants included the leaders of the selected SHGs and the Ward Development Officer. The data was collected using structured questionnaire together with an interview schedule. The validity and reliability of data collection instruments was established before commencing data collection. The tool for quantitative analysis that was used was that of SPSS data analysis tool that enables statiscians to describe quantitative data in a descriptive way. On the other hand, content analysis was used in analysing qualitative data. The study findings were presented by using measures of central tendency where the measures were presented using tables and bar charts. The study was also guided by ethical values and principles and followed the guidelines provided by Kenyatta University Graduate School. According to the findings, family factors are not an important determinant of women’s participation in the SHGs in Kiambu County. Self-fulfillment and financial factors played a significant role in the determination of women’s participation in SHGs in Kiambu. The study recommended that researchers and community practitioners should conduct a survey to establish other critical determinants other than family factors since these were found not to have any effect on the participation of women in SHGs. The SHGs should add more emphasis on ensuring the support for the self-fulfilment factors as well as the financial factors that have been examined in the study since they were found to play a significant role in the participation of women in SHGs in Kiambu County. The Kiambu County government should also play an active role in the growth of SHGs by developing policies that will promote their expansion especially through administrative support, training, proper coordination and effective monitoring of their performance.
Examining Constituency Development Fund as an Instrument of Rural Development in Kakamega County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-08) Matete, Jemima Butinyi
Rural poverty remains a significant impediment to rural development. The Constituency Development Fund (CDF) was established in Kenya to address this challenge by decentralizing development. Despite its existence for nearly two decades, concerns persist about its implementation, distribution, and impact on poverty alleviation. This study examined the dynamics of CDF as a tool for rural development in Ikolomani Constituency, Kakamega County. Specifically, it investigated community awareness and participation, fund utilization, and the challenges hindering CDF's effectiveness. Guided by Alexis de Tocqueville’s Decentralization Theory, the study employed a cross-sectional design with mixed methods. A sample of 384 participants was determined using Andrew Fisher's formula. Data collection involved surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Ethical approval was obtained from the KUERC. Findings revealed high awareness of the CDF (84.4%), primarily through chief's barazas (53.6%). While 72% of participants perceived good fund utilization, challenges included low community participation, embezzlement, and corruption. The study concludes that effective strategies are essential to improve CDF implementation and achieve sustainable rural development. It is recommended that policymakers and stakeholders prioritize enhancing community participation, strengthening accountability mechanisms, and investing in capacity building to optimize the impact of CDF on rural development.
Evaluation of Strategies for the Reduction of Adolescent Pregnancies in Public Boarding Girls Secondary Schools of Narok County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Bundi, Emma Kemuma
The study delves into the assessment of strategies aimed at curbing the prevalence of adolescent pregnancies within public boarding girls’ secondary schools in Narok County, Kenya. With a comprehensive focus, the research aims to identify the strategies that have been put into action, gauge their effectiveness, pinpoint the obstacles faced, and propose viable solutions tailored to the context of Narok County's boarding schools. Guided by the ecological systems theory, the study takes into account the dynamic interplay between diverse life environments and their influence on behaviour. Employing a cross-sectional descriptive design, the research centres on students enrolled in boarding schools in Narok County, aiming for a comprehensive understanding of the situation. The study's sample encompasses 72 participants, comprising school principals, counsellors, and students. This selection is achieved through purposive sampling, a method that ensures the inclusion of key stakeholders who possess valuable insights into the issue. Through a qualitative approach involving interviews and focus group discussions, the study collects data that is subsequently scrutinized for emerging themes and patterns. The investigation reveals a range of strategies designed to reduce adolescent pregnancies, including counselling services, peer counselling initiatives, active parental involvement, and organized speaker sessions. Unveiling the challenges that impede these strategies, the research points to obstacles such as parental non-cooperation, deep-rooted cultural norms, peer pressures, and financial constraints. In response, the study presents practical solutions encompassing the promotion of sports and educational clubs, the provision of comprehensive sexual education, distribution of sanitary towels, and a stronger legal framework against those responsible for underage pregnancies. The study also unearths the root causes behind adolescent pregnancies, underscoring the influence of poverty and teacher oversight, and inadequate sexual education. To mitigate these causes, the study highlights the importance of promoting abstinence and comprehensive sexual education to equip adolescents with the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate relationships and their consequences. Recognizing that the battle against adolescent pregnancies demands a collaborative approach, the study emphasizes the need for concerted efforts from parents, schools, local communities, religious institutions, and law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, the study underscores the intrinsic link between preventing adolescent pregnancies and upholding the right to education, particularly for young girls. By addressing this issue comprehensively, society can contribute to ensuring a safer, healthier and more equitable educational environment for all.
