MST-Department of Psychology

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Relationship between Psychotherapy and Mitigation of Self-Stigmitization among Adult Persons Living with HIV in Nairobi City, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Matete, Mary Maua
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused devastation globally. There are about 80 million persons living with HIV(PLWH). Consequences remain dire, especially in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). This study intended to show the relationship between psychotherapy and mitigation of self-stigmatization among Adult PLWH in Embakasi East Sub-County (referred to as Embakasi East), Nairobi City, County (referred to as Nairobi City), Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: 1. To find out the prevalence of self-stigmatization among adult PLWH, 2. to determine the emotional reactions among adult PLWH experiencing self-stigmatization, 3. to establish the thought patterns arising from self-stigmatization among adult PLWH, 4. to isolate the common behaviours associated with adult PLWH suffering from self-stigmatization, and 5. to establish the extent psychotherapy can impact self-stigmatization experienced by Adult PLWH. Research questions were: 1. How prevalent was self-stigmatization in Embakasi East? 2. What emotional reactions were common among adult PLWH experiencing self-stigmatization? 3. What were the thought patterns of PLWH arising from Self-Stigmatization? 4. What were their shared behaviours? 5. Did adult PLWH in Embakasi East, using Psychotherapy Services feel it mitigated self-stigmatization they experienced? The study was guided by Social Cognitive Theory. The related literature review was derived from the study objectives. The interplay of the study variables was related to the conceptual framework at the end of chapter two. This review used descriptive research design. Psychotherapy treatment applied was the independent variable, dependent variable being level of self-stigmatization among adult PLWH. Intervening variables were HIV care, prevention and treatment, support accorded to PLWH, treatment adherence and spirituality. The study population were the 3,886 adult PLWH registered for ART treatment at 7 public health centres in Embakasi East. A sample of 246 was drawn, with 6 informants purposively selected from the public health centres. Proportionate random sampling was used in selecting the male and female, then random sampling used to construct the sample. Informants were interviewed while the sampled PLWH completed questionnaires. Pilot testing of study tools was conducted at Mlolongo Centre, Athi River, Machakos County. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were applied on evidence and qualitative data respectively. The response rate was 100%. The findings showed that self-stigmatization was very prevalent, caused by the respondents themselves and those around them. They felt hated, them hating themselves and never wanted their HIV status known. A few who utilized psychotherapy service confirmed having been relieved from their pain, and they recommended it to others. The study recommended that authorities consider committing resources on psychotherapy as a solution to self-stigmatization among PLWH and invigorating sensitization of the society on supporting PLWH’s being. Further work is recommended on the significance of psycho support in managing HIV-related stigmatization and relationship between the other forms of HIV-stigmatization and self stigmatization.
Relationship between conflict resolution styles and marital satisfaction among couples in Nairobi city county, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-01) Ngugi, Mary Wanjiku
Marriage is expected to be a lifetime commitment. Generally Kenyan couples report less marital satisfaction which may lead to painful process of divorce. Research on predictors of Marital Satisfaction (MS) posits that resolving conflicts improves interpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills positively influence marital satisfaction while low marital satisfaction contribute to divorces. Divorce rates have declined in countries like United States and Germany yet, data show divorce figures are still high. Kenyan population census (2019) shows that 5.5% of total households were headed by persons who were either divorced or separated, which is approximately 661,628 households. Research show that conflicts and conflict resolutions are determinants of marriage satisfaction. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Conflict Resolution Styles (Compromise CRS, Avoidance CRS, Accommodation CRS, Collaboration CRS, and Competition CRS) and marital satisfaction among couples in Nairobi City County. Research assumed that inability to resolve marital conflicts amicably or manage post-conflict experiences influence a person's perception of their marriage relationship. Studies on how conflict resolution styles influence marriage satisfaction are yet to be extensively conducted. A Correlational study design was used. Target population constituted couples in 858,926 households within Nairobi City County. Stratified and proportional simple random sampling were used to sample sub counties and households respectively. Yamane’s formula (1967) was used to calculate sample size (400 households) from which 200men and 200 women were purposely selected to balance gender representation. Data collection was through structured self-reported questionnaires. Modified Conflict Resolution Strategies Scale (CRSS) and Marital Satisfaction Index (MSI) were incorporated into the questionnaire. Data analysis and preparation included editing and handling blank responses. Blanks were handled through imputation or being left out if less than 5% or more than 5% respectively as a rule of thumb. Data coding, categorizing and keying into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23 was done. Descriptive statistics obtained included percentages and frequencies. Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze inferential statistics. Findings showed the five conflict resolution styles (collaborative, compromise, competitive, accommodation, and avoidance) are used among couples living in Nairobi City County. A majority 48% had high level of marital satisfaction, 40% moderate level of marital satisfaction, and 12% reporting a low level of marital satisfaction. Majority of couples using different CRSs showed moderate level of use as follows competition (63.3%), compromise (61.3%), accommodation (78.8%), and avoidance (60.8%) while, 48.5% majority showed high level of use of collaboration conflict resolution style. Study findings showed a positive relationship between each of the conflict resolution style (collaboration, compromise, accommodation, avoidance, and competition where rs(398) = .465, p < .05, r s(398) = .203, p < .05, rs(398) = .179, p < .05, rs(398) = .152, p < .05, and rs(398) = .154, p < .05 respectively) and marital satisfaction. Collaboration style related more strongly to marital satisfaction than other styles. Findings indicate that each respondent was satisfied with the method they applied to resolve conflicts leading to marital satisfaction. These findings could benefit couples and therapists in conflict resolution yet, individuals may choose what works best for them during a discord.
