PHD-Philosophy and Religious Studies

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Anglican and Islamic Political Theologies and their Implications for Anglican-Muslim Relations in Kampala during the National Resistance Movement Administration (1986-2016)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Opol, Samuel D. Min
This study examined the Anglican and Islamic political theologies and their attendant influence on Anglican-Muslim relations in Kampala during the administration of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) between 1986 and 2016. In 1986 the NRM Administration implemented the Ten-Point Programme, its bush war governance blueprint. Central to it was realisation of national unity by eliminating religiously “sectarian” politics. In pursuit of it, the Administration abolished the religiopolitical parties, and in the National Constitution in 2005 secularised politics. In spite of this, religiously partisan politics passisted as evidenced by religiously partisan political activities. The problem investigated, thus, constituted the irony of the persistence of Anglican and Muslim political interest, and how this influenced the relations of the two religious groups between 1986 and 2016. The study sought to: Examine the NRM Administration’s ideology on religious groups’ involvement in national politics, Evaluate the influence of Anglican and Islamic political theologies in national politics, and, Assess the influence of Anglican and Islamic political theologies on Anglican–Muslim relations. The literature reviewed comprised works of both Christian/Anglican and Muslim scholars. It highlighted that religion was not unique and socio-historically autonomous; instead, it was inextricably bound to culture and society. This was in sync with the theoretical framework of the study drawn from Hans Kung’s view of religion as an encompassing reality (Kung, 1996). In light of this, the study sought to understand political theologies and their causal influence on activities and relations between Anglicans and Muslims. The study employed a qualitative methodology using a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through documentary analysis, review of archival materials; second, key informant interviews; and self-administered questionnaires. Findings of the study included that the Administration’s stance, influenced by the Ten-Point Programme, fostered religious inclusivity in the bid to eliminate all forms of sectarianism. However, this enabled groups to redefine their political participation. The Anglican Church’s political involvement was driven less by a common theological position than its episcopal-based ecclesiology, where the local bishops set the political tone. Muslims, though not articulating their theological motivation, were more politically active. However, they suffered internal fractures as well as political influences from diverse global Muslim communities. As a result, they remained too weak to have a united political voice. The study concluded that political participation and relation between the two groups resulted less from articulated political theologies than from historical factors. The religiopolitical nexus following the religious wars (1988-1892) overtime remained a major defining factor in political participation by religious groups in Ugandan politics. In light of the above, for the State, the study recommends a cautious effort in opening religiopolitical space and in implementing religio-cultural elements that would easily breed religiopolitical tensions among religious groups; and that both the Anglican Church and the Muslim community develop programmes for political guidance in order to enlighten the “faithful” of their civic responsibility
Use of Information and Communication Technology in Promoting the Great Commission in Full Gospel Churches of Kenya in Meru County-Kenya
(kenyatta university, 2023-11) Kathambi, Fridah; Josephine Gitome; John Peter Bwire
ICT has become an integral part in the lives of the people in the contemporary society. The church being an essential component of the societies in the world informs and communicates to the society and vice versa. The church aims to reach out to the whole world through preaching, baptism and mentorship for discipleship. To achieve this, ICT which is cheap and convenient is inevitable. There exist records that the church uses ICT to preach the Gospel. Unfortunately little has been documented on how the church uses ICT for pre-baptism training and mentorship for discipleship. This prompted a study to explore the use of ICT in preaching, pre-baptism training, and mentorship for discipleship, identifying factors influencing its usage and strategies to overcome challenges. This study was guided by the following objectives: To examine the FGCK theology of the Great Commission, investigate the extent in which FGCK has used ICT in preaching, pre-baptism training and mentorship for discipleship, establish factors that have contributed to use of ICT tools and platforms in promoting the Great Commission in FGCK and to establish ways of mitigating the challenges hindering the use of ICT in promoting the Great Commission in FGCK. This study was guided by Mediatization Theory and employed a descriptive research design to obtain information from various congregants. Interview guides, observation schedules, FGDs and questionnaires were used to collect data from a total of 129 respondents. These included 29 (clergy and lay) leaders who were interviewed, 41 children who participated in FGDs and 59 congregants from different strata filled the questionnaires. This study focused on Four FGCKs in Meru County. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling technique and stratified random sampling. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis whereas descriptive analysis was done for quantitative data where by SPSS version 21 was used. The results indicated that FGCK has long used ICT tools such as loud speakers and microphones in preaching. Additionally, advancement in technology has seen use of ICT in FGCK advance greatly with the use of computers, TV and mobile phones in promoting the Great Commission. The church reaches out to new converts and teaches them through phone calls, messages, WhatsApp groups, Facebook and YouTube videos. The clergy and congregants of all ages including Sunday school children and the youth appreciate ICT because it is faster, convenient, easy to use and able to store or retrieve information. However, ICT use faces various challenges including insufficient skilled ICT personnel, insufficient internet connectivity and limited ICT tools. Some of the proposed ways of mitigating these challenges include: training ICT personnel, educating the congregants on proper use of the ICT tools and platforms, and maintaining active Gospel-based church websites. It is hoped that the findings of this study will improve the use of ICT to promote the Great commission. The findings will also inform policy formulation and implementation on the use of ICT so that it adheres to teaching, baptism and mentorship
A Comparative Analysis of Aembu and Anglican Rites of Passage for Child Socialization in Kigari Archdeaconry Embu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-08) Muriithi, Elizabeth Nancy; Josephine Gitome; Humphrey Mwangi Waweru
The main objective of this study was to have a comparative analysis of the Aembu and the Anglican Church‟s rites of passage for child socialization in order to come up with Afro-Christian mores for instilling moral virtues among children that can prepare them for their future roles as adults. Child socialization is geared towards addressing teen issues in order to help them cope and fit in the 21st Century community as truly African Christians. The study sought to find out how virtues such as obedience, honesty, respect, temperance or hard work are instilled in children to bring out morally upright people in the society. The study examined various ways of improving child socialization programs in the Anglican Church of Kenya Kigari Archdeaconary in order to curb moral challenges facing the children. The statement of the problem responded to questions on what can be put in place to improve socialization programs in the ACK Kigari Archdeaconry to curb moral challenges being faced by her children. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: To analyse the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, to evaluate the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s (ACK) child socialization programs and to interrogate the similarities between socialization processes in Aembu culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. The study was carried out in Embu County, in the Anglican Church of Kenya, Embu Diocese, Kigari Archdeaconary. The literature was reviewed thematically under the following sub- topics: Analysing the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, evaluation of the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s child socialization programs and interrogation of the relationship between socialization processes in African culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. Niebuhr‟s (1894-1962) Christ and Culture Theory and Religious Socialization theory whose major proponents are Myer (1996) and Sherkat (1998) guided the study. The study used descriptive research design which allowed the researcher to use in-depth interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussions to gather factual information systematically. The study respondents were parents, youth members, church elders, the sages, god-parents, evangelists, vicars and the Bishop. They were selected using purposive and simple random sampling methods. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions (FGD) while secondary data was gathered through published and unpublished resources. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, narratives and verbatim citations. Qualitative data analysis was used whereby data was synthesized thematically according to the objectives of the study. The findings revealed that there are socialization platforms in both Aembu and the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s forums for child socialization and that in both; children are socialized in order to make them fit in the society. However, due to social and globalization changes, the Anglican Church of Kenya socialization has been affected to an extent that the youth being socialized are battling with different moral issues, which are in turn affecting the society. It was observed that doing away with the traditional puberty rites in modern society has resulted in creating a wanting child socialization gap, which has resulted in plunging the contemporary society into a crisis with regard to management of moral issues, which translates to threatened survival of the society. Therefore, since the Aembu and Anglican Church of Kenya‟s socialization have merits, there is need to integrate them and come up with Afro- Christian mores through Integrated Rites of Passage (IRP) for both boys and girls in order to socialize the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s youth members more effectively and curb most of the youth moral issues.