Environmental and Socioeconomic Challenges in the Access of Cash Transfer Funds by Older Persons in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Murugi, Justina Wangari
In realizing that older people are more vulnerable, many nations, including Kenya, have put in place social protection programs geared towards protecting social welfare and rights, thus reducing poverty and inequality among the elderly. This study sought to examine environmental and socioeconomic challenges associated with the access of cash transfers by examining the characteristics of the older persons benefiting from the cash transfer funds, the challenges they face in accessing the cash transfer funds, and the coping mechanism they use in accessing the cash transfer funds in Murang'a County. The study used the social breakdown theory. An exploratory research design was used that targeted older persons above 70 years of age who were beneficiaries of older person's cash transfer funds. A semi-structured interview schedule was used in data collection. Focus group discussions were also conducted with the older persons. Key informants including representatives from the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection and the local administration (chiefs) were also interviewed. Stratified random sampling was used for equal representation of both males and females to get 225 respondents across the four sub-counties. This sample was proportionately divided across four sub counties which were purposively sampled because of the nature of their terrain. Since the study adopted a mixed methods approach, the quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to generate descriptive statistics. The qualitative data was analyzed through the generation of themes. The researcher adhered to ethical principles in conducting the research participation in the study was voluntary. The finding revealed that older persons suffer more due to environmental and socioeconomic challenges that surround them. Social exclusion and inequality, age, and disability increase their vulnerability. They face challenges with the distance to the cash collection points, the terrain is difficult to navigate, the transport means are unpredictable and uncomfortable for some older persons and they also face challenges with weather conditions characterized by rainfall. In dealing with the challenges, older persons reported using caregivers to help them access the funds, collecting the funds by themselves, waiting patiently to be served, and inquiring about the availability of funds. Although the OPTC has been of benefit to older persons, a lot of improvements are required in order to achieve timely disbursement and accessibility of the funds as the study found.
Implications of Gender Relations on Forest Management among the Indigenous Ogiek of Mau Forest in Nakuru County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Cheruiyot, Paul Kiprono
This study aimed at interrogating the implications of gender relations among indigenous Ogiek on management of Mau Forest in Nakuru County, Kenya to guide gender mainstreaming in forest management. The objectives of the study included identifying the traditional gender division of labour among the indigenous Ogiek of Mau Forest, examining the extent to which the Forest Policy 2014 and Forest Conservation and Management Act 2016 integrates gender concerns in forest management, examining how women participation in forest management promotes gender equality and discussing the implications of the study findings on gender mainstreaming in forest management. The study employed cultural ecofeminist theory which captures relationship between women and the earth, comparing how women and nature are subordinated by men in patriarchal society. The study used descriptive survey study design, with purposive and systematic random sampling methods to choose sixty-seven respondents from the community forest associations (CFAs) within the Mau ecosystem. Data from the indigenous Ogiek residents were collected using questionnaires while key-in-depth interview schedule was used to collect data from Ogiek village elders, Kenya Forest Service Officers, and area chief. Test-retest method was used to test reliability of study instruments. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analysed establishing patterns, categories, and themes. Study findings were presented in percentages, graphs, charts, and tables. The findings showed that there exists traditional gender division of labour underprivileged by Ogiek patriarchal social structure which influences forest management among indigenous Ogiek of Mau Forest. The findings further revealed that the forest legal framework in Kenya especially the Kenya Constitution 2010, Forest Policy 2014 and Forest Act 2016 are gender blind. The study recommends that CFAs to adopt various affirmative strategies including quotas in certain positions to improve women’s participation in CFAs while considering cultural constraints limiting their participation.