Relationship between Social Media Exposure and Risky Sexual Behaviour among Secondary School Students in Kajiado County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-07) Wanjohi, Sylvia Goiri
Adolescents are increasingly exposed to social media, which has become a central platform for engagement, self-expression, and peer influence. This study aimed to assess the relationship between social media exposure and risky sexual behavior among secondary school students in Kajiado County, Kenya. The objectives were to evaluate the level of social media exposure to sexual content, explore risky sexual behaviors engaged in by students, establish the relationship between social media sexual content and risky sexual behavior, and explore intervention strategies used to promote responsible social media usage. The target population comprised secondary school students in Kajiado County. A sample size of 2,584 participants, including 39 principals, 74 teacher counselors, and 2,471 students, was selected using cluster and simple random sampling techniques. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey design, with data collected through questionnaires administered to students, principals, and teacher counselors. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, percentages) and inferential statistics (chi-square, correlation). The findings revealed that 62.6% of students believed social media exposure exposed adolescents to risky sexual behaviors, while only 9.4% reported having engaged in sexual intercourse. Additionally, 87% of students had attended intervention strategies on responsible social media use. The findings indicated significant exposure to sexual content on social media among secondary school students. While most students were not engaging in sexual intercourse, some risky behaviors were still present. The study found that 62.6% of students believed social media exposure contributed to risky sexual behaviors, and statistical analysis revealed a significant association between exposure to sexual content on platforms like Instagram and TikTok and an increased likelihood of engaging in behaviors such as unprotected sex and having multiple sexual partners. Recommendations included the development of age-appropriate and culturally sensitive intervention strategies, strengthening parental guidance and involvement, and implementing comprehensive sexuality education programs integrated with digital literacy.
Relationship between Family Cohesion and Psychological Distress among the Youth in Middle-Level Colleges within Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-05) Ndungi, Elizabeth Maina
Globally, research has indicated presence of high levels of psychological distress that is typical among the youth with at least 20% experiencing psychological distress. Worse still, family cohesion has been reported to be declining. Studies on psychological distress and family cohesion have mainly focused on the general youth population and university students leaving out a majority of youth in middle level colleges. That is why this project sought to investigate the relation between family cohesion and psychological distress among the young people in middle–level colleges in Nairobi City County, Kenya. These were the objectives; to evaluate the levels of family cohesion, to investigate the prevalence of psychological distress and to establish the relationship between family cohesion and psychological distress among the youth in middle level colleges. The study was guided by the Olson’s Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. On research methodology, a correlation design was employed to explore the occurrence of a relation between psychological distress and family cohesion. The target population were students enrolled in middle-level colleges aged 18-25 years. Multistage sampling was utilized to sample the students from 20 public (6) and private (14) middle level colleges within Nairobi City County, Kenya. Pilot study was conducted from 40 respondents (12 from a public and 28 from a private middle-level college) located in Kiambu County, Kenya. Using the Yamane (1973) formula, a total of 411 students were sampled from the selected middle level colleges in Nairobi County. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation (FACES) (Cohesion sub-scale) and the Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale (K10) were adopted in the questionnaire to measure the levels of family cohesion and prevalence of psychological distress respectively. The internal reliability co-efficient for FACES III (cohesion subscale) was 0.86 and the K10 was 0.93. To ensure validity, face, content and construct validities were employed through rigorous literature review and adherence to study topic and objectives respectively. Data was collected through physical distribution of the questionnaires to students found within the colleges regardless of their year of study. Both inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse data using SPSS-25 version. The results revealed a considerable number of respondents had unbalanced levels of cohesion (69.1%) and a prevalence of 53.7 % in psychological distress. Pearson’s product moment correlation (r) was used to find the association between family cohesion and psychological distress and a strong negative correlation was established (-.747). Chi-square and ANOVA results showed a strong negative association as well between family cohesion and psychological distress. The results were displayed through tables. As a result, it was established that family cohesion is a highly significant factor in managing psychological distress among the young people. Mitigating factors need to be identified to address the high observed psychological distress. The results of the study yielded significant information that will inform guidance and counselling programs in learning institutions and especially middle-level colleges in reference to providing mental health support and youth mental health policy advancement in Kenya.
Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Level of Academic Performance among Learners in Public Day Secondary Schools in Nyeri County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Mungure, Martha W.
The Ministry of Education shows that from 2013 to 2016, public day schools had an average of 3.2 points after their students sat for the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), a major concern for education stakeholders since day secondary schools are championed as a viable option to contain the escalating education costs. Public day schools for secondary education within Nyeri Central Sub-County have consistently posted poor academic performance in national examinations compared to the overall performance of secondary schools within the county. Steered by the theory on Self -Efficacy by Alberta Bandura, the following study’s purpose was to look into the relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance among students in public day schools for secondary education within Nyeri Central Sub-County, Kenya. The study population comprised 15 secondary schools from the county, with 3,387 students. Simple random sampling selected 5 schools and 1,017 students, while stratified sampling was useful in selecting 287 student respondents per school. In each class, there was utilization of similar simple random sampling for selecting students. Standardized questionnaire adopted from Muris, P. (2001, 2002) was the main data collection tool. Piloting involved 29 respondents from five schools outside of Nyeri County. Test-retest reliability assessed consistency, and analysis of data was through SPSS version 27.0. Descriptive findings on levels of self-efficacy established that students had a moderate self-efficacy level, Mean 82.51 (SD=12.228 while descriptive findings on academic performance established that on average the students had below average performance, Mean 4.40 (SD=2.10). Pearson Correlation findings established that there was a positive relationship that was weak between self-efficacy and academic performance, r (285) = .151, p < .05. A moderate positive relationship existing amidst academic self-efficacy and academic performance was also established amongst students in public day secondary schools in Nyeri Central Sub County, r (285) = .374, p < .05. From the study results it was recommended that high schools should consider having active guidance programs that can be helpful in developing positive self-beliefs in students. It is further recommended that the education ministry should provide adequate resources in day secondary schools that will allow the students to have equal opportunities of enhancing their level of performance.
Relationship between Selected Forms of Child Abuse and Social Behaviour in Selected Juvenile Schools in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mungai, Martha Mwihaki
Kiambu County has been witnessing a rise in offenses committed by juvenile children. The highest numbers of recorded cases are committed by young school children (KNBS, 2019). Likewise, abuse of children is a concern among the Kenyan communities. The objective of this study was to examine and determine whether different types of child abuse had a significant relationship with social behaviours of children in selected juvenile schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. Specifically, it assessed whether physical, emotional, and sexual abuse significantly influenced social behavior. The study was anchored on Social Disorganization Theory and General Strain Theory. A correlational research design was adopted, targeting 2,500 children in juvenile schools. Using Yamane’s formula, a sample of 344 children was selected through simple random sampling. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires. A pilot study involving 19 respondents from Kabete Rehabilitation Center was conducted but excluded from the main study. In analyzing data, the study applied descriptive statistics to describe the variables and inferential statistics to tell the nature of relationship between the variables. Descriptive statistics applied were percentages, frequency, mean as well as standard deviation. To test the hypotheses the researcher used Pearson Correlation and regression analysis. Findings revealed that child abuse was highly prevalent in juvenile schools, with physical abuse (54.01%–96.91%), emotional abuse (54.32%–82.41%), and sexual abuse (50.62%–78.46%). All three forms of abuse were found to have a strong, positive, and significant relationship with lower-scale social behavior. The study concluded that physical, emotional and sexual abuses are commonly experienced by children in juvenile schools and that the physical, emotional and sexual abuse on children may make them vulnerable to lower scale social behaviours. The study recommended adoption of positive discipline strategies and caregivers’ empowerment through psychoeducation and sound policies.