A comparative analysis of Aembu and Anglican rites of passage for child socialization in Kigari Archdeaconry Embu County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Muriithi, Elizabeth Nancy; Josephine Gitome; Humphrey Mwangi Waweru
The main objective of this study was to have a comparative analysis of the Aembu and the Anglican Church‟s rites of passage for child socialization in order to come up with Afro-Christian mores for instilling moral virtues among children that can prepare them for their future roles as adults. Child socialization is geared towards addressing teen issues in order to help them cope and fit in the 21st Century community as truly African Christians. The study sought to find out how virtues such as obedience, honesty, respect, temperance or hard work are instilled in children to bring out morally upright people in the society. The study examined various ways of improving child socialization programs in the Anglican Church of Kenya Kigari Archdeaconary in order to curb moral challenges facing the children. The statement of the problem responded to questions on what can be put in place to improve socialization programs in the ACK Kigari Archdeaconry to curb moral challenges being faced by her children. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: To analyse the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, to evaluate the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s (ACK) child socialization programs and to interrogate the similarities between socialization processes in Aembu culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. The study was carried out in Embu County, in the Anglican Church of Kenya, Embu Diocese, Kigari Archdeaconary. The literature was reviewed thematically under the following subtopics: Analysing the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, evaluation of the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s child socialization programs and interrogation of the relationship between socialization processes in African culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. Niebuhr‟s (1894-1962) Christ and Culture Theory and Religious Socialization theory whose major proponents are Myer (1996) and Sherkat (1998) guided the study. The study used descriptive research design which allowed the researcher to use in-depth interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussions to gather factual information systematically. The study respondents were parents, youth members, church elders, the sages, god-parents, evangelists, vicars and the Bishop. They were selected using purposive and simple random sampling methods. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions (FGD) while secondary data was gathered through published and unpublished resources. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, narratives and verbatim citations. Qualitative data analysis was used whereby data was synthesized thematically according to the objectives of the study. The findings revealed that there are socialization platforms in both Aembu and the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s forums for child socialization and that in both; children are socialized in order to make them fit in the society. However, due to social and globalization changes, the Anglican Church of Kenya socialization has been affected to an extent that the youth being socialized are battling with different moral issues, which are in turn affecting the society. It was observed that doing away with the traditional puberty rites in modern society has resulted in creating a wanting child socialization gap, which has resulted in plunging the contemporary society into a crisis with regard to management of moral issues, which translates to threatened survival of the society. Therefore, since the Aembu and Anglican Church of Kenya‟s socialization have merits, there is need to integrate them and come up with AfroChristian mores through Integrated Rites of Passage (IRP) for both boys and girls in order to socialize the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s youth members more effectively and curb most of the youth moral issues.
Integrating African Religio-Cultural with Conventional Approach to Peace-Building In Conflicts between Luo and Nandi Ethnic Groups, Kisumu and Nandi Counties, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Amolo, Fredrick Otieno; Philomena N. Mwaura; Michael T. Katola
This study examined the integration of the African religio-cultural approach and the conventional approach to peace building in ethnic conflicts between the Luo and the Nandi of Kisumu and Nandi counties in Kenya. It investigated the social, economic, and political factors that fuel ethnic conflicts, explored peace approaches in ethnic conflict resolution, analysed challenges in approaches, determined the contribution of the religio-cultural approach in ethnic conflict, and suggested a religio-cultural and conventional integrated peacebuilding approach. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data was collected from Kisumu and Nandi counties which constitute Muhoroni and Tinderet constituencies. Questionnaires, oral interviews (OI), focused group discussions (FGD), and library documents were analysed. A total of 231 questionnaires and six FGD(s) were obtained from four target groups. The overall data were collected, analysed, interpreted, and discussed. The two main theories used are Conflict Transformation Theory (CTT) and Network of Effective Action (NEA). The research findings revealed that social, economic, and political factors affected the peace between the Luo and the Nandi communities. While the state and the warring communities attempted to bring peace, challenges were shown. The mitigation methods used by religio-cultural methodology including conventional mediation, deployment of security personnel, the rule of law, and resource allocation, have proved inadequate when applied in isolation. The basic tenets of inclusivity, community-based mediation, religious spirituality, and ethics were deemed necessary by the community's religio-cultural lifestyle. Further, the religio-cultural approach principles of community-based mediation, belief in God and actions of ritual and sacrifices became prominent yet inadequate. The basic structural policies and enforcement, political goodwill in resource equity, and security were lacking. With the inadequacies, integrating the religio-cultural and conventional approaches was adequate in fostering peace between the Luo and the Nandi communities. The integrated peacebuilding approach has three main elements: integrated mediation and reconciliation, integrated democratic governance, and character and moral reconstruction. The study established that bi-partisan community-based mediation and reconciliation were missing and that the development and strengthening of inclusivity policies in justice and humanitarian reform were not prioritized. Moreover, the development and strengthening of governance and leadership were not given precedence, as well as community empowerment policies, religion-based mediation, and civic education. In dealing with peace between the two communities, the study recommends that there be character formation and reconstruction through morality teaching and modelling; promotion of democratic governance in equity, security, policies, and civic education; and mediation and reconciliation through commissions, elders, women, and cultural ritual sacrificial systems. It is hoped that the findings of this study are of use to the national and county governments who embrace the integrated approaches to promote peace among the Luo and Nandi communities. 1