Determinants of Gender Mainstreaming in Community-Based Organizations: A Case of St. John’s Community Centre-Pumwani, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-01) Gitu, Joseph Njoroge
Despite various measures and legislations seeking to empower women and promote gender equality, gender mainstreaming in the development programs at the local community level remains adamantly low. Therefore, this study sought to establish the determinants of gender mainstreaming at St. John’s Community Centre (SJCC) in Pumwani, Nairobi County. The specific objectives of the study were: to establish levels of participation by gender at SJCC, to establish factors influencing gender mainstreaming at SJCC, to examine the challenges faced in mainstreaming gender issues by SJCC and to examine strategies employed to enhance gender mainstreaming at SJCC. This study was grounded on Caroline Moser’s Gender Analytical Framework. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised of 5 SJCC managers, 60 staff members, 100 SJCC volunteers, and 560 project beneficiaries. A sample of 221 participants constituting 30% of the respondents was selected using stratified random sampling. The sample included: 18 staff members, 30 volunteers, and 168 project beneficiaries. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify the managers as key informants. Questionnaires were used to collect data from SJCC staff, volunteers, and beneficiaries while interviews were administered to the SJCC managers. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyse quantitative data and generate descriptive statistics. Thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes and patterns in qualitative data based on research objectives. The findings revealed that there is equality in participation by gender in St. Johns Community Centre: Men and women are represented among the staff and management of SJCC: 58% of the staff members are female and 42% are male; women at SJCC occupy 57% of the managerial posts compared to men who occupy 43% of the managerial staff; men and women equally occupy positions of leadership and decision making as women hold 55% of the positions while men occupy 45% of the positions across the different cadres of employment. Further, the findings established that SJCC accorded beneficiaries equal access to education opportunities as male constituted 48.8% beneficiaries of the scholarship and training programme while females constituted 51.1%. Moreover, study findings indicated that gender mainstreaming at SJCC is determined by the human resource policy which prohibits any form of discrimination based on gender, principles and values that promote participation of men and women in development as equal partners, equality in occupation of decision making between men and women and women leadership in projects that address the triple role of women. SJCC gender mainstreaming strategies include implementation of exclusive women programmes that address women practical and strategic gender needs, anti-poverty strategies that enhance women’s economic independence, programmes that facilitate equality in access to education by both genders, training of SJCC staff on gender mainstreaming and awareness creation on gender equality in the community. However, attainment of gender equality is limited by lack of a tracking system for gender in the SJCC budgeting, reluctance of men to participate in VSLAs projects, unequal power relations between men and women and high poverty levels. Therefore, this study recommends that St. John Community Centre enacts a gender mainstreaming policy to provide a legal framework for gender mainstreaming, strengthen projects that transform power imbalance between men and women, intensify gender equality awareness programmes and SJCC staff training to incorporate gender responsiveness budgeting.
Utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors in Nairobi city county, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Muriuki, Pamela Karimi; Grace Wamue-Ngare; Grace B. Mose Okong’o
Domestic violence is a criminal offense and a violation of fundamental human rights as provided in the Constitution 2010, the Kenya Penal Code, and the Sexual Offenses Act 2006, among other legal frameworks at the international, regional, and national levels. It also contributes to health problems, which ultimately translate into a social and economic burden for survivors, society, and the government. This study assessed the utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors in Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi City County. The study objectives were; to explore various forms of domestic violence reported in select health and legal facilities in the study area, assess healthcare and legal services available to domestic violence survivors, establish factors that determine utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors, and lastly, suggest effective strategies for enhancing the utilization of healthcare and legal services by domestic violence survivors. The public enforcement of law theory advanced by Polinsky and Shavell (2005) was used to guide the conceptualization of the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. 54 adult male and female domestic violence survivors were sampled purposefully. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules and analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study found that physical assault, sexual violence, and neglect were the most reported cases. Findings also revealed that survivors sought healthcare and legal services, with some incidences of late reporting and nonreporting. It was found that even though survivors were considerably near healthcare and legal facilities, opportunity costs in terms of transport, legal service fees, and healthcare expenses were prohibitive for them. Besides, service provision was hampered by numerous challenges, including inadequate resources, both human and financial, and requisite infrastructure, affecting the quality of services. and complex referral pathways that discouraged survivors from pursuing justice. There was a lack of basic awareness of the crime scene response, with evidence being lost at this point by tampering either with the survivor, perpetrator, or the scene of crime. Additionally, awareness of DV management protocols and guidelines among service providers was weak and inconsistent. It was established that there was some level of coordination among healthcare workers in ensuring referral systems were in place and that the survivors were provided with comprehensive care depending on the facility's capacity; however, the focus was more on the medical treatment and less on the comprehensive forensic medical examination, which contributed to the obstruction of justice in these cases. The study recommended a coordinated, multi-agency approach to remedy numerous movements (back and forth) of survivors and the investigating officer, re-traumatization of survivors, increased turnaround time, and wastage of financial resources. Upscaling awareness creation at the community level was recommended, as was the harmonization of medical-legal documents to reduce fatigue and logistics associated with handling these documents.