Relationship between Group Culture and Athletic Performance among Sportsmen and Sportswomen at Kenyatta University in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Kashamba, Grace Buyanzi
Abstract
Relationship Between Anxiety and Non-Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment among Patients in Selected Chest Clinics In Mombasa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) 0soo, Victor Okello
Abstract
Effectiveness of Group Cognitive behavioral therapy in Reducing HIV-Related Self-stigma among adolescents Living with HIV in Kakuma Refugee Camo, Turkana County, Kenya
(2024-07) Lokoroi S., Damaris
Abstract
Computer-Mediated Communications Usage and Romantic Relationship-S Action among Undergraduate Students at Universities in Mombasa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-04) Muthui, Mercy Kavuli
Technology advances have turned the world into a global village. This has been made possible through the use of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), which has become a preferred mode of communication by most people across the world and in Kenya 100. Young adults, being the highest users of CMCs, its essential to understand how they use this technology and its impact on different aspects of life. At this stage too, young adults are characterized by the creation and maintenance of diverse relationships. However, there is little literature that tried to explore the experience of young adults with CMC and how it influences their satisfaction in romantic relationships. Hence, this study sought to establish the relationship between computer-mediated communications and romantic relationship satisfaction among undergraduate students in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study objectives were: 10 establish the relationship between CMC usage and intimacy in undergraduate students’ romantic relationships: to investigate the relationship between CMC usage and emotional security in undergraduate students' romantic relationships; to determine the relationship between CMC usage and trust levels in undergraduate students’ romantic relationships: lastly to find out possible strategies that would promote responsible CMC usage in romantic relationship among undergraduate students in universities in Mombasa County. Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and Social Exchange Theory developed by Gieorge Homans guided the study. The target population was 9,883 undergraduate students drawn from one public university and one private university. Quota sampling was used to select participants for the study. A sample size of 370 participants was obtained using a formula recommended by Mugenda & Mugenda (1999). Romantic relationship satisfaction was assessed using a Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-32) adapted from Funk & Rogge (2007). Questionnaires were administered to the students and 6 key informants were identificd who took part in semi-structured interviews, they included: student leaders, dean of students, senior lecturers and counsellors from each university. A pilot study was done on 29 final year students from Kenyatta University, Mombasa campus. Validity was ensured through the review of empirical and theoretical literature, and the research instrument by the supervisor the reliability of the instruments was computed and a Cronbach’s coefficient of 0.75 was found. Quantitative data was processed and analyzed using SPSS version 21 and Advanced Excel, while qualitative data which included the excerpts and quotes from the interviews was analysed by content analysis. The data was subjected to descriptive analysis using percentages. frequencies and mean scores, while inferential statistical analysis using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r). Results were presented using tables and figures. Results revealed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between computer mediated communication usage and intimacy levels...
Relationship between Perceived Lack of Social Support and Self-Esteem among Adolescents with Hearing Impairment: A Case Study of Treeside Secondary School
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Mwangwale, Philip Mbogho
Adolescents with hearing impairments are often believed to experience low self-esteem due to multiple factors. Perceived lack of social support is one predictor of low self-esteem among these adolescents. This study aimed to explore the relationship between perceived lack of social support and the self-esteem of adolescents with hearing impairment in Treeside Secondary School in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, it sought to determine the association between perceived lack of social support and self-esteem among this demographic. The research was guided by the following objectives: to assess the level of self-esteem among these adolescents; to investigate the relationship between appraisal, emotional, and companionship support from family and the self-esteem of adolescents with hearing impairment; to explore the link between informational/tangible support from close friends, significant others, and teachers, and the self-esteem of these adolescents; and to examine the association between perceived belonging and esteem support from peers, life coaches, and therapists, and the self-esteem of adolescents with hearing impairment. The study employed a correlational research design to establish connections between variables and was conducted in Nairobi City, involving a purposive sample of 62 participants. Two theories underpinned the study: the plasticity Hypothesis of Self-Esteem and Relational Regulation Theory. The Rosenberg Scale for Self-Esteem and the Interpersonal Self-Evaluation List (ISEL) were utilized to collect data. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis, and the relationship between variables was determined using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Results revealed that adolescents with hearing impairment had an average self-esteem score of 16.56, calculated based on Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. Moreover, perceived appraisal support, belonging support, and tangible support significantly predicted low self-esteem among these adolescents. The study found a correlation between low self-esteem and perceived social support. Policymakers should formulate policies for individuals with hearing impairment and other disabilities that foster appraisal support, belonging support, and tangible support.