Holistic Nurture to 5 - 13 Years Old Children and Subtle Underlying Factors Hindering their Development in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Mumo, Mary Namukoko; Josephine Gitome; Ruth Muthei James
This study dealt with contemporary developments in holistic nurturing of children in Sunday school (SS) teaching in the Nairobi Baptist Church (NBC) which is one of the major support systems for church growth. The researcher was motivated to study Holistic Nurture to Children (HNC) because of the many issues and challenges which hound children like fighting, stealing, unruly behaviour patterns, wrong morals, drug abuse, teenage pregnancies, and evil vices among others affecting the traditional beliefs in children ministry globally. These problems make the approaches adopted for children ministry a great challenge in Kenya. The empirical basis was defined by 5-13 year olds in NBC. To understand the complex and dynamic nature of such phenomena, the study endeavoured to unravel and understand the HNC in NBC. The assumption of the study was that there were some subtle underlying factors that (might) hinder effective holistic nurture to children in NBC. These include history, handbooks and materials, leadership and activities. The conceptual framework for the study was drawn from three key theories: Kelvin E. Lawson (Cognitive Spiritual theory), James Fowler (faith development theory) and Ivan Pavlov (Social learning theory), for the four domains and four objectives of the study. NBC was the study site. The conceptual framework deduces that history facilitates the importance of teaching children, handbook and materials nurtures discovery in the child in all areas, the leaders are facilitators of faith formation and activities help children to construct knowledge. Purposive sampling was used to select three hundred (300) participants. The sample was in proportion to the population size which was 3000. This study adopted a descriptive survey on HNC in NBC. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. The primary research instrument used were questionnaires, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. In the analysis of the data, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 was used. The primary and secondary sources were consulted. Holistic approaches included preparing the process for examination of the whole person: physical, mental/emotions, spiritual and social. The findings of the study dispelled obscurity on issues that affect HNC on the holistic formation, as well as providing a safe alternative on how children should develop in the four areas to experience balanced growth. Thus, the study proposed useful ways of handling children for their holistic development. They included: first, the support by the whole congregation; secondly, children make early decisions to know God when guided with holistic approaches. The study further suggested the need to incorporate the biblical values which are unified in the integration of a child’s learning. Moreover, the study identified the vital need for all the nurturers and opinion leaders/professionals to take up the challenge for a paradigm shift on issues in HNC that would help put spiritual formation into its perspective. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribution towards policy formulation in regard to spiritual nurture of children. The findings may contribute to existing literature on holistic nurture of children.
Corporate Governance Practices and Performance in Selected Arid and Semi-Arid Land County Governments in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Abdulkadir, Yasmin Shariff; Jane Njoroge; Muna Wilson Kamau
The public expectations with devolution of governments has not been met. The public involvement and incorporation of governances‟ practices in the devolved governance was expected to facilitate formulation of responsive policies that promotes performances, timely delivery of services and efficient utilization of resources in the counties. The Constitution of Kenya prioritized public participation in the devolved governance system, by acknowledging the right of local people to manage their own matters in advancing their political, social and economic expansion. Previous literatures have shown that counties are experiencing inefficient utilization of resources and poor timely delivery of services as a result hindering effective performance. Further, studies indicate that poor governance practices adversely affects fiscal performance of an institution and the provision of services, resulting into micro and macroeconomic economic crises in an economy. The study investigated the governance practices on performance of Marsabit and Makueni county government. The primary objective was to evaluate the county governments of Marsabit and Makueni's corporate governance practices and performance. The study‟s specific objectives encompassed assessing the effects of accountability practices, transparency practices, equity practices, and responsiveness practices of a government on their performances in delivery services. It also included assessing moderating effect of Legal Framework and policies linking Corporate Governance Practice and Performance of a Government. The two counties were selected because they shared common challenges but as of 2018, Makueni county government was ranked the best in the country by the Policy Tracking Impact Public Affairs Consulting agency while Marsabit County was ranked 18th position, therefore Makueni County acted as a benchmark to Marsabit county government in this study. To accomplish the study objectives, a correlational research design and interpretivism research philosophy were applied. The target population for the study was 480 respondents (248 from Makueni and 232 from Marsabit) comprising of the county executive committee members, county directors, county chief officers, heads of groups and the community leaders in the two counties. The study employed the New Public Management Theory concept in developing a model for the study since it allows for the assessment of ways through which counties can increase their efficiency, financial control and value for money in resource allocation. Questionnaires and interview schedules were adopted in collecting primary data. A sample of 300 respondents was drawn using a purposive sampling technique (153 from Makueni and 147 from Makueni). The sample technique was relevant because of its ability to provide a reflective sample. To understand the path of the association between the variables for the study, descriptive statistics were used to examine qualitative data, thereafter; regression analysis was generated to estimate the coefficients of regression models for the study. The findings indicated that accountability, transparency, equity and responsiveness had significant positive effect to how county government performs. The study also established that government policies and regulations influence the linkage between governance practices and performance of a government. Additionally, there is need for adherence and implementation of set procedures to protect the integrity of the County‟s financial processes to enhance accountability. Further, full adherences of procurement laws are required in the counties to enhance transparency in tendering processes. In addition, public needs to be engaged actively in identification and execution of county projects to enhance equity and responsiveness of a government. In conclusion, Public Finance Management Act particularly on public participation, Public Procurement Act, AGPO regulation, and County Appropriation Act has not been fully adhered in the counties.