Determinants of vulnerability to risk taking behaviour among girls in public day secondary schools in kiambaa, Kiambu County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta university, 2023-11) Mwangi, Lucy Njeri; Pacificah Okemwa; Susan Waiyego Mwangi
The study investigated the determinants of vulnerability to Risk Taking Behaviours (RTB) among girls in Public Day Secondary Schools (PDSS) in Kiambaa SubCounty, Kiambu County, Kenya. This was due to the high levels of RTB among secondary school girls that had been reported. The specific objectives were to identify the types of RTB among girls in PDSS, examine internal and external factors influencing vulnerability to RTB, assess gender-related challenges faced by girls engaged in RTB, and propose gender-responsive strategies to mitigate vulnerability. The study integrated two theories, problem behaviour theory and empowerment theory .It employed a descriptive survey methodology. Using proportional stratified random sampling and purposive sampling procedures 68 teachers, 96 girls, 12 principals from 12 PDSSs, along with 6 sub-county education officers and 12 parents, totalling 194. Participated in the study. A pilot study involving 1 teacher and 10 students from Kiambu Sub-County was conducted to assess content and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.7) ensured internal consistency and reliability of variables. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, analysed using SPSS version 24 for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data, and presented via tables and figures. The findings revealed various RTB among girls, including unprotected sex, prostitution, drug use, abortion, theft, and fighting. RTB determinants encompassed factors like parental divorce, absenteeism, peer pressure, financial hardship, and lack of role models, excessive idle time, societal influences, and declining values. Gender-specific challenges emerged, such as early pregnancies, abortions, forced marriages, academic failure, rejection, and health risks from unsafe abortions. Gender-responsive strategies suggested included enhanced counselling programs, life skills development, rehabilitation facilities, job opportunities, loans for mothers, bursary funding clear disciplinary policies, spiritual guidance, and second chances for young mothers to complete their education. In conclusion, this study highlights the existence of RTB among girls in PDSS and underscores the complexity of factors influencing these behaviours. To effectively address RTB, a comprehensive approach that considers both internal and external factors is essential. Recognizing the specific challenges faced by girls is crucial. Gender-sensitive interventions that involve collaboration between schools, parents, and the community are vital in creating a supportive environment that encourages healthier behaviours among girls in PDSS.
Socio-Economic Dynamics of Intrafamilial Elder Abuse in Baringo County, Kenya Chesang’ Consolata Jepkemei
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Jepkemei, Chesang’ Consolata; Samuel M. Mwangi
Until the emergence of policies and legal frameworks to address domestic violence -including intimate partner and child abuse- in the last decades of the 20th century, abuse of the older persons had persisted as a private matter that received very little public attention. Even so, intrafamilial elder abuse (IFEA) has been acknowledged globally as a pervasive problem, associated with overwhelming distinct consequences, outcomes, and societal expenses. Kenya is experiencing population ageing at a high rate, which implies that, with it, elder abuse, and particularly IFEA is anticipated to become a more pressing problem, distressing millions of older individuals countrywide. This study sought to explore the socio-economic dynamics of IFEA in Baringo County. The study objectives were to profile the dominant types of IFEA, to examine the dynamics of IFEA in relation to the associated socio-economic risk factors, and to assess the dynamics associated with reporting and disclosure of IFEA, guided by Homan’s Social Exchange theory. The study embraced a cross-sectional analytical survey design to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The study was conducted in Baringo County. The respondents of the study were older persons in the area who were aged 65 years and older; 226 older persons from two purposively sampled sub counties were sampled for the study. The Black and Champion sample size determining formula was used. The study also targeted key informants including local authorities, health care authorities, adult protection agency representatives and law enforcement. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussion guides were used in data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 to generate both descriptive and inferential statistics such as crosstabs and chi-square tests. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study established that most prevalent form of intrafamilial abuse reported in the study was psychological abuse (79.2%) while sexual abuse was the least (19.9%) prevalent type of IFEA. The study found out that gender of the victim, victim dependence and vulnerability, living arrangements, trust relationships, social isolation and financial dependency on the older person influenced the older persons’ experiences with the different types of abuse reported in the study. Based on the reported dynamics of IFEA in relation to reporting, the study concluded that given the right platforms, older persons are more likely to report incidences of abuse. The study concludes that IFEA is a dynamic social problem, which varies across cultural contexts, perceptions, socio-economic risk factors, as well as in its reporting and disclosure. The study recommends that elder abuse should be declared a public health issue and strategies and measures be put in place to protect abuse victims and encourage them to seek help.