Relationship between Classically Conditioned Cues and Harmful Alcohol Use among Kenyatta University Students in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Micheni, Julian Makena
Overindulgence in alcohol among university students has been associated with negative outcomes worldwide. Numerous detrimental health and behavioral outcomes among youths, such as poor mental health and wellbeing, increased injury, being victims of crime, and subpar academic performance, have been connected to these observed alcohol levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between classically conditioned cues and harmful alcohol use among Kenyatta University students in Nairobi City, Kenya. The classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theories were used to guide the study. The study used the correlational research method, and the sample size was determined using the table created by Krejcie and Morgan (1970), yielding a sample size of 381 respondents. The researcher screened the general population of students using the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) Volume 3.0. Questionnaires with Likert scale questions were also used to collect data. Those who met the criteria of moderately high or high risk were included in the study. Simple random sample design was used to select the study participants. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 aided in the analysis of data from questionnaires. This data was subjected to both descriptive analyses using percentages and mean scores and inferential statistical analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient test to test the null hypotheses to establish if there are significant relationships between independent and dependent variables. The study established that a significant proportion of the respondents engage in regular alcohol consumption, with the majority (50.8%) consuming alcohol 1-4 times weekly. This indicates a potentially moderate level of alcohol use within the surveyed population. Also, a significant association was found between subjective mood, classical conditioning cues, and harmful alcohol use among students. There is a significant association between subjective mood classical conditioning cues and harmful alcohol use among students. The P-value in inferential statistics is 0.437, which is therefore an indication of a significant relationship between the two variables. There is a significant impact of situational classical conditioning cues on students' harmful alcohol use. P-value = 0.089 and <0.05, therefore an indication of a strong relationship between situational classical conditioning cues and harmful use of alcohol among students. The presence of drinking peers plays a significant role in shaping harmful alcohol use among students. r=0.364, which is <0.05. The results demonstrated a high percentage of students who agreed or strongly agreed with various statements regarding peer influence and alcohol consumption. Temporal conditioning cues significantly contribute to alcohol cravings among students, hence influencing harmful alcohol use. Among the recommendations, there is need for the university to develop and implement policies and practices in educational institutions, bars, and social venues within the institutions to minimize the visibility and availability of alcohol cues, especially for students living in the university’s halls of residence. This may involve strategic placement of non-alcoholic alternatives in shops and other outlets within the institution, minimizing alcohol-related visuals, and implementing responsible alcohol serving practices, especially close to learning institutions such as universities.
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Management among Woman’s Guild Leaders in Presbyterian Church of East Africa in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Wambui, Grace Gathoni
PCEA and other churches experience conflicts due to diversity of opinion in deciding duties of the clergy, order of worship, allocation of mission funds and church participation in corporate social responsibilities. Emotional intelligence is expected to enable people to be in harmony with themselves and with other people. An emotionally intelligent person is supposed to be aware of self, self-regulate, motivated intrinsically, and empathetic and has social skills (Cherry, 2018). The current study’s purpose was to establish a relationship between emotional intelligence and church conflict management among woman’s guild leaders in the PCEA church Kiambu County, Kenya. The study objectives were be; to establish the prevalence of church conflict among woman’s guild leaders in PCEA, to determine the relationship between self-awareness and church conflict management among WG leaders, to examine the relationship between social skills and church conflict management among WG leaders and establish the relationship between empathy and church conflict management among WG leaders. The study used correlational research design. Dependent variable indicators were: ability to communicate openly in case of dispute, active listening, reviewing options and win-win solutions. A sample of 220 woman’s guild leaders who were selected from a target population of 415 PCEA Woman’s guild leaders. Multistage sampling was used to sample the population. Self-administered questionnaires designed for WG leaders were used in the collection of quantitative data. Interview schedule was used to collect qualitative data from WG chairpersons. Each questionnaire was divided into sections A-E based on research objectives. The instruments’ face, and content validity were achieved through expert advice. Internal consistency reliability was enhanced through pilot study involving 5WG leaders from Nairobi County whose results did not form part of the main study. The questionnaire had a Cronbach coefficient alpha 0.87 and the interview guide 0.74. Quantitative data was then analyzed by use of descriptive statistics namely mean, mode, percentage and frequency and inferential statistics were presented using tables guided by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis which transformed qualitative data to quantitative based on study objectives which were then presented in terms of frequency and percentage. There is a strong relationship between EI and church conflict management. Permission to undertake this study was sought from Kenyatta University and others like, NACOSTI and Kiambu County local government. Findings obtained from this study will be useful in managing church conflicts among Woman’s guild members through emotional intelligence training and interventions. The findings will be of significance to Presbyterian Church of East Africa in understanding relationship between emotional intelligence and church conflict management among her members. Academic documentation from the study will be used for reference by those interested in understanding EI and church conflict management.