Impact of Anglican Church and Kenya Assemblies of God Teachings on Sexual Behaviour Choices of University Students, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Rotich, Marseline Cherono; Margaret Gecaga; Josephine Gitome
Christian teachings promote moral development among emerging adults especially those in universities. The Christian faith's beliefs have a psychological impact on developing individuals because they may affect their sex views and attitudes. According to biblical views on sexual morality, sex is holy and should only be shared by married couples. The purpose of the study was to investigate how ACK and KAG teachings in sexuality, influence sexual behaviour choices among university students in Nairobi. The specific objectives of the study were to; analyse the pertinent sexual behaviour practices of students, establish ACK and KAG sexuality teachings that shape how respondents characterise negative sexuality, how church affiliation determines the sexual behaviour choices, and assess the challenges faced by students in applying ACK and KAG sexuality teachings. The study utilized the Social Identity Theory, Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development and Smith Theory of Moral Sentiments of the effect of religion on human behaviour. The study applied a mixed research design that combined qualitative and quantitative cultures of inquiry. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, In-depth Interviews schedules and Focus Group discussions, and analysed by use of Predictive Analysis Software (PASW). The quantitative methodology saw the targeting of a sample of 334 students from 3 selected universities, who were frequent members of Bible study fellowship in the selected universities. The Study followed the cross-sectional descriptive design and use of inferential statistical analysis. The qualitative methodology employed purposive and criterion sampling of a total of 42, who were; administrators, counsellors and focus group discussions that involved leaders of Christian Union groups. About objective one, the study found that the prevalence rate for negative sexuality was high. It was caused partly by weakness in peer and mentoring programs as well as inadequate parental involvement in the social life of students. About objective two, the findings observed that ACK and KAG teachings were significant predictors of sexual behaviour choices. ACK and KAG teachings were adequate for helping respondents avoid negative sexuality. The study findings from objective three established that church affiliation had a significant, predictive effect on sexual behaviour choices. Objective four study findings identified several factors that were hindering students from following proper Christian teachings on sexuality. The study concludes that these factors include lack of adequate teachings on sexuality, before and during their tenure at the university. Observed too is the permissive culture in universities and weak interventions, such as peer counselling and mentoring programmes. The study recommends that there is a need to intervene through a multi-pronged strategy that seeks to affirm biblical values on sexuality and strengthen intervention designed to help emerging adults avoid risky or negative forms of sexuality. This study has shown how sexuality teachings work to shape sexual attitudes towards negative sexuality.
Legislative Influence of Women Parliamentarians In Kenya’s National Assembly Of The 11th Parliament 2013 2017
(kenyatta University, 2021) Miruka, Simon Okumba; Grace Wamue-Ngare; Pacificah Okemwa
responsive laws. The proportion of women in Kenya’s National Assembly increased from less than 10% in 2007 to 18.9% in 2013 due to introduction of gender quotas. It was therefore important to assess whether and how women parliamentarians maximised on their numbers to influence legislation in the immediate post-quotas National Assembly. The objectives of the study were to: identify the legislative agenda of women parliamentarians in Kenya’s National Assembly (2013 -2017); evaluate the methods the women parliamentarians used to pursue their legislative agenda; examine challenges faced in pursuing the legislative agenda; and outline the implications of measures proposed by respondents to improve the influence of women parliamentarians in Kenya’s National Assembly. This was a descriptive study which addressed the following gaps from past studies on the National Assembly: scant documentation and analysis of women’s legislative agenda; limited documentation of methods used by women to influence legislation; emphasis of challenges faced by women parliamentarians outside rather than inside the legislature; and little focus on implications of various measures to improve women’s legislative influence. The study used the Critical Mass Theory to analyse how women parliamentarians did their legislative work as a minority exposed to dominant behaviours of the majority men. It also applied liberal feminism to contextualise the efforts of women parliamentarians as quests to eradicate gender-based discrimination and cast the dominant behaviours of men as results of a mindset of entitlement. The study population consisted of the 68 women in the National Assembly. Respondents were identified through stratified and purposive sampling. Data was collected using interview schedules and a content analysis guide. The quality of data was assured through consistent administration of the same tool to similar categories of respondents, interviewing individuals separately, triangulation of data from different sources and reliance on actual quotations. All primary data is anonymised. Findings are narrated with quantitative data presented in tables and graphs. The main study findings were that women: successfully supported legislation on gender equality and social welfare issues; failed on their quest for a law to increase their numbers in the National Assembly; and secured two affirmative funds. To pursue the agenda, they relied on a variety of methods with varying levels of success. The main challenge they faced was resistance from male colleagues. To remedy the situation, respondents proposed: diplomatic presentation of women’s agenda; alliance building; training; and gender mainstreaming by the National Assembly. The major conclusions of the study are that: although a number of the women’s pursuits were achieved, this cannot be solely attributed to their increased numbers; the methods used by women were not intrinsically weak but were compromised by patriarchal mindsets of men; the quotas in the Constitution were tokenistic and did not substantially interrupt male domination in the legislature; gender quotas undermine the credibility of beneficiaries and should not be regarded as a panacea; and the various proposals floated by respondents need to fulfil certain preconditions in order to be effective. The study recommends: concentration of women in the most influential National Assembly committees; development and implementation of a gender policy by the National Assembly; pressure for compliance with the Constitution; training; mentorship; and strategic alliances.
Effects of Inmate Characteristics and Institutional Capacity on Prison Rehabilitation Outcomes in Selected Prisons in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-07) Ondigo, Queenter A.
Various studies continue to report minimal or negligible impact of rehabilitation on reoffending and reintegration to community environment. More specifically, the proportion of sustained prison releases reduces rapidly within the first three years largely because of re-arrests, re-convictions and return to prison and the rate is even more acute in developing nations and Sub-Sahara Africa. In view of this persistent challenge, this study examined rehabilitation outcomes of inmates particularly in respect to their prerelease readiness to return to lawful livelihoods and community environment. Life course perspective and socio-economic vulnerability theory were used to identify phases of life associated with socio-economic vulnerabilities leading to increased crime risks, rehabilitation challenges and reoffending tendencies. Specific objectives of the study were; to identify characteristics of the prison inmates and related risks, to examine rehabilitation outcomes and readiness towards prison release, to identify types of rehabilitation practices and usefulness, to examine the institutional capacity and sustainability, to examine the influence of inmate characteristics on the rehabilitation outcomes, and to identify key challenges affecting prison rehabilitation programmes and necessary interventions. The study applied cross-sectional survey design. The target population for the study were 800 inmates serving their sentences in Nairobi Industrial Area Medium Prison, Nairobi West Prison and Langata Women Prison all based in Nairobi County. The three institutions were better placed to provide the inmate with extensive rehabilitation including industrial attachment and experience because of their proximity to the largest industrial area. Sample size of 286 was determined using Krejcie and Morgan, (1970). Both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained through key informants, FGDs and survey questionnaire. Analyses of data with the use of SPSS included descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and regression analyses. Results indicated that majority of the inmates were young, with limited education, vulnerable occupations and lived within extreme poverty. Considerable proportion of the inmates were women and had limited family support and social capital. Rehabilitation outcomes were substantially limited or inadequate in all indicators including compliance to institutional rules, participation of inmates in the design of their respective rehabilitation plans, access to apprenticeship, engagement on productive activities among others. The study concluded that rehabilitation practices should be guided by life course perspective, socio-economic vulnerability and desistance theory. The study recommends review and expansion of prison rehabilitation to; strengthen rehabilitation along the UN guidelines including 2015 minimum rules and the various roadmaps, ensure provision of adequate resources particularly in terms of personnel, facilities, equipment and budgetary allocations, incorporate and expand prison industries in order to expand apprenticeship, work experience and to generate revenue and adopt a rehabilitation plan for each inmate incorporating post-release support follow up.