Implementation Status of Inclusive Education and Employment Policies for Persons with Disabilities in Selected Public Institutions in Liberia
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Collins, Edwina; Casper Masiga; Daniel Ngugi
Inclusive education and employment for persons with disability are strategic global development objectives. The government of Liberia have implemented several policy measures to ensure inclusivity for persons with disabilities in these vital institutions. Despite the policy focus, the situation of persons with disabilities remains difficult as accessibility still remains a daunting challenge. This study therefore sought to assess the implementation status of inclusive education and employment policies for persons with disabilities in selected public institutions in Liberia. The objectives of the study were: To assess the extent to which public high schools have integrated accessibility for students with disabilities, To explore the degree to which public high schools are integrating gender in accessibility for students with disabilities, To establish the extent to which government policy on inclusive employment of persons with disability has been implemented in public institutions and To analyze the extent stakeholder believe and attitude promote or constraint the implementation of inclusive education and employment policies. This study is anchored on human right based and social models of disability. The research design incorporates both quantitative and qualitative methods. Purposive sampling was used to select 106 respondents comprising of students and employees with disabilities, principals and human resource directors. Quantitative data was collected through electronic data collection tools (Kobo/ Survey CTO) and transferred in Excel spreadsheets for descriptive analysis and comparison. Qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews and analyzed according to themes. Result from the study showed that students with disabilities attending public high schools had limited accessibility to physical structures, teaching aid and materials. And although students had access to gender differentiated toilets, the lack of water was a major sanitary issue especially for female students. Findings also showed that unlike males, female students were less knowledgeable and sensitized on policies on inclusive education policy. Moreover, it was established that persons with disabilities were still finding it difficult to secure employment with public institutions as inclusive employment policies were not implemented. Further analysis indicated that the perception of principals towards inclusive education and human resource directors towards inclusive employment policies had the propensity of constraining its implementation. The study also found that limited budgetary allocation to implement inclusive policies, lack of teacher training in disability pedagogy and unavailability of training materials for teachers and students for inclusive education were among factors contributing to gaps in the implementation of inclusive disability policies. The study recommends that the government of Liberia fund the Ministry of Education inclusive education budget to implement the necessary activities that will ensure accessibility for both male and female students with disabilities. The Ministry of Gender which coordinates all disability mainstreaming activities should ensure that government policies on inclusive employment including the 4% employment quota for persons with disabilities are implemented by all public institutions. Additional, the National Commission on Disability should create more public awareness on government inclusive policies.
