MST-Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies

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Evaluation of Sandra Harding’s Epistemological Framework: Identifying Contextual Limitations and Proposing Alternative Solutions.
(Kenyatta University, 2025-05) Mulwa, Beatrice Jannie
This thesis critically examines and evaluates the epistemology proposed by Sandra Harding, focusing on its vulnerabilities and providing potential solutions to address these weaknesses. Harding's epistemology, situated within the framework of feminist standpoint theory, has offered substantial contributions to challenge traditional knowledge production and highlight marginalized perspectives. However, this study reveals inherent limitations and inconsistencies within Harding's framework. It uncovers several weaknesses through a comprehensive analysis of Harding's epistemology, including her emphasis on objectivity, standpoint, and social context. Firstly, Harding's reliance on standpoint as the sole criterion for truth introduces subjectivity, potentially undermining the pursuit of objective knowledge. Secondly, her emphasis on social context can lead to essentialism, reinforcing stereotypes and restricting the diversity of experiences. Lastly, Harding's work often overlooks power dynamics embedded within knowledge production, obscuring critical insights into how dominance and oppression can impact epistemology. To address these vulnerabilities, this thesis proposes several possible solutions. Firstly, by adopting a more holistic approach, incorporating multiple standpoints and perspectives, a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of knowledge can be achieved while avoiding essentialism. Secondly, acknowledging the influence of power dynamics and engaging in reflexive practices can help uncover hidden biases and ensure a more inclusive knowledge production process. To achieve this goal, this study employs the laws of thought (three guiding principles: the non-contradiction rule, the excluded middle, and the identity principle) in evaluating and interrogating Harding’s epistemology. The study also presumes that diverse epistemological perspectives are important for a comprehensive understanding of knowledge. Sandra Harding's epistemological framework has shortcomings that need to be critically examined, and identifying and critically evaluating the limitations of epistemological frameworks is crucial for advancing knowledge and promoting inclusivity. It recognizes the importance of acknowledging potential flaws and gaps within existing theories to propose more robust and equitable alternatives. The study is primarily a conceptual analysis that proceeded by library study, employing the typical philosophical argumentation approach of evaluation, analysis, synthesis, reflection, and philosophical speculation. It involves textbooks, journals, credible internet sources, and other scholars' commentaries that address Harding’s epistemology. The study involves relevant literature related to Harding’s conception of how gender situates a knower. By highlighting the weaknesses of Harding's epistemology and suggesting possible remedies, this thesis contributes to a broader debate on the potential limitations of epistemology. It offers insights into developing more robust epistemological frameworks that promote social justice and inclusivity.
Contemporary Gospel Music and Youth Evangelization: A Case of Mavuno Church, Machakos County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-01) Nyariaro, Duncan Motanya
There has been an upsurge of Pentecostal and Charismatic churches in Kenya from the 1980s into the 21st century. Their distinctive feature is majorly characterized by a vibrant way of musical worship. However, this has led to disapproval of contemporary gospel music by some of the older worshippers and clergy regarding the changing state of gospel music from being purely conservative to being accommodative of secularity. While contemporary gospel music is hoped to lead the youth to salvation and shape them morally, there is a disconnect between the actual message of this music and the lives of the youth. This study focused on contemporary gospel music in facilitating evangelization among the youth in Machakos County with specific attention to Mavuno Church. In particular, the study sought to find out if the music is theologically sound and scriptural, thus contributing to the mitigation of social vices and questionable moral behaviour among the youth and the general population. The study was guided by a number of objectives namely; First, to describe the development of contemporary gospel music in Kenya; Second, to document the theology of contemporary gospel music; Third, to assess the contribution of social issues in shaping contemporary gospel music; and last, to propose strategies that would enhance the use of contemporary gospel music in evangelizing the youth. The study reviewed literature related to contemporary gospel music and evangelization. Peter Kivy’s 1989 Arousal Theory of musical expression and Luther’s 1988 Theory of music informed this study in an attempt to understand the effectiveness of contemporary music on youth evangelization in Mavuno Church. The survey design employed in the study was descriptive. Both primary and secondary methods were used to collect data. The study employed stratified and purposive sampling techniques to identify respondents. The material collected from the library formed secondary data while the field research material formed primary data. Data from oral interviews, focused group discussions (FGD) were analysed qualitatively drawing on themes objectively while data from questionnaires were analysed quantitatively. A total of 144 respondents took part in the study. Data generated from the field research were presented and thematically analysed as per the research objectives. The findings revealed various factors make Contemporary Gospel Music (CGM) to be ineffective in youth evangelisation: incorporation of some secular aspects into CGM, some of CGM lack a biblical backing and some CGM being noise pollutants. The study recommends various solutions that will make CGM to be effective in the evangelisation of the youth: The church should have a committee that monitors CGM to ensure that it has biblical backing. Removal or avoidance of secular aspects of music in CGM, so that can be effective in the evangelisation of the youth. Trainings, seminars, workshops for church leaders, composers, artistes on trends and solutions to challenges CGM is facing in youth evangelisation. Embracing the use of media and technology for a greater outreach irrespective of various limitations that arises when CGM is used in youth evangelisation.