Parenthood Programs in The Anglican Church and their Influence among Agikuyu Christians in Murang’a South Diocese, Murang’a County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Wanyoike, Joseph Muturi
This study was necessitated by the fact that some parents in the ACK Diocese of Murang’a south have challenges with some of their children because they engage in drugs and substance abuse, irresponsible sexual behaviour, and instead of working to develop society, some have destroyed even what had been invested by their parents. The church has a responsibility of assisting parents in their parenthood. Part of the mission of SPU is to develop servant leaders who will serve the church holistically. However, some clergy have challenges in assisting parents to parent their children, resulting in maladjustments among family members. The study was based on the following objectives: to establish whether the SPU prepares the clergy to teach biblical parenthood programs; to examine whether the Anglican clergy teach parents biblical parenthood programs; to examine whether the Anglican parents apply biblical parenthood programs on parenting; to find out whether Anglican parenthood programs are effective in helping the Anglican children to be responsible, and; to establish the Agikuyu parental cultural practices that could strengthen parenthood among Anglican Christians. The study reviewed literature concerning training of the clergy; the role of the clergy in parenting; parenthood responsibilities; Anglican Church parenthood programs; and Agikuyu parenthood cultural practices. The study was informed by the attachment theory, the psychosexual theory, and the psychosocial theory. The sampling techniques used were the Purposive, Snowball and the Stratified random. The total population for the study was 19057. The target population was 1996 and the total sampled was 255. The researcher interviewed 218 respondents. In percentages, the target population was 10.5% of the total population, the total sampled was 13% of the target population, and the total respondents were 85.5% of total sampled. The study used descriptive survey design. Descriptive data analysis was done whereby quantitative data was categorized and coded in the statistical package for social science (SPSS) to generate frequencies and percentages. The study established that St Paul’s University (SPU) teaches units like pastoral counselling and chaplaincy, but does not have a chronological and integrated unit on parenthood. In addition, the clergy occasionally, teach parents biblical parenthood programs. However, this was found to be wanting because some parents who have gone through these programs still have challenges as seen in the irresponsible behaviour of some of their children.
African Indigenous Pentecostal Christianity in Uganda With Reference to the Deliverance Church in Busoga (1974 – 2012)
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Isabirye, Moses Stephen
This study examines the phenomenon of African Indigenous Pentecostal Christianity (AIPC) in Uganda, using the Deliverance Church (DC) in Busoga as a case. The study aimed at investigating the history, factors and trends that birthed the DC in Uganda in general and Busoga in particular, as a breakaway of mainstream Christianity. It interrogated the theology and practice of the DC and evaluated the DC contributions to spiritual, social and economic developments of Busoga. The study used a cross – sectional survey nonexperimental design employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The data collection methods were questionnaire survey, interview guide, focused group discussions (FGDs), participant observation (PO) and content analysis of sermons and other teachings. The study findings indicate that the DC originated from the COU. The founders started with a quest for an African authentic Church of Christians, Christ- delivered to embody and carry his deliverance by the Spirit of God’s kingdom to the outside world. This marked the origin of the name ‘Deliverance Church’. The first DC leaders having experienced deliverance focused on every member being a Spirit-filled minister, doing mission and evangelism of witnessing for Jesus in the world. The study unveils why these African Pentecostal leaders left mainstream churches, and how the DC and COU developed a relationship of dialogic contextualization, where the DC continued building on the COU Christian foundations, while consolidating the mission character of their church. Evidence of this continuing dialogic contextualization reflects in DC beliefs, practices and projects directly bequeathed from those of the COU. This climax saw a leading founder Dr. Stephen Mungoma, accompanied by other members, cross from the DC back to equal positions of responsibility and accountability in COU. The thesis argues that the DC’s Pentecostal success in mission theology and practice stems from its adoption of the old ‘selfs’ for Anglican mission, to build a church that is self-governing, self-supporting, and self-propagating. There is more evidence of the DC using COU ministry patterns such as doctrine, wedding liturgy, funeral rite, evangelicalism, leadership and faith and order - to boost the Pentecostal mission vision, pastoral care and counselling and ministry. Regarding ministerial training, theological education originally viewed with suspicion by the DC leaders in the 1970s; calling it ‘spiritual cemetery adding no spiritual value to the person concerned, was later embraced. By the time of this study, some were attending theological / Bible colleges. DC started pursuing socio-economic development goals; a decade after COU had launched it in Busoga. The study concludes that AIPC of the DC in Busoga, has live roots in mainstream Christianity, which issue into origin, growth and bearing fruit in Pentecostal mission and ministry. The originality of the study lies in a comprehensive inquiry into that origin, growth and bearing fruit of the DC in Busoga; it traces its roots to the theology, tradition and doctrine of the mainstream Christianity, re-interpreted for Pentecostal mission strategic needs. From this root grows the shoot of AIPC in Uganda, the DC in Busoga an important product of it.