Assessment of Older Persons’ Participation in Community Development Activities in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kawira, Mutegi Josphine; Lucy W. Maina; Samuel Mwangi
The accelerated population ageing has become a development concern in the 21stcentury with nations least prepared to deal with the consequences of population ageing. To address these consequences, older persons should be encouraged to become active participants on issues impacting their lives. However, older persons have not been able to fully participate in development process with reports showing low levels of participation in social, economic, political and cultural activities. This study sought to assess involvement of older persons to community development. Specifically, the study sought to assess extent of older person’s participation in community development activities in Tharaka Nithi County, identify factors that hinder participation of older persons in development, assess the effects of non-participation of older persons in development and suggest measures to enhance older person’s participation in community development. The study was anchored in the political economy of ageing theory which demonstrates the differences in how older persons act which is influenced by social, economic and political structures that shape ageing. The study employed descriptive survey design by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. A simple random sampling method was used to select a sample of 157 older persons from the target population of 7,730 older persons from Tharaka Nithi County. Additionally, 3 social development officers, 3 administrative officers and 1 faith-based leader were purposively selected on the basis of their knowledge, expertise and experience of working with older persons for in-depth interviews. Data was collected using questionnaire, interview schedule and through personal observations. Data was analyzed using frequency count and percentages and presented in form of tables and graphs. The researcher sought approvals from graduate school, ethics review committee, NACOSTI and relevant county government bodies in addition, participants were informed the purpose of the study and their consent sought before questions were administered. The researcher assured them of confidentiality before, during and after the study. The study established older persons participated in community development through paid labour, engaging in leisure and cultural activities, providing informal child care, participation in elections through voting and being active members of Nyumba kumi initiatives. Participation in social and cultural activities was moderate and relatively low in economic and political domains. The study further established a combination of individual, social, economic and political factors influencing participation of older persons in community development activities. The study concluded that low participation of older persons in community development activities exposed them to poverty, inability to access resources, inadequate representation in decision-making and poor public services and isolation as well as poor physical and mental health. The study concluded that these effects of low participation exposed them to become socially excluded in community development activities leaving them more vulnerable and marginalized by the rest of the community. The study recommends government, other stakeholders to encourage and support older persons to access equal opportunities to participate in community development activities as well as play an active role in providing solutions to their challenges. The study findings will be useful in informing work/labour force policies, strategies and programs by local and national governments as well as development partners in addressing older person’s rights.
Caregivers Challenges in Facilitating Vulnerable Orphaned Children Cope with Hiv/Aids Stigma in Bauchi Metropolitan, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Ahmed, Suleiman; George Evans Owino; Gladys M. Nyachieo
prevalence of HIV and AIDS stigma on children has caused a burden on caregivers, HIV-positive children, and their families. About 17 million children around the world have lost one or both parents due to HIV and AIDS and left to caregivers (UNAIDS, 2019. USAID, 2021). This study explored the range of challenges caregivers encounter in assisting vulnerable children and HIV/AIDS orphans facing issues related to social stigmatization. The main aim was to highlight major challenges encountered by caregivers in the Bauchi metropolis. Specifically, the objectives were set to identify the practical issues affecting the role of caregivers with religion as a significant cultural factor. The majority of caregivers of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa with Nigeria accounting for an estimated 1.9 million cases (UNAIDS, 2019, USAID, 2021). However, despite collective efforts by caregivers, families, and communities aimed towards protecting, caring, and supporting infected affected children, the scourge of stigma has remained high. Reports indicate that more is needs to be done to support caregivers for them to look after those children (UNAIDS, 2019). Therefore, this study focuses on caregivers' predicament while helping HIV and AIDS vulnerable orphaned children in Bauchi Metropolis. The study highlights the challenges caregivers experience as a result of stigmatization reinforce by cultural and religious influence among others, in making children living with HIV and AIDS cope with the epidemic. The purpose of the study was to understand the position of caregiver's characteristics situations and impact culture, and religion's impact on the care of children with HIV and AIDS in Bauchi Metropolitan. The study was guided by two theories, the Stigmatization theory by Goffman, and the Structuration theory by Giddens. The sequential transformative approach of quantitative and qualitative methods (mixed method) was used in this study through a descriptive cross-sectional survey. SPSS was used to analyze the quantitative data using descriptive statistics such as means, frequency, and percentages, while NVivo software was used to analyze qualitative data synthesis and prose thematically. Bauchi metropolis has about 218 caregivers of children orphaned & vulnerable to HIV and AIDS. Data collection questionnaires and interview guides were used. Key informant interviews were conducted on government agencies and NGOs. The findings revealed that caregivers faced challenges and difficulties while dealing with orphaned and vulnerable children with HIV and AIDS. These challenges were mainly due to lack of education from most of the caregivers, lack of knowledge on how to handle stigma cases, and lack of consultation habit (inquiry) that make them unable to properly handle issues of stigma. In addition, the government is not doing enough to support caregivers in helping those HIV children cope with the stigma. The influence of culture, religion, and society has also made it difficult for caregivers to help children with HIV and AIDS to overcome stigma. The study, therefore, recommends the empowerment of caregivers with skills acquisitions, training, and workshops, and to be part of the decision-making on programs related to HIV and AIDS.
