MST-Department of Psychology
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Item Relationship between substance abuse and sexual violence among women in informal urban settlements in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Sitati, VivianSexual assault is against the law in Kenya. Yet many people, particularly women and girls, continue to experience Sexual and Gender-based Violence (SGBV) without receiving much assistance, suggesting that the regulations in place are ineffective. Drug and substance abuse has also become prevalent especially among persons living within informal urban settings. This with the attendant rise in cases of domestic and SGBV means that there is a growing need for a deeper understanding of the nexus between drug abuse and sexual violence against women, and in particular, within Nairobi's informal urban settlements. Many women in Kenya have experienced sexual or physical assault. The research was guided by the following objectives: to determine the prevalence of substance-related sexual violence among women in Nairobi City County's informal urban settlements; to determine the relationship between substance abuse and sexual violence among women in Nairobi City County's informal urban settlements; and to formulate interventional measures to address the problem of substance abuse and sexual violence in informal urban settlements. The Social Learning Theory and Socio-Cognitive Theory guided this research. The study used a correlation study design with a target population of 139 women in the groups who have experienced GBV and SGBV. Using stratified selection, purposive sampling, and proportional sampling approaches, the Yamane formula was utilized to choose 106 respondents. Information was gathered through questionnaires and focus group talks. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, means, and standard deviations, as well as inferential statistics like Pearson moment correlation and chi square analysis, were used to analyze the data. Women may get information about sexual abuse and its link to drug misuse as a result of this research. This assisted them in understanding the significance of remaining sober and accepting responsibility in order to make sensible, informed judgments at any moment. from the study it was indicated that, both substance abuse and sexual violence have got tremendous negative consequences on the health, socioeconomic, emotional and psychological disposition of a person. Alcohol, cigarettes, bhang, and khat were among the drugs that were most frequently abused. The study also demonstrated the rise in drug and substance abuse led to increase in cases of sexual violence. This shows that efforts to combat drug use and substance abuse have not been successful. Therefore, the study suggests that the government develop more potent methods of combating drug use and substance abuseItem Relationship between Perceived Adverse Working Conditions and Psychological Distress among Police Officers in Embu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Mugo, Linet MuthoniEvidence shows that police officers normally work in an environment characterized by shootings, exposure to death, life-threatening experiences such as riots, and pressure from management commonly referred to as adverse working conditions. These conditions are likely to affect their psychological well-being and resulting into anxiety and depression. Studies have indicated that police officers sometimes contend with challenging working conditions, however, as much as some of these officers appear to thrive, they get affected by such conditions. The general objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived adverse working conditions and psychological distress among police officers in Kenya. Specifically, the study adopted the following specific objectives to: Determine the state of adverse working conditions, investigate the relationship between anxiety and psychological distress, examine the relationship between depression and psychological distress and assess the relationship between self-harm and psychological distress among police officers in Embu County. The study was anchored on Affective Events Theory and the Person-Environment Fit Theory. Correlational research design approach was used to investigate the relationship between adverse working condition and psychological distress. Viechtbauer (2015) formula was used to calculate a sample size of 294 participants drawn from 1234 police officers based in Embu County via stratified and simple random sampling technique. Data was collected from 294 participants using a mixed questionnaire that incorporated two measurement tools; Kessler Distress Score and Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically Pearson Correlation, with the assistance of SPSS software version 28.0. The study found out that over 44% police officers experienced psychological distress associated to adverse work environment, over 46% had had experienced anxiety through perceived adverse working conditions, where workplace factors, such as safety, discrimination, and workload, exhibited significant correlations with psychological distress. The study again found out that over 43% police officers had psychological distress associated with depression from work environment as demonstrated by officers having suicidal thoughts, guiltiness and lonely. It was also found out that majority of respondents over 42% were exposed to self-harm tendencies. These highlights the profound impact of adverse working conditions on the mental well-being of police officers in Embu County. The study therefore, recommends that work conditions of police officers needs to be improved through effective workload management, establishment and implementation of comprehensive safety protocols, provision of better equipment, conflict resolution training, and providing emotional support for police officers.Item Relationship between Maladaptive Cognitions and Levels of Internet Use among Students in Public Day Secondary Schools in Mombasa County, Kenya.(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Waithira CharleneThere is increased internet access and usage among secondary school students in Kenya, as a result of available internet connection through mobile phones. Many adolescents in Kenya own smart phones or can at least access one thus increased likelihood of unhealthy internet use levels that can impact their lives negatively. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the connection between dysfunctional cognitions patterns and the extent of internet usage among students attending secondary schools in public day schools located in Mombasa, Kenya. To accomplish this, the study aimed to: evaluate the extent of internet utilization among secondary school students attending public day schools in Mombasa County, examine the typical internet usage patterns of secondary school students in public day schools in Mombasa County, gauge the presence of maladaptive cognitions regarding internet use among secondary school students in public day schools in Mombasa County, ultimately, establish the connection between maladaptive cognitions related to internet use and the levels of internet usage among secondary school students in public day schools in Mombasa County. The study's theoretical foundation was based on the Cognitive Behavior Model of Excessive Internet Usage. It employed a correlational research design to determine the connections between the variables. The study's target population wasstudents attending secondary schools in Mombasa County's public day schools. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select three Girls’ schools, three Boys’ schools and three mixed schools. In the subsequent phase, 45 students were chosen from each of the nine schools that were part of the study, resulting in a combined sample of 405 students. Data collection involved the utilization of a selfreport questionnaire and two standardized tools. The data analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, which included frequencies and percentages, as well as Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation, denoted as 'r,' to assess the extent of the relationship between internet usage levels and maladaptive cognitions. The study found that there was a significant correlation between maladaptive cognitions and unhealthy internet use levels. The findings may help counsellors, educationists, teachers and parents to come up with effective prevention programs and intervention measures for unhealthy internet use levelsItem Percieved Role of Mourning Rituals on Grief Resolution to Immediate Family Members of the Deceased among the Luhyia People in Busia County, Kenya.(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Omunyin, Maximilla NangiraThough Christianity and modernization have greatly influenced the mourning process and death rituals, many communities in the world still perform their traditional rites for the dead. Some communities purely bury their loved ones solely guided by traditions (Mwandayi, 2011), others use combined approaches with religious beliefs and modern methods while others accept purely modern or religious burial and mourning practices. These practices presumably have psychological effects on the grieving individuals. With the different approaches of mourning processes, this study sought to establish the effects of mourning rituals on grief resolution to immediate family members of the deceased among the Bakhayo, Basamia, Bamarachi, Banyala, to mention but a few in Busia County. The research was informed by the Kubler-Ross Theory of Grief and the Continuing Bonds Grief Model developed by Klass, Silverman, and Nickman. The study was conducted using descriptive and correlational research designs. 205,136 people living in Funyula and Nambale Sub-Counties were the study's target group. A total of 400 residents were included in this research study. Descriptive statistics was employed to examine demographic data and address the research questions, while linear regression was used to analyze the study's hypothesis. The researchers employed a non-probability sampling method to ensure that that target group is drawn within the population from the Sub-Counties. The actual participants for the study were selected purposefully from each Sub-County. To test the research instruments, a pilot study was conducted, involving 40 individuals from Butula Sub-County hence the main study was conducted in Funyula and Nambale Sub Counties. Data collection involved the use of a questionnaire. To test the hypothesis, linear regression was employed. The results indicated that majority of the bereaved (54%) had high level of grief resolution. Results from a linear regression analysis showed that there is an association between mourning rituals and grief resolution (=0.321, p=0.009). The findings further established that 67.7% of the bereaved had a positive psychological effect in the use of morning rituals. The anticipation is that the findings from this study will be valuable for families and religious leaders, aiding in their understanding of the significance of mourning practices observed by certain families. This will shed light on why individuals and families continue to embrace African cultural practices for therapeutic purposes.Item Relationship Between Disney Cartoon Program Watching and Prosocial Behavior Among Children Between Age 7 and 11 in Nairobi City County Kenya.(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Mokua,Olipha MokeiraThere is a significant change in children's lives today, including education, play, sociability, eating habits and dress code. Social media greatly impacts children, leading to the replacement of traditional family lifestyles with modern ones. Media can influence societal views and alter behavior subtly yet powerfully. This study aimed to establish the relationship between watching Disney cartoons and prosocial behavior among children aged 7 to 11 in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was informed by the social cognitive theory. A correlational research strategy was used. The study targeted 7,500 pupils from six primary schools in Nairobi County, with a final sample size of 308 pupils. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Findings on the relationship between children's prosocial conduct and viewing Disney cartoons were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, and presented in tables. The relationship between watching Disney cartoons and prosocial behaviors was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient and presented in tables. Strategies to promote prosocial behaviors due to Disney cartoon watching were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables. The study found out that Disney Cartoon Program watching influences behavior change on children between the age of 7 and 11. This study therefore, recommends that policymakers in Kenya's film industry ensure that Disney films shown on Kenyan channels promote morals and prosocial behavior among children. The researcher further recommends future research on the role parents play in the amount of time children spend watching cartoons and the type of cartoon programs they watchItem Examining Interaction between Economic Marital Power and Marital Satisfaction among Tea Laborers in Muranga County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Wangari, Samuel Mwangi; Fabio OgachiOver the past decades, the shift on economic power dynamics in marriages has significantly influenced marital relations. The traditional view of men as sole providers and decision makers in the family has been challenged. The active involvement of women in provision of financial resources has led to a shift in power dynamics in the farnily. Considering the patriarchal African family system, the shift in power is bound to have some impact on marital satisfaction. The study examined interaction between economic marital power and marital satisfaction among tea laborers in Muranga County. The independent variable was economic marital power and dependent variable was marital satisfaction. The objectives of the study were to determine dynamics of economic marital power, to find out experiences of marital satisfaction, and to examine interaction of economic marital power and satisfaction among tea laborers. Assumption of the study was that finances play a significant role in marital