The Anglican Theology of Sexuality: Its Teaching and Practice among Students in Anglican Church Founded Schools in Jinja District, Busoga Region, Uganda
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Mukisa, Joy Isabirye
There is growing concern over teenage sexual behaviour given the high level of teenage pregnancy and an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. Christianity has always provided standards by which behaviour is regulated. The study examined the teachings and practice of the Anglican Theology of sexuality by students in Anglican Church founded schools, Jinja District. The Anglican Church formulated the Provincial Education Policy to ensure that the core values of the Anglican Church are promoted in Anglican Church Founded schools. These include Godliness, faithfulness to the scriptures and upholding Biblical family values. The Christian activities through which the Anglican Theology of sexuality is transmitted to students in these schools include Bible studies, prayer meetings, fellowship meetings, evangelism drives and holiday camps The objectives of the study were: To explore the Anglican Theology of sexuality, and To investigate the role played by school management committees, administrators and religious leaders in promoting the practice of the Anglican Theology of Sexuality among students in Anglican Church founded schools. The effect of the Anglican Theology of sexuality on students‟ behaviour was assessed. Also challenges faced by the Anglican Church founded schools in the dissemination of the Anglican Theology of sexuality to students were explored. Lastly, strategies that can be used by the Anglican Church to effectively disseminate their Theology of sexuality among students in the Church founded schools were explored. Literature was reviewed regarding the teachings of the Anglican Theology of sexuality, the role played by administrators and religious leaders in teaching Religious values to students, effect of Religious teachings on the sexual behaviour of young people and the challenges faced in teaching religious values to young people. The study employed a descriptive research survey. The study was conducted among nine Anglican Church Founded Schools in Jinja district, Busoga region. The targeted age bracket was 13-18 years an age that is mostly affected by sexual challenges. Uganda. Primary data were collected mainly through oral interviews, questionnaires, participant observation and focus group discussions. Secondary data were collected from both published and unpublished books, journals, Newsletters and internet sites. Data collected from these libraries helped establish the research problem and the rationale for the research. The respondents included students and the target group was between 13-19 years. In addition, head teachers of Anglican Church Founded Schools, chaplains, counselors and the Diocesan Education Coordinator were also involved in the study. Non probability and purposive sampling was used to sample the respondents. The study employed a descriptive research survey. The overall data was synthesized, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in light of Smith‟s (2003) Theory of Religious Effect on the Sexuality of Young People. This theory identified the following paradigms as necessary for religion to have a positive impact on the behaviour and attitudes of young people: moral directives, spiritual experiences, role models, coping skills and extra community links. Collected data were presented in chapters basing on the research objectives. From the research findings, conclusions and recommendations were made.
Christian Response to the Phenomenon of Single-Parenthood in Nairobi Kahindi,
(Kenyatta University, 2018) Wakanyi, Lydia
This study investigated the Christian response to single-parenthood in selected churches in Nairobi County. Specifically, the study analyzed the causes of single-parenthood and their socio-religious implications. It also evaluated the doctrine and social teaching of the church on inclusivity. The study further examined the role of the church as a potential network of support for Christian single-parents. Finally, it explored the possibilities of Christian single-parents acceptance in the church. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data were collected from seven selected parishes, namely, St. Paul’s Catholic Chaplaincy and Parish, PCEA St. Andrew’s Parish, All Saints’ Cathedral, St. Theresa’s in Eastleigh, Embulbul Parish, Madre Teresa in Zimmerman and ACK, St. Gertrude’s in Kasarani. Questionnaires, oral interviews (OI), focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews (IDI) were used to collect the primary data. Secondary data were obtained from library research. In each of the selected congregations, the target population were all single-mothers. In addition, two pastors and ten leaders were interviewed in each congregation. The sample size in each of the selected churches comprised 50 single-mothers, two pastors and ten leaders. The FGD had 13, 12 and 14 participants in the three selected congregations. The IDI were conducted with three participants separately. The total sample size for this study was 476 persons. The study applied simple random and purposive random sampling methods. The data were collected, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in the light of a merged conception framework, informed by Goode (2000), Young (1994) and Waiyaki (1985). The framework underlines that lack of proper social organization, a decline in social norms and values, coupled with lack of adequate guidance among the youth are some of the underlying factors leading to an increase in single-parent families. The findings of this study indicated that separation is the most prevalent cause of single-motherhood. Other causes include death of a spouse, divorce, rape, abandonment, desertion and early pregnancies. It emerged that attitudes towards Christian single-mothers are determined mainly by the cause of their single-motherhood status. Widows are the most tolerated while divorcees and the never-married are the least tolerated. Whereas the doctrine and the social teaching of the Church advocates for inclusiveness and acceptance of everyone, the practice on the ground with regard to single-mothers is far from the ideal. The Church seems to be warming up to gradually acknowledging and embracing single-mothers in Christian congregations. The Church, being the body of Christ, is challenged to be a caring community, giving an all-round care to all her members. A change of attitude towards single-mothers is possible, if the clergy led the sensitization through sermons, interpretation of the doctrine and innovative programmes for Christian single-parents. The Church has the potential to expand her network of support for single-mothers inclining towards gathering. A practical implementation of the doctrine and social teaching of the Church on inclusiveness is yet to be attained fully. Recommendations were made to the Church, Christians and policy-makers to respond to the prevalence of single-parenthood in an effort to reduce the number of single-parent families and assist the affected.
The influence of frequency modulation radio “morning call-in shows” on parental guidance among teenagers in selected churches in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-06) Kinyuru, Joseph Mwongi
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Frequency Modulation (FM) radio morning programs: on parental guidance among Christians of Christ is the Answer (CITAM)-Karen, Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA) Ruai and Holy Family Catholic Basilica in Nairobi County. Parental guidance is influenced by various factors including education and interaction with different value systems as propagated by FM radio morning programs. Proper conduct in radio broadcasting is a global issue; Kenya is not an exception. Thus, the world has moved towards liberalization of the airwaves, allowing broadcasters to enter the media arena at an unprecedented rate. While liberalization of the airwaves is applauded by practitioners, local evidence shows growing uneasiness with regard to morning programs played on Classic 105 FM as well as Kiss 100 FM. It is apparent that FM radio stations have the prerogative of setting the discursive agenda in the society. Their choice of agenda is the bone of contention with some topics straying into matters of parenting, sex and fidelity in marriage. This leads some parents to the view that society seems to have liberalized moral conduct of their teenagers through provision of alternative educators in the form of FM radio morning programs. Given this situation, the main objective of this study was to examine the influence that these FM radio morning programs have on parental guidance in Nairobi County in Kenya. The study also evaluated the influence of FM morning programs on moral choices made by teenagers. It used a mixed methodological approach that incorporated both qualitative and quantitative research methods. It covered 384 respondents who included teenagers, parents, church leaders and youth ministers. Quantitative data was gathered using standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented in frequencies and percentages. Description of feelings, sentiments and attitudes as gathered through qualitative research was employed to give a blended substratum influence. The study used Cultivation Theory in order to interpret data received from the field. The study maps a way in which Christian parents may be able to reclaim their vantage role of guiding their children on positive radio consumption in modern times. The current study reveals that parental guidance has been seriously undermined by various factors that include both Classic 105 FM and Kiss 100 FM morning programs. The two stations appear to fill a void left by the absence of the extended family network in the urban setting. Nevertheless, their lopsided depiction of parents as defective role models sends a negative notion to teenagers. Thus, teenagers seek guidance from their peers at the expense of their parents and other role models such as church leaders and relatives. In the end, teenagers captured in the study no longer valued parental moral authority. The study recommends adopting captivating programing used by Kiss FM and Classic 105 FM and adding Christian values while making programs meant for teenagers in Christian based radio stations. Thus, radio mediated change would be harnessed for the benefit of the society