Beliefs and Practices of the Kenya Roho Msalaba Church and Its Participation in Formal Education within Homabay County, Kenya, 2003-2018
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Ariemba, Kemunto Susan
This study examined the history, beliefs and holistic practices of the Kenya Roho Msalaba Church (KRMC), an African Instituted Church in Luo Nyanza, which falls under the spirit/Roho Churches. It focused on the period of its inception, which is 2003 to 2018. Further, the research established the role of the KMRC in formal education in the County. What motivated the researcher to embark on this study was the fact that KMRC, an AIC, arose in an era of Pentecostalism in Christianity. This was an era when most scholarly attention had been diverted to new Pentecostalism away from the AICs that arose in the 1920s. Hence, the research sought to counter the assumption that post-colonial Africa did not foresee further emergencies of AICs. The research was done in Rachuonyo South and East sub-counties of Homabay County. The objectives were: to examine the history of the KRMC and to discuss the major beliefs and practices of KRMC. The research utilized the case study design to address the research problem. Glock’s Relative Deprivation Theory and Harold Turner’s theory on the emergence and nature of AICs were used. The triangulation methods of case studies were used in collecting data. Field research methods like Oral Interviews (OIs), Participant Observation (POs), questionnaires and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) were used to collect primary data. Secondary sources of data were obtained from published journals, books, articles and theses. The study sample comprised the adherents of the 3 selected branches, including the leaders, the youth, adults, priests and 6 locals (non-adherents of the KRMC within the church’s vicinity). The sample selection was based on the variables of the respondents’ age, gender, position in the church and duration of membership. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used. A total of 228 respondents were selected out of whom 6 were non-adherents. The data collected was recorded. Qualitative data was coded and analysed thematically while data that was quantitative was analysed quantitatively using SPSS version 22. The results revealed that the Kenya Roho Msalaba Church has roots in the Musanda Holy Ghost Church and it was founded in 2003 in Nyakach by its first Archbishop Ayub Aongo, who hailed from Anura in Nyakach, Luo Nyanza. The Kenya Roho Msalaba separated from the Holy Christ Church, which in turn had separated from the Holy Truth Church. The Holy Truth Church broke away from the Cross Church while the Cross Church broke away from the Musanda Holy Ghost Church. These breakaways were a result of leadership wrangles and power struggles within the Church. There was also the need to strictly adhere to the Old Testament law. As its findings have demonstrated, KRMC has distinct beliefs and practices, such as belief in Jesus Christ and parousia, emphasis on pneumatology and special regalia, among others. The study described the history of the KMRC and recommends that the emerging AICs in the 21st century be studied, this would contribute to knowledge on the history of Pentecostalism and education in Kenya. Secondly, the study found out that there still exists a gap in the acquisition of education in rural areas. Thus, a recommendation was made that the government needed to work with the local churches in rural Kenya to fill the gap in the acquisition of education in rural Kenya. Thirdly, the research found out that women are not members of the ordained clergy; given that they are bold, aggressive and enterprising, they should be allowed to be ordained as leaders and be permitted in the altar.
The Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement in Kenya: A Case of the Catholic Diocese of Meru, 1996-2022
(Kenyatta University, 2023-05) Mbae, Alex Mutua
The emergence and widespread of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement (CCRM) is clad with opportunities and challenges. It has attracted admirers and eritics in equal measure. Moreover, it is facing resistance from parish priests who accuse its members of defiance, causing divisions, confusion, and suspicion among the faithful. This study sought to survey the historical development of the CCRM in the Catholic Diocese of Meru (CDM), as well as the challenges encountered by this movement. It was guided by the following objectives: to assess the history and development of CCRM in CDM from 1996 to 2018; to explore the distinctive features of CCRM in the CDM and to establish the challenges faced by the CCRM in CDM. The study employed the Rational Choice Theory. This theory argues that religion and its systems compensate humans while human beings themselves are viewed as actors who act rationally as they make their best choices. Thus, they calculate costs and gained benefits. The research study used a descriptive survey design whereby opinions of the CCRM members across CDM on the origins, features and challenges of CCRM in the CDM were gathered. The study targeted a study population that comprised of 4,091 CCRM members drawn from the 9 deaneries in CDM. The sample size was 352 respondents drawn from CCRM members, their leaders, priests and a bishop. The study stratified the population into deaneries from where three parishes per deanery were sampled using simple random sampling. Then systematic random sampling was employed to obtain five CCRM members from the sampled deaneries, totalling to 352. The study also used stratified and purposive sampling to select three leaders from every sampled parish resulting to 81 leaders. One parish priest was purposively selected. This gave 27 priests and one bishop of CDM. Six CCRM members were selected through simple random sampling totalling up to 243 members. On data collection, questionnaires, interviews and POs were used. Specifically, the study used questionnaires to obtain data from members and leaders of CCRM, while interviews were used to gather qualitative data from the Catholic bishop and parish priests. A PO guide was used to collect information on how CCRM members carry out their activities. Validity and reliability of the instruments were tested before actual data collection. A reliability coefficient (r) of 0.734 was obtained; hence, deemed reliable as the coefficient fell within the recommended range of above 0.7. Quantitative data was analysed and findings presented using frequency distribution tables, means, percentages and standard deviation with the aid of computer software; Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data collected through interviews and POs was analysed thematically. According to the study findings, CCRM has distinctive features, they include: prophesying, carrying out exorcism and deliverance services, speaking in tongues and praying for healing of the sick. The challenges the movement experiences included: inadequate resources, defection, and social unacceptability. CCRM started in CDM in 1996 and has continued to spread and grow. The study recommended that members of CCRM should work together with the Church leadership to ensure that they receive the required support.
Implications of Multiple Church Affiliations among the Youth in Reference to Bungoma County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-05) Rutto, Valentine
::;l:il;llelvcl:llgcyoif‘l‘ll\llallgll is an emerging and growing trend globally among Christians, aavel {he un;jefl ~';1anf presents a new area that requ.lre exten‘swe .res.earch inquiry to prousity afiiliations) ;n 1g actl}(:rs. The current study examined the implications of multiple Bungoma Couty Kong e yopth in re.ference to El_gon Ward, Mt. P;lg'on Sub-County, ty, Kenya. The implications of multiple church affiliations among the vouth can be described through forms of multiple church affiliations, roles of the youth in the church, what youths expect the church to offer them, activities dedicated for the vouths, and general factors for multiple church affiliations and how they apply to the youth today. The problem under investigation by the proposed study relates to not only hO\.\' multiple church affiliations manifest among Christian youths but also how it affects their commitment to church. Accordingly, the study sought to evaluate the forms of multiple church affiliations among the Christian youth, establish factors underlying their multiple church affiliations, and identify activities that they are involved in. The background to the study demonstrates that multiple church affiliation among Christian youths is a growing practice at the local, regional, and global level. This study was justified because its findings would awaken the Church in developing values that can retain and sustain the youth in the Church. The broad themes for literature review included forms of multiple church affiliations, factors underlying multiple church affiliations, and activities for the youth in the church. The Social Bonding Theory guided the study. The researcher used a descriptive survey design, whose purpose is to help in unearthing people’s attitudes, habits, opinions, social, or educational issues. This research design was therefore found suitable in studying the implications of multiple church affiliations among the youths as it enabled the researcher to meet research objectives. Data generated from the instruments of the research was analyzed and presented through discussions, narratives, as well as descriptive statistics supported by tables and graphs. Secondary data was also generated from books, journals, research reports, periodicals and the internet. The target population comprised 1500 youths. The sample size was 150. Both male and female respondents were sampled through random, purposive and stratified sampling methods. The researcher used questionnaires, interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs), and participant observation (PO_) schedules to generate quantitative and qualitative data. The forms of the youth affiliations to these churches are hurch activities. Factors leading paid-up membership, registration, and participation in ¢ . e conservatism and leadership to multiple church affiliations among the youth includ and | ; and, monetary giving in the church. The findings imply that i rosperity gospel ! ::Shs:recsl; lljeadlzrshi};a gsholzlld devise ways of engaging the youths more by undc?rstandmg their roles in the church and their expectations from the church; cclli_\borate vylth youths to develop effective and specific strategies to addres_s factors ux_'xderlymg rn'ultlple chufch affiliations; and allow youths to participate in activities that excite them while also urging them to embrace the core activities of the church.