Effects of Juvenile Delinquents’ Rehabilitation Programs on Behaviour Modification in Selected Rehabilitation Schools in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Wangari, Mwangi Elizabeth; Daniel Muia; Gladys M. Nyachieo
The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of juvenile delinquents’ rehabilitation programs on juvenile’s behavior modification in selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya. The study was carried out in four government rehabilitation schools in Kiambu, Nairobi and Kirinyaga Counties: Kirigiti Girl’s Rehabilitation School, Dagoretti Girl’s Rehabilitation School, Kabete Boy’s Rehabilitation School and Wamumu Boy’s Rehabilitation School. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of the juveniles, to establish the effects of vocational training program on behavior modification of juveniles; determine the effects of academic enrichment program on behavior modification of juveniles and to assess the effects of social development program on behavior modification of juveniles in the selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya. In overall, the study intended to find out whether the rehabilitation programs had positive effects in modifying juvenile’s behavior and reducing recidivism. The study used explanatory sequential mixed method design. The target population for the study was 142 delinquent juveniles who were in their last year of rehabilitation at the selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya and 22 Key informants who comprised of welfare officers, academic teachers, and vocational instructors. Census and purposive sampling were used to draw the sample size of 142 delinquent juveniles and 12 key informants, respectively. Research instruments used were interview schedule guide and Key informant interview (KII) guide. The instruments were pre-tested for validity and reliability. Approval to carry out the research was sought from the relevant authorities. Informed assent and consent were sought. Privacy and confidentiality of data collected was maintained. The quantitative data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 while the qualitative data was analyzed inductively through narrative analysis. The findings were described numerically using measures of distribution (frequencies and percentages) and presented in form of charts, graphs, tables, and narrations. The findings indicated that vocational training program was the most preferred and with positive effects in empowering juveniles with skills and knowledge in different jobs to meet their financial needs. Academic program was found to have positive effects on behavior change by enabling juveniles solve the problems they encounter logically. All juveniles participated in spiritual welfare program, and it had positive effects in modifying delinquent juveniles as it taught them moral and ethical values. Mandatory counselling was offered to juveniles individually at admission and thereafter, counselling program was mostly administered to groups and on few instances to individuals. Some juveniles did not like counselling as they reported that the counsellors had some bad attitude towards them. The study concluded that the existing juvenile rehabilitation programs had positive effects on juvenile rehabilitation and behavior modification in reducing recidivism. The study recommended more academic and vocational teachers to be employed; training materials and tools to be availed; more vocational courses to be embraced; qualified counselors to be employed; welfare officers to adopt a positive attitude while interacting with the juveniles; and guardians/parents to be involved in juvenile rehabilitation process. Equally, the study recommends research on effects of parent/guardian involvement in juvenile’s rehabilitation on behavior modification.
Role of Perception and Utilization of Aftercare Programmes in Reintegration of Ex-Borstal Inmates in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kagunda, Jean Mwihaki; Lucy Maina; Francis Kerre
Offenders released from confinement face a variety of challenges that may hinder their ability to become law-abiding citizens (Petersilia, 2005). A key feature of successful crime prevention strategies is the attention given to the social reintegration of ex-prisoners into the community and the development of interventions designed to reduce the levels of recidivism and crime. This study endeavoured to find out how perceptions towards the aftercare programmes utilized on ex-borstal (Juvenile delinquent) inmates contributed to their reintegration into the community. The study was carried out in Murang'a County and assessed the perceptions and utilization by ex-offenders of aftercare programmes, intervention measures employed to reintegrate them into the community and the contribution the aftercare programmes have made in reduction of crime and reoffending rates among the ex-borstal inmates. The study employed descriptive survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data was gathered from 44 ex-borstal inmates, 44 family members of the ex-borstal inmates and 30 chiefs through an interview. Furthermore, 14 probation officers were given a questionnaire to fill. Data collected from the field was presented in tables and analysed using frequency counts, percentages and mean. The instrument was pretested to ensure its validity and reliability. The first key finding of the study was on the perception and utilization of aftercare programmes among the ex-borstal inmates and it revealed that a majority of the ex-inmates had a positive disposition towards the aftercare programmes offered and they had been interacting with them through the probation office. Secondly, the study found that those ex-borstal inmates who effectively utilized the aftercare programmes offered to