relationships. The equity and gender role theories informed the study. Pilot study was carried out on twenty participants ten male and ten female in a factory that was not part of the main study. The study applied qualitative method and phenomenological design whereby data were collected through focus group discussions and interviews. The target population was married tea laborers in Muranga County. The sample size comprised of forty participants who were purposely sampled for the study comprising of twenty men and twenty women. Thematic analysis was used in analyzing the data qualitatively. Demographic data was presented in tables and graphs while the rest in narrative format. The research provides insights on the economic power dynamics and satisfaction in marriages. The results on dynamics of economic marital power revealed that men have more income than women. However, men are not the sole decision makers as traditionzlly held but both husbands and wives participate in financial decision making. On marital satisfaction, the findings show that having own income and sharing of financial decisions enhances marital satisfaction. On interaction between dynamics of economic marital power and marital satisfaction, the results show that husband income, sharing financial decisions and saving money contribute to marital satisfaction. Married women are overcoming patriarchal dominance by gaining economic power in their marriages. This is because women are providing and making decisions in their marriages. Marital satisfaction among married couples can be enhanced by encouraging both men and women to earn own income and share financial responsibilities. Limitation of the study is that data cannot be generalized to other populations. Future research can be conducted on the dynamic of economic marital power and marital satisfaction in high income couples, especially where wives earn more than the husbands.Item Role of the National Police Service during Public Health Emergencies: A Case of Covid-19 Pandemic in Mombasa County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-10) Khalil, Dhulkifly Hemed; Phelista Marura MusiliAbstractItem Students' Perception of Counselling Core Conditions and its Influence on Utilization of Counselling Services Among Students in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-07) Nyandoro, Adolphine Nyaboke; Thomas KingaCounselling in secondary schools is crucial because it helps students reach their full potential. Despite its clear benefits, students in public secondary schools rarely make use of counselling services. While researchers have explored many causes of low utilization of counselling services the influence of students' perception of the counsellors’ core conditions on utilization of counselling services among students has not been adequately addressed. Therefore, this study sought to determine the influence of students' perception of the counsellors’ core conditions on utilization of counselling services among students in public secondary schools in Nairobi City County. The study was founded on the Carl Rogers, Person-centred/Client-centred theory. A descriptive study design was used to guide the study. The target population of the study was 49,707 students in public secondary schools in Nairobi City County. The study involved 413 students and 10 school counsellors from 10 ten public secondary schools located in Nairobi City County. Both probability and non-probability sampling methods were utilized in the study. The ten public secondary schools with functional counselling departments were selected using the proportionate sampling technique, which represented the 87 public secondary schools in the county. The stratified sampling technique was then employed to create strata based on the year of study, including forms two, three and four students from the selected sub-populations. Participants were selected from the identified strata in the selected schools using simple random sampling. A pilot study was conducted among 40students. Data was collected through questionnaires. To test the hypothesis, linear regression was employed. The results indicated that majority of the students (61.4%) had a positive perception of counsellors’ empathy, Results from a linear regression analysis showed that students' impressions of the counsellors 'empathy significantly affected how often they made use of counselling services (=0.167, p=0.002). The findings further established that 70.5% of the students had a positive perception of counsellors’ genuineness indicating a positive significant influence on students ‘utilization of counselling services (β=0.171, p=0.049). 64.3% of the students also had a positive perception of counsellors’ unconditional positive regard indicating a positive significant influence on student's utilization of counselling services (β=0.158, p=0.009). Further findings established that 89.5% of the participants agree that confidentiality should be maintained and 86.2% noted that counsellors should be professionally trained to be more skilled. The study concluded that students need counsellors who can assure them of confidentiality and keep it. The research recommends that policy makers, school administrators and counsellors should put in place measures to ensure that school counsellors acquire counselling skills that enhance professionalism and great ethical practices in schools.Item Influence of Covid-19 Preventive Measures on Psychological Well-Being of Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2021 Candidates in Mombasa County Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Gachungi, Catherine Karimi; Simon NdiranguCoronavirus, COVID-19, hit the world late 2019 and heavily in 2020 requiring governments to set in place preventive measure to curb the spread of the virus. Among the measures set were school closures and social distancing. To mitigate the lost school hours, schools resorted to online learning. While several researches had been conducted on the area of COVID-19 preventive measures on psychological well-being, the majority of the studies focused on students in general without being specific to candidates whose psychological well-being might have been affected given the proximity to sitting a summative examination which determined their future careers. To fill this gap in knowledge, this research project was aimed at establishing the influence of COVID-19 preventive measures on psychological well-being among the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2021 candidates in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study’s research objectives were: to assess the levels of psychological well-being of KCSE 2021 candidates; to find out the influence of schools’ closure; assess the influence of social distancing; and determine the influence of online learning, on the psychological well-being of KCSE 2021 candidates from secondary schools in Mombasa County, Kenya. This study used the ex post facto and the cross-sectional research designs. All the 8840 KCSE 2021 candidates in Mombasa County formed the target population. This study sample size was 384 KCSE 2021 candidates; and 11 teachers who were key informants, one from each of the national, county, Sub