The Anglican Church of Kenya Interventions to Domestic Violence against Women in Maseno North Diocese, Kakamega County, 1995-2022
(Kenyatta University, 2023-03) Mulongo, Leonard
Domestic violence remains a major concern that hinders the att in Sub Saharan Africa. Today, violence that is gender based till very prevalent in Kenya despite a high pereentage of Christian faithfuls, This situation threatens the ceonomic and social development in the country. ‘The current study therefore investigated the Anglican church of Kenya (ACK) Maseno North Diocese interventions Kakamega to domestic violence against women. This was done with specific reference to crucial Central Sub-county during the period 1995 — 2022, The year 1995 was critical because this is when the Beijing World conference was held and it discussed the following subject; abusive behaviour against ladies. The study was guided by the violence specific objectives: to investigate the influence of culture on domestic of the general against women in Kakamega Central Sub-county and to examine the response Sub-county. public towards domestic violence against women in Kakamega Central domestic violence Others include; to explore the rol e of law enforcing agencies towards factors towards against women in Kakamega Central Sub-county and to discuss low domestic violence ag wards the churches intervention against Theory as adv. a Central Sub-county. The Social Control Goode (1971), Loseke (2005), Lackey and olence guided the study. The theory p; occurs as a result of an individual’ ainment of gender parity
The Anglican Church of Kenya Interventions to Domestic Violence against Women in Maseno North Diocese, Kakamega County, 1995-2022
(Kenyatta University, 2023-03) Mulongo, Leonard
Abstract
Influence of Youth empowerment Programs in Nurturing Responsirle Christian Adults in Gospel Tarernacly Churches Machakos County
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Muturi, Mercy Ngina
Th?: youth all over the world face different challenges. The church as part of the society, has a role to play in helping the youth overcome these challenges. Thus, the “h“"c'{ runs youth empowerment programs where young people gain ability, tmt_hon(y, and agency to make decisions and implement change in their own lives. This research study explored the influence of these youth empowerment programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults in Gospel Tabernacle Churches (GTC), Matun_gulu Sub County in Machakos County. The study was guided by the following f our objectives: to identify the influence of youth empowerment economic programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults at GTC Matungulu sub county, to examine effects of youth empowerment knowledge acquisition programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults, to evaluate youth empowerment life skill values acquisition programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults and to assess you?h ‘empowerment gifts and talent development programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults at GTC Matungulu Sub County. The area of study was Matungulu Sub C_ounty Gospel Tabemnacle Churches (GTC), Machakos County. On the thec;reucal framework, the study used Social Gospel Theory. A descriptive survey design was considered useful. The target population for GTC Matungulu under study was 825 respondents. They included; 290 registered adult members, 500 youths, 20 church leaders and 15 pastors. However, the sample size comprised of 250 r.espondents. To obtain the study’s sample random and purposive sampling techniques were used. To collect data for the study, questionnaires and interviews were used as the research instruments. Narratives of the interviews were recorded ¥hen transcribed. Thereafter, the collected data was analysed, synthesized and finally interpreted. The findings were presented in percentages, frequency distribution tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The study’s findings revealed that though GTC Matungulu Sub County has established youth empowerment programmes that nurtured the youth to be responsible Christian adults, they are still facing many challenges. The study concludes that the dominant youth challenges can be dealt with if the church develops and diversifies her delivery methods of the youth empowerment programs. Moreover, there is need to immediately to re-examine and sufficiently renovate the delivery methods of youth empowerment programs. This can be done through enabling many youths to obtain higher education levels, to minimize the effects of the dominant youth challenges like poverty by dealing with it from its source, provision of efficiency resources, frequency of delivery, teaching content that is well suited to modern times and diversity of delivery methods and programs. Besides, the age limits for the youths receiving empowerment could be extended and the church should consider partnering with other stakeholders to assist the youth. It is hoped that the finding of this study could serve as a wakeup call to the church, county governments and the national government to come up with proper policies and implementation frameworks for youth empowerment programs.