them attested to seeing a reduction in crime and recidivism. Thirdly, on the contribution the aftercare programmes had made in the reintegration of the ex-borstal inmates it emerged that reintegration was realized when all stakeholders came together in support of the ex-inmates by accepting them and assisting them to resettle back into the community. Finally, on the challenges facing the implementation of aftercare programmes by probation officers, the study found that there were three specific programmes that the probation officers found difficult to implement as those programmes were beyond their scope and jurisdiction and were dependant on another office to facilitate and ensure implementation. It emerged from the study that the community at large was unaware of the efforts made by probation officers to reintegrate ex-inmates back to the community through aftercare programmes and therefore it was recommended that the Probation and Aftercare Service department intensify awareness on the very important role they play in ensuring that crime and rates of recidivism are reduced. The study further recommended that the two levels of government combine efforts to make the services of drugs and substance abuse treatment centres and mental health clinics readily accessible to ex-borstal inmates who are in need of these services by ensuring that centres and clinics are in every county and the cost be significantly subsidized as most of the ex-inmate’s hail from low income earning homes among other recommendations. The general conclusion of the study was that positive perception and utilization of aftercare programmes contributed well to ex-borstal inmate’s reintegration into the community where at 59% the ex-borstal inmates changed to become good and law-abiding citizens and at 55% avoided reoffending.
Determinants of Fertility among Young Couples in Misau, Bauchi state, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Baba, Bala; Daniel M. Muia; Parvin Moloo
In Sub-Sahara Africa the level of fertility rate is very high compared to other regions across the globe. Culture, economic, social, health, environmental factors and birth control methods are key determinants that directly affect fertility. These factors which have manifested themselves in different socio-economic and cultural situations, localities, demographics among others, ultimately determine the fertility of the population in space and time. High fertility if not controlled leads to high population that eventually put pressure on government to provide adequate socio-economic developments. Population in Nigeria and Misau has been sharply growing in the recent past. Since, population and fertility are directly linked, this study investigated the determinants of fertility among young couples in Misau, Bauchi state Nigeria. The research objectives were: To investigate the demographic factors that influence young couple‘s fertility, to examine the socio-cultural factors that influence young couples‘ fertility and, to assess the strategic measures of controlling fertility among young couples in Misau, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study was guided by the theory of Intergenerational Wealth Flows postulated by John Caldwell. The study adopted mixed methods that involved interpreting, analysing, collecting, and corroborating with qualitative and quantitative information. Out of a target population of 2800, 338 respondents were sampled using Krejcie and Morgan's formula and 137 respondents were sampled using Mugenda and Mugenda sample size formula. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques was used in choosing respondents. Quantitative field data was cleaned and inputted into SPSS where frequency distribution, percentages and Multiple Linear Regression was analysed while Qualitative data was analysed by using thematic content analysis. Analysed quantitative results was presented in tables while qualitative results were captured in key voices or verbatim reporting. Research findings revealed that education was found to have a great influence on the family size. It also established that use of birth control methods affects fertility. The culture of all tribes explored allows husband make decision on anything concerning family affairs thus, affecting family size. It was established that only a few couples use modern family control methods implying that fertility rate in Misau is high because most religions do not restrict child bearing. The regression analysis results show that demographic factors, socio-cultural factors and measures of controlling fertility influenced positively young couples fertility by 71.5% (R2= 0.715).The regression analysis showed that demographic factors influenced young couples fertility rate by 19.1%(R2=0.715), socio-cultural factors influenced fertility rate among young couples by 78.3% (R2=0.783) while strategic measures for controlling fertility influenced fertility rate among young couples by 53.4% (R2= 0.534). The study concludes there is high fertility rate in Misau and that it is caused by factors such as competition among wives, preference of male child, child mortality, and the age of the couples. The study further concludes that religion contributes to high fertility because it encourages couples to bear many children because it allows polygamy and it does not advocate for family planning. The study concludes that many couples in Misau are not applying contraceptive measures because they are patriarchal. The main recommendation of this study was that the government should enlighten the young couples particularly in the rural areas to adopt modern methods of fertility control to regulate the level of high fertility. It should also implement a policy that will reduce high fertility rate.

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