County, and private participant schools from Mombasa County. Respondents were sampled through simple random sampling. Collection of primary data was via a questionnaire sent online. The study used descriptive statistics in analyzing data collected and findings were presented in percentages and frequencies. Multiple linear regression analysis was used for inferential statistics Findings showed that the psychological well-beingof KCSE candidates was very unhealthy (42.5%). Analysis of findings also consluded school closure had a negative and significant correlation with psychological well-being of KCSE 2021 candidates. Further results showed that social distancing had a negative and significant correlation with psychological well-being of KCSE 2021 candidates. Additionally, results suggested that online learning had a negative and significant correlation with psychological well-being of Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2021 candidates. The study concluded that students access to services offered at school was below average (36.5%) The study further concluded students experience of social distancing was very negative (34.6%). These affected their psychological well-being. Findings of this study may be beneficial to schools’ guidance and counseling departments as well as the Ministry of Education in understanding and identifying the psychological needs of secondary school students as a result of COVID-19 preventive measures and thereby enable them to develop strategies to mitigate any negative effects. The Ministry of Education may consider providing outreach counseling services targeted at the candidates. The candidates may also benefit from the knowledge generated and this may inform their seeking psychosocial support to manage any negative effects. The study recommended that, timely assessments of secondary schools students’ psychological well-being needed to be done so as to monitor their status. Holistic intervention procedures may also be beneficial to the secondary school students. This therefore calls for combined efforts of psychologists, psychiatrists, and other health practitioners to apply treatment strategies.Item Selected Factors Related to Utilization of Counselor Supervision among Counsellors Registered with Kenya Counselors and Psychologist Association (KCPA) in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Oliech, Sylvia; Thomas KingaDespite the critical role played by counsellor supervision in the counsellors’ professional and personal growth of counsellors many studies report low utilization of supervision services. Several studies have attempted to determine the cause of low utilization of counsellor supervision. This study sought to determine selected factors related to utilization of counselor supervision among counsellors registered with Kenya Counselors and Psychologist Association (KCPA). The study employed a correlational research design. The target population was 2561 counselling professionals registered with KCPA. Multistage sampling including stratified, proportionate and simple random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 139 counsellors and 55 counsellor supervisors who took part in the study. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that female counselors had higher levels of utilization than male counselors however relationship was not statistically significant ( χ2 (1) = 5.141, p > 0.05). The study found a statistically significant positive correlation between work experience and utilization of counselors supervision (rs(174) = .173, p <.05). It also study also established a positive relationship between counselors’ attitude and utilization of counselor supervision (r (174) = .268, p<0.05). A statistically significant positive relationship between counselor-supervisor relationship and utilization of counselor supervision (rs (174) = 0.156, p>0.05) was also observed. the study recommended that professional bodies should offer counsellor supervision services as part of the professional development programs for counsellors. It should also sensitize the members on the critical need for counsellor supervision as a requirement for professional and personal growth. As well counsellor supervisors should be trained on the skills to nurture and maintain a professional relationship with their supervisees as a step towards enhancing the utilization of counsellor supervision services.Item Relationship between Group Culture and Athletic Performance among Sportsmen and Sportswomen at Kenyatta University in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Kashamba, Grace Buyanzi; Buyanzi KashambaThe concept of group culture provides a foundation for the behaviour, attitudes, communication and values for team members. It has been integrated in sports, where it allows sports women and sports men to bond creating a norm of behaviour and routine that directly influence how the team functions and performs. Even so, it has contributed to social anxiety and stress and the negative impacts of peer pressure among sports men and women. Kenyatta University is a recognized sports hub, producing talent who compete at both local, regional, and global levels. This study researched on the influence of group culture on the athletic performance of sports men and sports women at Kenyatta University. Consistently, three major constructs of group culture, which are social anxiety, stress, and peer pressure, were studied. The research resulted in the formulation of a model that would be utilized to understand how to enhance the performance of sports men and women at Kenyatta University through group culture. The theory that was used for this study was operant conditioning by B. F Skinner. The behavioral approach considers that to maintain being a good performer in sports, one has to learn skills and unlearn the ones with a negative outcome. The research employed a correlational design. The independent variable was the group culture (social anxiety, stress, and peer pressure) while the dependent variable was athletic performance. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26.0 was utilized to analyze the data. The study was conducted at Kenyatta University, the main campus in Nairobi City County, Kenya, since this is where the sportsmen and sportswomen were easily found, considering the institution offers grounds where they come for training daily. The target population was the sportsmen and sportswomen who actively participate in the games and represent Kenyatta University in various league matches. The target population was approximately 606 athletes. The sample consisted of 241 sports men and sports women from the different games at Kenyatta University. Examples of the games include hockey, football, and basketball. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling, whereas questionnaires were used to collect data. The data analysis used in this study is quantitative analysis to investigate the relationship between group culture and athletic performance among sportsmen and sportswomen at Kenyatta University in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The outcome from this study revealed that higher levels of peer pressure and social anxiety and stress were linked to decreased athletic performance, while greater implementation of group culture interventions was associated with improved athletic performance. The research resulted in measures that will form a model expected to assist the coaches in knowing how to enhance the group culture of their sportsmen and sportswomen, which may, in turn, improve their athletic performance.Item Computer-Mediated Communications Usage and Romantic Relationship-Satisfaction among Undergraduate Students at Universities in Mombasa County, Kenya(KENYATTA UNIVERSITY, 2023) Muthui, Mercy Kavuli; Musili PhelistaTechnology advances have turned the world into a global village. This has been made possible through the use of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), which has become a preferred mode of communication by most people across the world and in Kenya too. Young adults, being the highest users of CMCs, its essential to understand how they use this technology and its impact on different aspects of life. At this stage too, young adults are characterized by the creation and maintenance of diverse relationships. However, there is little literature that tried to explore the experience of young adults with CMC and how it influences their satisfaction in romantic relationships. Hence, this study sought to establish the relationship between computer-mediated communications and romantic relationship satisfaction among undergraduate students in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study objectives were: to establish the relationship between CMC usage and intimacy in undergraduate students‟ romantic relationships; to investigate the relationship between CMC usage and emotional security in undergraduate students‟ romantic relationships; to determine the relationship between CMC usage and trust levels in undergraduate students‟ romantic relationships; lastly to find out possible strategies that would promote responsible CMC usage in romantic relationship among undergraduate students in universities in Mombasa County. Erik Erikson‟s Psychosocial Theory and Social Exchange Theory developed by George Homans guided the study. The target population was 9,883 undergraduate students drawn from one public university and one private university. Quota sampling was used to select participants for the study. A sample size of 370 participants was obtained using a formula recommended by Mugenda & Mugenda (1999). Romantic relationship satisfaction was assessed using a Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-32) adapted from Funk & Rogge (2007). Questionnaires were administered to the students and 6 key informants were identified who took part in semi-structured interviews, they included; student leaders, dean of students, senior lecturers and counsellors from each university. A pilot study was done on 29 final year students from Kenyatta University, Mombasa campus. Validity was ensured through the review of empirical and theoretical literature, and the research instrument by the supervisor the reliability of the instruments was computed and a Cronbach‟s coefficient of 0.75 was found. Quantitative data was processed and analyzed using SPSS version 21 and Advanced Excel, while qualitative data which included the excerpts and quotes from the interviews was analysed by content analysis. The data was subjected to descriptive analysis using percentages, frequencies and mean scores, while inferential statistical analysis using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r). Results were presented using tables and figures. Results revealed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between computer-mediated communication usage and intimacy levels, r (350) = 0.554, P=0.004<0.05, and the mean value was 4.3120 (SD = .37975); the CMC usage and emotional security, r (350) = 0.784, P=0.008<0.05 with a mean value of 4.1265 (SD= .37970); CMC usage and trust levels among the undergraduate students, r (350) = 0.777, P=0.007<0.05 and the mean value was 4.1588 (SD= .53620). The study concluded that there existed a significant relationship between CMC usage and romantic relationship satisfaction. The study recommended possible strategies that would promote the healthy use of CMC usage among students and society at large. Lastly, further studies on other factors that relate to CMC usage, the dimensions of engagement against computer-mediated devices and a comparative study to be done in other counties were recommended.Item The Role of Counselling In Mitigating Truancy among Public Primary School Pupils in Tharaka Nidhi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023) Ntwiga, Harriet Kagendo; Sirera MereciaNumerous psychosocial issues have been addressed with counselling, but little is known about the efficacy of counselling in mitigating truancy among primary school students in Maara Sub-County in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. This study was anchored on Common Factor Theory (CFT) and social learning theory to examine the impact of counselling in reducing truancy among public primary school students. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish the prevalence of truancy among pupils; to evaluate the efficacy of counselling in addressing school-environmental issues that affect truancy; to assess the effectiveness of counselling in addressing specific issues that lead primary school students; and to establish a mechanism that might be used to improve truancy counselling in Maara Sub County. This study targeted a total of 30 head teachers, 800 pupils and 497 teachers from all the primary schools in Maara Sub-County. Ten head teachers were chosen using a purposeful sampling method. Five teachers were chosen at random from each of the ten schools using the random sample technique. Simple random sampling method was used to select 8 pupils from each of the 10 sampled schools. A total of 140 respondents composed of 10 head teachers, 50 teachers and 80 pupils were selected for the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered using questionnaires and interview guide. A pilot survey was conducted in two public primary schools in Meru County to assess the appropriateness of the study instruments. The supervisory evaluation of the tools and pilot study ensured the validity of the research tools. On the other hand, the correlation coefficient made sure that the instruments were reliable. Inferential and descriptive statistics, notably the correlation coefficient, were used to analyse quantitative data, which was then displayed in frequency tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. For qualitative data, themes were created based on the objectives of the study. From the findings (68.8%) of the students said they had never missed class without a legitimate excuse, while 21.3% said they had done so once and 5% had done so twice illustrating that there is some level of truancy in Mara Sub County of Tharaka Nithi County Kenya. Findings further revealed that counselling had increased retention and class attendance among pupils in primary school under study to a great extent at 50%, which suggests that it is an effective tool in control and management of truancy. In addition, security in school and safety of learners