Impact of Stigma of Handling Dead Bodies on the Psychological Well-Being of Mortuary Workers in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Wandati, Anne Njeri
Research has shown that stigma can lead to harmful effects on an individuals’ self-concept and their mental health. Many studies indicated that mortuary workers carry an important role in society by handling the dead bodies in preparation for burial or cremation on behalf of the bereaved families yet there were a few studies that have investigated the psychological effects of mortuary work on mortuary workers especially in the Kenyan context. This study sought to establish the impact of stigma on psychological distress of mortuary workers. Social stigma theory was used to inform the study. The researcher employed Concurrent triangulation design to determine the relationship between the independent variable, stigma and the dependent variable, psychological distress of mortuary workers in Nairobi County. Purposive sampling was used to select a sample of 60 funeral workers that handled dead bodies from public, institutional and private mortuaries in Nairobi County. The study adopted three different instruments- Kessler Wellness Scale (K-1O) to test anxiety and depression, Everyday Discrimination Scale to test perceived stigma experience and a self-developed individual interview schedule to assess perceived stigma. Descriptive statistics in form of frequencies and percentages were used to analyze demographic data while linear regression analysis was used to make inferences on collected data. The discrimination scale determined that most mortuary workers faced stigma, up to 46.7% receiving poorer service, 29.7% being considered worse than other people, and 57.5% being insulted. In addition, the Kessler Scale found that 43.5% of the respondents agreed that they experienced depressed mood over the past 30 days. Moreover, more than 60% established that they felt fidgety, nervous, sad, and worthless. Linear regression findings established that level of stigma had a statistically significant positive impact on psychological distress (β=0.305, p=0.002). The study recommended that mortuary workers be provided with professional support as well as funeral homes administrators improving working environment of mortuary workers through training and providing psychological help in order to mitigate the effects of psychological distress.
Relationship between interparental conflict and depressive symptoms severity among secondary school adolescents in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Ngata Theresia Wangari
Conflicts are inevitable occurrences in human families from time immemorial. Disagreements and arguments between parents can be either constructive or destructive depending on the outcome on children’s psychological and social development. Constructive interparental conflicts are beneficial to children as they learn effective communication and problem-solving skills. However, frequent destructive interparental conflicts places children and adolescents at an increased likelihood of developing psychological and social adjustment challenges including aggression and depressive symptomatology. Studies in Kenya have pointed to an increase in interparental conflicts, however, there is a scarcity of literature on the relationship between interparental conflicts and depressive symptoms severity among adolescents. The objective of the current study was to determine the relationship between interparental conflicts and the severity of depressive symptoms in secondary school adolescents in Kiambu County. Emotional Security Theory guided this study. Correlational research design was employed. The targeted population were secondary school adolescents in Kiambu County. Stratified sampling technique was employed to group the students as per their gender and school type. Purposive sampling was utilized to get a sample size of 400 students. Data was collected using standardized instruments. The Children’s Perception on Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC) was used to assess the type, frequency and cognitive appraisal of interparental conflicts while adolescent depressive symptoms severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9: teens). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was utilized to code and analyze data. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies, mean and standard deviation were generated through quantitative data analysis. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to identify correlations between interparental conflicts and the severity of depressive symptoms in secondary school adolescents in Kiambu County. The findings indicated that there exists both constructive and destructive interparental conflicts in the families of adolescents in secondary schools in Kiambu County. On the frequency of interparental conflicts, 47.3% agreed that they often see or hear parents arguing, 41% regarded the claim as false whilst 11.6% gave a sort of true response. On the cognitive appraisal of interparental conflicts, 67.3% perceived a threat from the conflicts. Further findings on the severity of depressive symptoms manifested by the adolescents revealed that 38.6% of students had mild depression, 20% had moderate depression, 13.3% had moderately severe depression while 3.9% had severe depression. Study findings further indicated that destructive interparental conflict had a positive and significant effect (r=0.251, p=.000<.05) on depressive symptoms severity among secondary school adolescents in Kiambu County. The results also indicated that constructive interparental conflict had a negative but insignificant effect (r= -0.192, p=.000<.05) on depressive symptoms severity among secondary school adolescents. The study recommends the need for the Ministry of Education to hire counselors and psychologists to provide mental health services in secondary schools. This may assist students in managing depressive symptoms. The study further recommends the school management to introduce programs aimed at bringing parents and students together to discuss family issues affecting students’ mental health. The third recommendation is for parents to adopt healthy conflict resolution mechanisms.