Christians’ perceptions and practice of ‘ABC’ strategy in the context of new HIV infections in Kiambu County - Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-07) Musili, Telesia Kathini
Despite the several interventions to prevent the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), new HIV infections are still on the rise. There is a general agreement that the leading cause of new HIV infections is heterosexual relationships within or outside marriage. The study sought to investigate the perceptions and practice of ABC strategy of HIV prevention among Christians in the age bracket of 19–49, by specifically seeking to investigate whether the A.I.C and Catholic theologies of abstinence and fidelity influence sexual behavior of the Christians, to evaluate Christians’ perceptions of ABC strategy of HIV prevention, to establish whether the Christians practice the ABC strategy and to explore the barriers to successful implementation of ABC among the Christians. This study’s conceptual framework was drawn from four key theories: Social Identity, Social Interactionism, Kohlberg’s theory of Cognitive Moral Development and Smith’s theory of religious effects. The study followed a cross-sectional descriptive design, employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Six churches were randomly selected from a list of eighteen Catholic and Africa Inland Churches (A.I.C) in Thika East Sub-county (TES). Four hundred and four (n=404) study participants were conveniently selected proportional to the population size. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, In-depth Interview Schedules and Focus Group Discussion guides. Data analysis was done with the help of Predictive Analytics Software (PASW). The findings of the study suggest that positive perception of the church’s theology on sexuality and of safe sex behavioural options may not necessarily translate into their practice. It was realized that people make moral decisions based on what adds value to the self but not on conforming to the church norms on sexuality. The study concludes that there is a need for the internalization of the values embedded in Christian moral teaching on sexuality. Thus, the study recommends an appropriate understanding of a responsible spiritual self that upholds subjective truth to the complexity of sexual relations and other relations existing within the wider, complex and changing society. It calls for a rethinking of Christian sexual ethics from an interrelational perspective that is both vertical and horizontal in dimension. In that, the relationships between the self and God as well as the other social relations are taken into account in the process of moral decision making. Further, the study calls on church leaders to open up to the era of grace and conceptualize it, then there will be a paradigm shift that will necessitate the internalization of Christian moral values. Overall, the thesis recommends an improved and comprehensive sexual health approach in inculcating and analyzing sexual values that can impact positively on the lives of persons, as we envision an AIDS-free generation.
Holistic Christian education for character formation in Seventh-day Adventist Church-sponsored secondary schools in Nyamira County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016) Nyabwari, Bernard Gechiko
This study examined holistic Christian education for character formation in the Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) church-sponsored secondary schools in Nyamira County. Specifically, it explored the church’s holistic Christian education curriculum, assessed its implementation strategies and examined challenges faced in its implementation. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data were collected from Ekerenyo, Nyamira, Borabu, Rigoma and Marani Sub-Counties which constitute the Nyamira Conference (NC) of the SDA church. Questionnaires, oral interviews, focus group discussions, participant observations and analysis of documents from libraries were used to collect data. A total of 974 questionnaires and 119 respondents interviewed were obtained from the 51 sampled schools. The overall data were collected, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in the light of Miller’s (1998) Holistic Curriculum Theory which suggests six competencies which test holistic education. Research findings revealed that the SDA church offered the holistic Christian education which sought to produce balanced students. Further, it was established that the government of Kenya (GoK) in 1968 directed the Ministry of Education (MoE) curriculum to offer technical education which was opposed by the missionary churches, claiming that it was not holistic. Consequently, the GoK gave the Church the role of sponsor with permission to uphold their beliefs and programmes in the schools alongside the MoE curriculum. The SDA church was one of the churches in Kenya which took management of schools as the sponsor. The NC had 68 sponsored secondary schools. In the schools, the church implemented her educational curriculum through six main approaches. The first approach was the spiritual character formation. To form the students’ spiritual character, Bible study, Sabbath-school, mid-week prayer, week of prayer and annual camp meeting programmes took precedence. Second, was the physical character formation. Activities such as work programme, manual work, nature walk and physical activities and games were offered to enhance physical competencies. Third, emotional character formation. Adventist Youth Society, community service, outreach Sabbaths and student rallies programmes developed students emotionally. Fourth, intellectual character formation. Programmes which augmented intellectual competencies included student choir, Bible drills, home health education, arts, crafts, design, creative writing and debating. Fifth, social character formation. Interactive programmes such as sharing talents and skills, students’ camporees, pathfinder clubs and inter-house tournaments furnished students with proficiencies for social fitness. Finally, moral character formation. For students to achieve the moral competencies the schools upheld human reproductive health and safety education, responsiveness of the consequences of female circumcision, gender awareness and equality programmes. In spite of the NC provision of holistic Christian education curriculum ills were exposed which indicated that the objectives of the holistic Christian education curriculum were not fully accomplished. The study established that seminars on the relevance of holistic education were missing, schools did not allocate enough funds for the programmes, there were pressure from the public curriculum, most programmes were not implemented and the chaplains to interpret the church’s holistic education curriculum were not professionally trained. Recommendations were made to the government, churches and schools to ensure that holistic Christian education was fully implemented in order to reduce the ills in schools.
The centrality of marriage in African religio-culture with reference to the Maasai of Kajiado County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-04) Okiya, Denis Odinga
The study explored Maasai religio-cultural beliefs, the place of marriage in Maasai cultural and religious beliefs, to what extent Maasai cultural and religious beliefs are related to and manifested in Maasai marriage and the changes affecting Maasai marriage with regard to the religio-cultural themes. This research was guided by a thematic approach to the study of African religio-cultural knowledge and specifically by analysing the topic through the matrix of fifteen religio-cultural themes. The fifteen religio-cultural themes articulate in a systematic manner the beliefs of African Religion which are entwined and embedded in African religio-cultural knowledge, giving that knowledge a special sacral and personal dimension. The aim of this work was to explore the central role played by marriage in African religio-culture with a focus on the Maasai of Kajiado County, Kenya. The study set out to investigate if marriage manifests culture and religion and if the Maasai have a rich, persistent cultural marriage heritage with many of the historical, cultural and religious practices still largely intact and influential despite the many challenges it faces in the contemporary world. The study was exploratory in nature and adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was implemented through gathering data from members of the Maasai ethnic community in Kajiado District now Kajiado County. The sampling units considered were the number of households (96,621), the average population per division (58,000) and the total Kajiado Maasai population (464,883) as presented in the Kajiado District Strategic Plan 2005 – 2010. Primary data was collected through surveys while secondary data was collected through library research. Four sets of research instruments were used in gaining access to the primary data for the study. These were questionnaires, interview schedule, observation checklist and focus group discussion guide. The data was then analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques within the purview of the research questions and fifteen African religio-cultural themes: God, Ancestors, Living Dead, Nominal Reincarnation, African Lineage, Leadership, Adulthood/Elderhood, Bridewealth, Marriage, Polygyny, Herbalist, Diviner, Witch, Witchcraft and Death. Quantitative data was summarized and presented using graphs, charts and frequency tables. This was done to exemplify main trends that were derived from certain concrete responses. Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis. This exercise involved classifying data into key themes, patterns and relationships. Propositions and conclusions were then made based on the apparent patterns of relationships within the data. The data of this study shows that Maasai marriage manifests and reflects Maasai religio-cultural themes. The main findings corroborated, in a large way Kirwen’s theory of the fifteen themes of African Religio-Cultural Knowledge. The study recommends that in order to find sustainable solutions to challenges facing Maasai marriage, it is best to look carefully into Maasai marriage with regard to Maasai religio-cultural themes.