improved the extent at 54%, good-peer relationship to greater extent at 46%, behaviour and discipline among pupils to some extent at 52%, retention and class attendance to great extent at 50% and school attendance frequency to some extent at 52%. The test between counselling and environmental factors produced a correlation coefficient of r=.269 and a significant level (p-value=.000). As for counselling and individual factors predisposing students to truancy, the study results indicate a correlation coefficient of r=.763 and a significant level (p-value=.000) both of which were below the predetermined threshold of significance (p-value<0.05). Counselling on personal and environmental factors improved children‘s attendance in public primary schools in Maara sub-County, however, there services are challenged by safety issues, lack of parental involvement and lack of support from the head teachers. .Based on the findings the study recommends that school principals develop and put into practice additional strategies and procedures, such as supporting teacher counsellors in their executive positions and mentoring initiatives. If these behaviours are not addressed, they will impede students' progress, which will be a significant setback for completion rates.Item Relationship between Personal Resilience Factors and Management of Occupational Stress among Public Secondary School Teachers in Kiambu County, Kenya(Kenyatta university, 2023) Kambura, Jonahs Rael; Davis GatuaOccupational stress continues to affect teachers in the learning environment. Despite its critical implications, most teachers cope with the various stressful situations in their work, although some succumb to it. However, limited studies have examined the association between personal resilience factors and management of occupational stress precisely on teachers in public secondary schools. This research purposed to ascertain the association between personal resilience factors and management of occupational stress among public secondary school teachers in Kiambu County. Ellen Pollidore’s (2003) theory of adult resilience in education was utilized for the study and literature reviewed according to the study. Personal resilience factors and management of occupational stress were the independent and dependent variables of the study respectively. This study employed a correlational research design. The study targeted a population of 4753 teachers from which a sample of 342 teachers was selected through multistage sampling. Self-administered structured questionnaires were used data from teachers whereas interview schedules were used on for the principals. Instrument reliability was established using split-half method where items that reached a threshold coefficient of 0.7 and above, which is acceptable, were retained. The study made use of face, content and construct validities which employed expert opinion, rigorous literature review and adherence to study topic and objectives respectively. The instruments were piloted in Nairobi City County among 28 participants. The reliability coefficient for Teachers’ Occupational Stress Scale (TOSS) was 0.82, and for emotional, social and intellectual resilience; 0.712, 0.701 and 0.891 respectively. Data collection was conducted online by distributing questionnaires and telephone calls used to book for interviews with principals. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics where mean alongside standard deviation were used and inferential statistics involving Pearson correlation method used in testing the study hypotheses. Duly analysed quantitative data was presented in tabular form. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for the computations. Thematic analysis was applied in analysing qualitative data according to the study objectives which was then presented in a narrative form. The researcher sought permission from relevant authorities, that is, Kenyatta University and NACOSTI. A response rate of 84.5% (n=251) was realized in this study. The study found a statistically significant positive relationship between emotional resilience and occupational stress (r[222] =.317**, p=.000) social resilience and occupational stress (r[222]=.407**, p=.000) and intellectual resilience and occupational stress (r[222] = .343**, p =.000) and suggestions for enhancing personal resilience in managing occupational stress suggested. The study concluded that personal resilience factors are positively correlated with management of occupational stress. The study recommended that teacher’s resilience be strengthened through training to ensure that they can withstand adversity in stressful times. Other studies may focus stressors like family, finances and so on using different designs and other populations of teachers. Others may also compare resilience according to demographic characteristics and include other aspects of resilience like spiritualityItem Relationship between Anxiety and Non-Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment among Patients in Selected Chest Clinics in Mombasa County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023) Osoo, Victor Okello; John Samson OteyoNon-adherence to anti tuberculosis therapy continues to be a major impediment to the control and management of Tuberculosis (TB) despite many efforts that have been put in place by government. Government initiatives to treat TB include ongoing training for medical personnel and providing free TB drugs in all government facilities. Nonadherence to TB treatment will result to increase the burden of health care, morbidity and mortality. Many drug related factors have been noted to contribute to nonadherence to TB and other chronic ailments. However little has been done on relationship between anxiety and non-adherence. This study sought to find out the relationship between anxiety and Non-adherence to TB treatment. The study was guided by the following objectives; to find out the level of Non-adherence to TB treatment among TB patients, to determine the level of anxiety among TB patients, to establish the effect of anxiety on Non-adherence to TB treatment and to identify intervention measures that would mitigate anxiety among TB patients. The study was anchored on the care-seeking behavior theory and rational emotive theory and adopted Correlation research design. The study population was 5,000 TB patients in Mombasa county; Nasiuma’s formula was used to get a sample size of 400 patients. Questionnaire was used to collect quantative and qualitative data. The researcher used content experts to establish validity of the instruments while reliability used test then re-test method to check for consistency. Quantative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics namely; Frequency, percentages and Pearson moment of correlation and SPSS version 23. The study revealed 83% of the respondent’s experienced moderate non-adherence, 12.2% low non-adherence while 4.8% had high incidences of non-adherence, the study established that 51.3% of the respondents experienced mild anxiety, 27.2% moderate anxiety while 21.5% had severe anxiety ,the study found that association between the non-adherence and anxiety was not significant finally the study found out