Effectiveness of Psychological Intervention in Mitigating Occupational Stress among Nurses in National Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-09) Maithya, Peter Mutiso
Occupational stress is a major world health hazard that affects the well-being of workers particularly those involved directly in provision of human services such as nurses and doctors. Studies have reported nursing as one of the most stressful professions. This implies that nurses are at high risk of experiencing occupational stress compared to other professionals. This research is prompted by many research findings revealing occupational stress as increasingly becoming a new health hazard of workforce globally. This study aimed at establishing the effectiveness of psychological interventions in mitigating occupational stress among nurses in Kenya and Nairobi County in particular. The study used a quasi-experimental design, and it targeted all nurses working in Kenyatta national hospitals and Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital within Nairobi County. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 150 respondents for the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and a paired t-test. The findings were presented using tables, percentages, and pie-charts. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and finally findings triangulated to establish the effectiveness of psychological interventions in mitigating occupational stress among nurses in national hospitals. The study found that nurses experienced some forms of occupational stress. The study also found that psychological interventions effectively mitigate occupational stress among nurses working in national hospitals in Nairobi City County. The study concluded psychological interventions effectively reduced levels of occupational stress among nurses. The study recommends that psychological interventions need to been enhanced in national hospitals across the country to reduce occupational stress among nurses.
Effectiveness of Group Psych education in Mitigating Occupational Stress among Nurses in National Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Mutiso, Maithya Peter
Occupational stress is a major world health hazard that affect the well-being of workers particularly those involved directly in provision of human services such as nurses and doctors. Studies have reported nursing as one of the most stressful professions. This implies that nurses are at a high risk of experiencing occupational stress compared to other professionals. This research is prompted by many research findings revealing occupational stress as increasingly becoming a new health hazard of workforce globally. This study aimed at establishing the effectiveness of psychological interventions in mitigating occupational stress among nurses in Kenya and Nairobi County in particular. The study used a quasi-experimental design, and it targeted all nurses working in Kenyatta national hospitals and Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital within Nairobi County. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 150 respondents for the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and a paired t-test. The findings were presented using tables, percentages, and pie-charts. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and finally findings triangulated to establish the effectiveness of psychoeducation in mitigating occupational stress among nurses in national hospitals. The study found that nurses experienced some forms of occupational stress. The study also found that psychological interventions effectively mitigate occupational stress among nurses working in national hospitals in Nairobi City County. The study concluded psychological interventions effectively reduced levels of occupational stress among nurses. The study recommends that psychological interventions need to been enhanced in national hospitals across the country to reduce occupational stress among nurses.