Influence of Youth Empowerment Programs in Nurturing Responsirle Christian Adults in Gospel Tarernacly Churches Machakos County 2013-2018
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Muturi, Mercy Ngina
Th?: youth all over the world face different challenges. The church as part of the society, has a role to play in helping the youth overcome these challenges. Thus, the “h“"c'{ runs youth empowerment programs where young people gain ability, tmt_hon(y, and agency to make decisions and implement change in their own lives. This research study explored the influence of these youth empowerment programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults in Gospel Tabernacle Churches (GTC), Matun_gulu Sub County in Machakos County. The study was guided by the following f our objectives: to identify the influence of youth empowerment economic programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults at GTC Matungulu sub county, to examine effects of youth empowerment knowledge acquisition programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults, to evaluate youth empowerment life skill values acquisition programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults and to assess you?h ‘empowerment gifts and talent development programs in nurturing responsible Christian adults at GTC Matungulu Sub County. The area of study was Matungulu Sub C_ounty Gospel Tabemnacle Churches (GTC), Machakos County. On the thec;reucal framework, the study used Social Gospel Theory. A descriptive survey design was considered useful. The target population for GTC Matungulu under study was 825 respondents. They included; 290 registered adult members, 500 youths, 20 church leaders and 15 pastors. However, the sample size comprised of 250 r.espondents. To obtain the study’s sample random and purposive sampling techniques were used. To collect data for the study, questionnaires and interviews were used as the research instruments. Narratives of the interviews were recorded ¥hen transcribed. Thereafter, the collected data was analysed, synthesized and finally interpreted. The findings were presented in percentages, frequency distribution tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The study’s findings revealed that though GTC Matungulu Sub County has established youth empowerment programmes that nurtured the youth to be responsible Christian adults, they are still facing many challenges. The study concludes that the dominant youth challenges can be dealt with if the church develops and diversifies her delivery methods of the youth empowerment programs. Moreover, there is need to immediately to re-examine and sufficiently renovate the delivery methods of youth empowerment programs. This can be done through enabling many youths to obtain higher education levels, to minimize the effects of the dominant youth challenges like poverty by dealing with it from its source, provision of efficiency resources, frequency of delivery, teaching content that is well suited to modern times and diversity of delivery methods and programs. Besides, the age limits for the youths receiving empowerment could be extended and the church should consider partnering with other stakeholders to assist the youth. It is hoped that the finding of this study could serve as a wakeup call to the church, county governments and the national government to come up with proper policies and implementation frameworks for youth empowerment programs.