that the respondents had a clue on what would help mitigate their anxiety thus reduce incidences of non-adherence. More than thirty percent indicated that information, counseling and social support would be helpful in management of anxiety about tuberculosis treatment hence mitigate non-adherence to TB treatment. The study concludes that that there is non-adherence to TB treatment and a relationship exist between anxiety and non-adherence. The study recommended that the role of counselors and psychologists be emphasized in reducing nonadherence.Item Relationship between Social Media Use and Level of Depression among University Students in Nairobi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kinyua, Stephen Muchiri; Thomas Kinga,Social media use has increased tremendously, with an estimated 3.5 billion users globally. A significant number of that population comprise University students. Depression has also been on the increase among the young people and especially University population; and while researchers have explored many causes of depression, the correlation between social media use and depression has not been adequately addressed. This study sought to find out the relationship between social media use and level of depression among university students in Nairobi County, Kenya. The investigation was founded on the theory of planned behavior by Icek Ajzen (1985) and Albert Ellis Cognitive theory of depression (1957). A correlational research approach was utilized to guide the investigation. 196,718 students from Nairobi County's public and private universities were the study's target group. A sample size of 383 participants was selected to take part in this investigation. Proportionate sampling method, stratified random sampling, and Simple random sampling were sampling methods used to get the sample. A pilot study was conducted among 38 students from Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Data on social media use and depression was gathered using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were utilized to investigate demographic characteristics, while Spearman Rank order correlation coefficient was employed to test the hypotheses. The results indicated that 54% of the students experienced moderate frequency of social media utilization. The findings further established that 76% of the university students had a mild level of depression. A significant relationship was found between frequency of social media use and level of depression. A significant relationship was further established between Facebook use and WhatsApp use with level of depression. A significant relationship was established between level of depression and use of social media for social function, academic function, entertainment function and informative function, p<0.05. The study concluded that frequency of social media use was related to depression among students, WhatsApp and Facebook were the forms of social media that were highly correlated with depression among students, students experienced mild levels of depression, and there was a positive relationship between social media usage and level of depression. The research recommends that the government should put in place relevant mental health policies targeting social media platforms, university administrations to have mental health clinics to help students with depression and the students should take it as their mandates to control their social media use.Item Relationship between Psychosocial Factors and Sports Betting Among University Students in Nairobi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Mukabi, Grace Ng’endo; Wilfrida OlalyThe global wagering financial magnitude was around $449.3 billion in 2018, which was an increase from 2014 with a compound annual growth rate (CAG0R) of 4.1%, and is predicted to increase at a CAGR of 5.9% to about $565.4 billion by 2022. Kenya has the maximum number of gambling youngsters in Sub-Saharan Africa, a significant number being University students. Although there are various studies done in Kenya on gambling as a concept, there is a shortage of studies on the connection between psychosocial aspects and sports wagering among Kenyan youths and campus students. Therefore, this research intended to find out the link between psychosocial aspects and sports gambling among campus learners in Nairobi County, Kenya. The social cognitive theory by Albert Bandura (1986) guided the investigation. A correlational research approach was employed to conduct the investigation. The target population of the study was 196,718 public and private University learners in Nairobi County. A sample size of 385 subjects was sampled to partake in the research. Purposive, stratified, and random sampling ensured representative data was gathered from the sampled campuses and scholars. The pilot study was conducted among 38 students from one public and one private institution that was not part of the sampled institutions. Primary data was gathered through a well-designed questionnaire to gather information on psychosocial factors and sports betting. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic characteristics and present descriptive findings, while Pearson correlation was employed to analyze the study objectives and answer the research objectives with the aid of SPSS version 23. The study outcome established that the students had an average prevalence of sports betting. The findings further established a significant positive correlation between perceived self-efficacy, peer pressure and sports betting among University students respectively, p<0.05. The study recommends that policymakers ensure that betting regulations are implemented especially on the legal age of betting to prevent the early onset of sports betting school minors which continues to university levels.Item Effectiveness of Music-Based Intervention in Enhancing Treatment Motivation Among Clients in A Selected Substance Use Disorders Treatment Centre in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Chege, Antony; Beatrice KathunguThere is evidence to suggest that some clients admitted in drug treatment centres manifest low Treatment Motivation (TM). This negatively affects the uptake, retention, participation and completion of treatment. Clients with high TM finish treatment and retain the gains made. It is, therefore, critical that the issue of treatment motivation is addressed. Studies suggest that music-based interventions may be used to enhance motivation of such persons. However, evidence of use of such approaches in Kenya was scanty. This study sought to test the effectiveness of Music-Based Intervention (MBI) in enhancing treatment motivation among clients in selected treatment centres in Kenya. The participants of this study were 40 clients in a residential treatment facility for substance use disorders. The facility had two branches (A and B) with similar admission procedures, programmes and with nearly similar geographical contexts. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent group pre-test and post-test design was used. Clients admitted to branch A served as the treatment group while those admitted to branch B were the control group. The treatment group received a four-week music-based intervention, in addition to the standard of care/usual services, while the control group received only the standard of care. A pre-test and a post-test assessment of treatment motivation for both groups was carried out using the Texas Christian University Self-Rating Form (TCU/SFR). Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages were used to describe data while analysis of covariance was used to test the hypotheses. Results showed that the treatment group had significantly higher levels of treatment motivation compared to the control group at post-test after statistically controlling for age and gender of the participants, among other covariates. This suggests that MBI may have been responsible for the higher treatment motivation in the treatment group. In terms of the TM components; problem recognition, desire for help and treatment readiness, the treatment group had significantly higher means when compared to the control group. Therefore, MBI had a significant impact in increasing TM and its components, namely problem recognition (PR), desire for help (DH) and treatment readiness (TR). This suggests that MBI may be a useful complementary intervention in enhancing treatment motivation and its components (PR, DH and TR) in the treatment of substance use disorders in Kenya, which in turn promotes clients‘ health outcomes.Item Relationship between Locus of Control and Level of Occupational Stress among Mental Health Workers in Public Mental Health Facilities in Nairobi City County, Kenya(2022) Ongaga, Stephen; Beatrice KathunguMental health workers work in an environment that involves dealing with patients with emotional and mental problems. Considering that Locus of control as a personality variable may determine how individuals handle stressful situations, there was need to understand how it correlates with occupational stress among health workers in Kenya. In addition, there were few studies on occupational stress and locus of control in Kenya. This study sought to establish the relationship between locus of control and occupational stress among mental health workers in public mental health facilities in Nairobi County Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To identify the locus of control orientation among mental health workers; To determine the levels of occupational stress among mental health workers; To find out the relationship between Locus of control and levels of occupational stress among mental health workers; To find out strategies that can be used to help mental health workers cope better with occupational stress. The study was guided by the attribution theory by Heider (1958). The study used correlational research design. The target population was 100 mental health workers in public mental health facilities in Nairobi County. The study sampled 56 mental health workers working in a major mental hospital in Nairobi using multi-stage sampling method. The Work Locus of Control Scale and Weiman Occupational Stress Scale (WOSS) were adapted to measure locus of control and occupational stress respectively. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) aided in analyzing the collected data using descriptive statistics namely, frequencies, percentages and measures of central tendency. In addition, inferential statistics namely, Chi square, was used to establish the relationship between locus of control and occupational stress. The findings revealed that a majority (57%) of the respondents had internal locus of control while 50% had moderate stress. The study also found that there was no significant relationship between locus of control and occupational stress. The results of the study also revealed that taking time off and staff motivation were strategies that were used to cope with occupational stress. The findings of the study may provide empirical evidence on the need for enhancing internal locus of control and mitigating occupational stress among mental health workers in Kenya.Item Relationship between Rite of Initiation Counselling Program and Developmental Needs of Adolescents in Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi(Kenyatta University, 2022-06) Njenga, Haron Kimani; Robert C. KipnusuAlthough the Catholic church in Kenya has come up with a rite of initiation counselling program, which is meant for both boys and girls to initiate them into a new stage of growth. Rites of initiation counselling program relationship with adolescents’ development needs in Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi is not conclusive. Hence, the current study aims at examining the relationship between rites of initiation counselling program and developmental needs of adolescents in Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi. The study objectives were to: determine the developmental needs of adolescents; evaluate the nature of the rite of initiation counselling program; examine challenges associated with rites of initiation counselling program and identify measures that can improve rite of initiation counselling program in Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi. The study was based on Erikson’s theory of development and Kohlberg theory of moral development. The target population was 114 chaplains, 114 rites of passage coordinators and 89600 adolescents drawn from Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi. Stratified and simple sampling was used to select a sample of 53 Chaplains and 53 rites of initiation counselling program coordinators and 144 adolescents drawn from Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi. Primary data was collected through administration of self-developed questionnaires and semi structured interview. Descriptive and inferential statistics analysed quantitative data using Statistical Packages for Social Scientists version 23. Findings were presented in tables and figures. Content analysis was used for analyzing qualitative data. This study presented the strengths and weakness of the program and thus offers the program developers an opportunity to reflect on the effectiveness of the program in its nature and performance in addressing the developmental needs of the adolescents. Findings of the study indicates that adolescents need to be guided on how to make informed decisions while selecting their friends, informed on how to take responsibilities of their actions and decisions in life and to be provided with an opportunity that would guide them in making career projections in their lives. Secondly, there was a clear procedure to undertake rites of initiation program in Catholic Arch diocese of Nairobi. Thirdly there was a positive and significant relationship between rites of initiation counselling program and developmental needs of adolescents in Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi. The rites of passage were challenged by unsupportive attitude from facilitators, lack of coordination of activities, unprepared facilitators and exclusion of guidance and counselling in church programs. It was recommended that there is need to seek for professional counsellors to volunteer to offer the rites of initiation counselling services. The study is of value to all stakeholders in the youth ministry.