Factors that hinder women's participation in theological education in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2004) James, Ruth Muthei
This study identifies and discusses factors that hinder women's participation in theological education in Kenya. Reference is made to theological institutions that belong to two church traditions, namely, the main line protestant and evangelical traditions. The study seeks to address the paradox of under representation of women in institutions that have openings for them. The objectives of the study are; To analyze the status of women in the history of Christianity since its inception, to identify and assess the modalities applied in admitting women into theological institutions in Kenya, to identify and discuss factors that influence women's experiences in theological institutions in Kenya, and, to identify and evaluate strategies that could enhance the participation of women in theological education in Kenya. To achieve the above objectives, ten theological institutions have been selected on the basis of their church affiliations as well as the academic programs they offer. The study concentrates on institutions that offer diploma, bachelors and masters programs. The significance of these programmes is that the institutions that offer them are interdenominational and the fact that churches in the study only ordain persons that are trained at diploma level and above. The mam argument of this study is that women are under represented in theological education in Kenya. This has been authenticated by the examination of the actual numbers of women students and faculty in theological institutions. Their numbers are much lower than those of men, a factor that has been attributed to the attitude of churches toward theological education for women and the type of ministries open to women in the churches. The entire study portrays women in a struggle to venture into theological education. The struggle begins with their access to theological institutions. Once enrolled, they struggle through college life with administrative and social structures that are unfavourable to them. After graduating from college, women struggle with job placement as well as acceptance by those they are to serve. The study identifies three main factors that hinder women's access to and their experiences in theological institutions. They are; The structures of theological institutions, policies of churches that sponsor theological institutions, and, African culture. It has been confirmed in this study that churches have a direct and powerful influence in the enrolment of students, appointment of teaching staff, as well as the formulation of the curricula taught. Consequently, a church's view of the status and role of women in its ministry influences their enrolment in theological institutions. This study employs the concepts of the 'lenses of gender' theory by Sandra Bem (1993). The lenses are; androcentrism, gender polarization and biological essentialism: The analysis establishes that the characteristics exhibited by the three lenses interact to reproduce male power in human institutions. In such setups, females and males are channeled into different and unequal life situations with the females being relegated to the subordinate sphere and the males to the super ordinate sphere. Finally, the study offers suggestions 111 form of strategies that could enhance women's participation 111 theological education. They are; Advocacy, transformation of the structures of theological institutions and churches, and, the revision of the curricula of theological institutions. Networking among women and between women and men in theological studies and in the church has also been advanced as a strategy.
A moral response to the conflict of interests between humans and non human nature
(2002) Makokha, Tadayo Kibaba
Environmental protection and care is increasingly becoming a major pre-occupation of many scholars and various fields of intellectual pursuit. This is mainly prompted by the current environmental crisis occasioned mainly by soaring human populations and increased capacity by human beings to interfere with the natural processes. This increased interference with nature has precipitated unprecedented increase in pollution in various forms, destruction of forests, problems of disposal of toxic wastes and garbage, extinction of both plant and animal species and so on. Thus, human beings have become pervasive, overwhelming and abusive to the natural environment. This raises serious ethical concerns in particular; we discern serious conflict between humanity and nonhuman nature. It is against this backdrop that this study set out to argue for a moral intervention to the environmental crisis. The study is premised on the centrality of morality in harmonization of relationships, as exemplified in human relationships. The present study has endeavoured to demonstrate that ethical relationships transcend human to human to include the human to nonhuman nature category. Hence, the question of conflict applies to human to nonhuman nature relationship in as much as it does to human relationships. The central thesis of the study is anchored on the moral standing of nonhuman nature; the view that nonhuman beings have a value of their own, upon which their interests and well-being are predicated. It is on the basis of this that we have argued for the extension of moral considerability to nonhuman nature. We have also endeavoured to concretise our thesis within the specific context of an African worldview to test the validity of some of our arguments. Specifically, a reconstruction of Bukusu environmental ethical values gathered through intensive oral emphasizing the unique place of humanity in nature. Thus, the ensuing ethic is in pursuit of principles aimed at achieving ecological balance and harmony. This is perfectly in line viii with one of the central functions of morality, namely, harmonizing relationships. In addition, these findings perfectly fit into and reinforce the conceptual paradigm of ecosustainability, identified, clarified and argued for in this thesis. In sum, the thesis is structured as follows: Chapter one outlines the general introduction, purpose, and scope of the study. Chapter two, explores the centrality of the institution of morality in relationships involving humans, setting the ground for the central thesis of this study, namely, to invoke moral reasoning and guidance in attempt to surmount conflicts between humans and nonhuman nature. Chapter three endeavours to clarify the problematic and controversial question of the basis of moral concern for nonhuman nature, thus grounding moral intervention in human - nonhuman nature relationship. Chapter four, by way of exemplification reconstructs Bukusu environmental values as a way of concretising some of the central arguments of the study and as a contribution towards an understanding or theory of environmental ethics. Chapter five on the other hand interrogates prevailing theoretical formulations in environmental ethics, with the view to showing their weaknesses in articulating human - nonhuman nature relationship. Then we present our considered conceptual framework of ecosustainability as this study's contribution towards an understanding of environmental ethics. Chapter six in a recap, attempts self - assessment particularly in the light of the objectives and assumptions of the study. summarizes and concludes the main arguments of the study, with a final note on the recommendations and the way forward

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