Relationship between Perceived Parental Involvement and Adherence to Treatment of Adolescents in Rehabilitation Centres in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Kabogo, Sharon
Adolescent substance use is a concern to families, schools, psychologists, and society at large as it hampers the ability to achieve personal and national goals. Despite the government’s intention to institute policies to assist with adolescent treatment, there is scarce information on parental involvement in adolescent treatment while in rehabilitation. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between perceived parental involvement and adherence to treatment of adolescent in rehabilitation centres in Kiambu County. Based on family interaction theory, the study utilized a correlational design to establish the relationship between the study variables. The population targeted was all adolescents undergoing treatment in various rehabilitation centres in Kiambu County. Multistage sampling was used to obtain the sample. It involved identifying the rehabilitation centres that admitted adolescents and secondly identifying the adolescents to participate in the study. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze demographic factors, levels of adherence to treatment and perceived parental involvement. Correlation between perceived parental involvement and adherence to treatment was established using Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient. The study found that adolescents living with single mothers scored higher on adherence to treatment. It also found that adolescents rated their fathers’ involvement higher than their mothers’ involvement. There was a markedly weak relationship between perceived parental involvement and adherence to treatment among adolescents. The study recommended that counsellors and psychologists working in in-patient treatment facilities make considerations for the nature and form of maternal involvement to ensure that mother-child dynamics do not dilute the effectiveness of treatment programs.
Relationship between Family Resilience and Relapse Risk among Discharged Substance Users Attending Alcoholic Anonymous Groups in Nairobi City County; Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Kibera,Tabitha Susan Wanjiku
Relapse is the greatest hindrance to fight against drug and substances abuse globally because it makes it very hard for people to stay away from substance abuse even after they have utilized resources in rehabilitation process. Understanding all the aspects that impact relapse either positively or negatively is the foundation of understanding measures that can be established to curb this menace hence the importance of this investigation. The investigation aimed to determine whether a relationship between family resilience and relapse risk existed among discharged individuals with SUD attending alcoholic anonymous groups in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Study objectives included to determine the level of resilience among families of discharged substance users, to determine the status of relapse risk among discharged individuals with substance use disorder, and to establish the relationship between family resilience and relapse risk among the discharged substance users attending alcoholic anonymous groups in Nairobi city County, Kenya. The Alcoholic Anonymous groups is an aftercare program often used by recovering substance use disorder individuals. The study employed a correlational research design using self-administered questionnaires to collect information on both relapse risk and family resilience. A sample of 93 respondents participated in the study. The theoretical framework used was Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR). The SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data that showed significant correlation between family resilience and relapse risk. This concluded that individuals with higher family resilience have a lower risk of relapse to substance use disorder. The findings have a major implication for relapse prevention such as recommending that facilitators at the alcoholic Anonymous groups help recovering substance users explore their relationship with their loved ones. This would ensure that the individuals worked on their resentments.
Relationship between substance abuse and sexual violence among women in informal urban settlements in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Sitati, Vivian
Sexual assault is against the law in Kenya. Yet many people, particularly women and girls, continue to experience Sexual and Gender-based Violence (SGBV) without receiving much assistance, suggesting that the regulations in place are ineffective. Drug and substance abuse has also become prevalent especially among persons living within informal urban settings. This with the attendant rise in cases of domestic and SGBV means that there is a growing need for a deeper understanding of the nexus between drug abuse and sexual violence against women, and in particular, within Nairobi's informal urban settlements. Many women in Kenya have experienced sexual or physical assault. The research was guided by the following objectives: to determine the prevalence of substance-related sexual violence among women in Nairobi City County's informal urban settlements; to determine the relationship between substance abuse and sexual violence among women in Nairobi City County's informal urban settlements; and to formulate interventional measures to address the problem of substance abuse and sexual violence in informal urban settlements. The Social Learning Theory and Socio-Cognitive Theory guided this research. The study used a correlation study design with a target population of 139 women in the groups who have experienced GBV and SGBV. Using stratified selection, purposive sampling, and proportional sampling approaches, the Yamane formula was utilized to choose 106 respondents. Information was gathered through questionnaires and focus group talks. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, means, and standard deviations, as well as inferential statistics like Pearson moment correlation and chi square analysis, were used to analyze the data. Women may get information about sexual abuse and its link to drug misuse as a result of this research. This assisted them in understanding the significance of remaining sober and accepting responsibility in order to make sensible, informed judgments at any moment. from the study it was indicated that, both substance abuse and sexual violence have got tremendous negative consequences on the health, socioeconomic, emotional and psychological disposition of a person. Alcohol, cigarettes, bhang, and khat were among the drugs that were most frequently abused. The study also demonstrated the rise in drug and substance abuse led to increase in cases of sexual violence. This shows that efforts to combat drug use and substance abuse have not been successful. Therefore, the study suggests that the government develop more potent methods of combating drug use and substance abuse