A Study of the Factors Perpetuating Infibulation among Somali-Muslims in Mandera District, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2003-09) Ali, Mohamed Abdi
Abstract
Prevalence of Drug Abuse among Muslim Students in Public Secondary Schools in Mombasa County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Mohamud, Mwanaisha
Drug abuse among students is a growing concern world over because of its detrimental effect on health and development. Drug abuse related crimes and costs are eating into the limited resources. Urgent intervention is increasingly becoming critical agenda for countries and societies. In context, the prevalence rate of drug abuse among Muslim students in Mombasa County, Kenya is reported to be on an escalating trajectory. This is happening regardless of the region being perceived as predominantly Muslim and Islamic teachings are against drug abuse. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the prevalence of drug abuse among Muslim students in public secondary schools in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Social Learning Theory which states that behavior is learned and influenced by the people around us. This study was also informed by the Jurm Model (Theory) of Addiction which describes addiction as a crime, and drugs considered a social problem. Study objectives revolved on first, Islamic teachings on drugs among secondary schools in Mombasa County; second, predisposing factors of drugs among secondary school students; third, prevalence of drug abuse among secondary school students and finally, intervention strategies on drugs among public secondary schools in Mombasa County. Descriptive survey research design was used to guide the study. Simple random sampling technique was applied to get a sample size of 347 respondents. Questionnaire and interview schedules were used to collect data. A combination of the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel packages aided the analysis and results presented in figures or tables. The study findings reveal that, students abused drugs in order to improve academically, physical appearance and relieve stress. The study found peer pressure and availability of drugs as risk factors to drugs. Overall prevalence rate of drug use among Muslim students was 9.3%. Alcohol, tobacco and miraa (khat) were the most abused drugs. Conclusively, drug abuse among Muslim students was a real challenge, especially legal substances such as miraa/khat), alcohol, and tobacco. Academic and co-curricular engagement of all students in the school is ideal in reducing the peer pressures among the students. It is recommended that drug abuse intervention programs should be holistic, concurrently addressing both predisposing factors as well as the preventive factors in school and home settings. The school curriculum should be professionally and research based to ensure it is flexible enough to provide students with adequate time for leisure activities.
Contribution of Don Bosco Development Outreach Network to the Integral Empowerment of the Catholic Youth in Muranga County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Waithaka, Lucy Njeri
Youth integral empowerment continues to attract serious global discussion due to the various challenges faced by youth today. These include unemployment, ill-health, and lack of education, drug abuse and crime. This calls for corporate interventions from the government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the Church to initiate programs that are geared towards empowering the youth in all dimensions to restore their dignity. Holistic development of the youth is one of the calls and the mission of the Catholic Church. Through it, the youth are supposed to be developed in all aspects of life. In Kenya, in Murang'a County, the Catholic Church tries to implement this through the Don Bosco Development Outreach Network (DBDON). The study interrogated the contribution of Catholic Church’s DBDON to integral empowerment of the Catholic youth in Murang’a County, Kenya. The study sought to bring to light the activities of DBDON towards Catholic youth integral empowerment in the study area. The study was guided by three objectives. First, it discussed the nature of the Catholic Church DBDON program towards integral empowerment of the Catholic youth in Makuyu. Secondly, it examined challenges faced by DBDON towards integral empowerment of the Catholic youth. Finally, it established the measures that could be taken to curb the challenges facing the DBDON program in integral empowerment of the Catholic youth. The study was guided by Holistic Christian Transformation Theory by Bragg, Samuel, Sugden (2003). The study was carried out in Makuyu, Maragua South Sub- County in Murang'a County. A descriptive survey design was used. Purposive and random samplings were used to select a sample size of 126 respondents from a study population of 185 Catholic youth and leaders of the Don Bosco Makuyu DBDON program. The target population was the Catholic youth who were currently in DBDON at the time of the study, the youth who had benefited from DBDON, the parish priest, and the administration of the DBDON program. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and represented through tables, pie charts and graphs. Qualitative data was organized into study themes that corresponded with the study’s objectives and later represented in narrative form. The study established that Catholic Church’s DBDON organization had established various programs that promoted youth integral empowerment. Additionally, the Catholic youth acquired skills which enabled them to become self-reliant and reformed. Moreover, the findings revealed that, the DBDON program had impacted the lives of the youth in several ways. Nonetheless, the results indicated that the DBDON program faces several challenges including financial constraints that derail their efforts, inadequate learning resources as well as poor participation. Therefore, the study recommends that the church should take measures to curb the challenges it faces in order to ensure effective youth integral empowerment. It is hoped that the findings of this study would spur a collective responsibility from all stakeholders who include government: the national and county, NGOs, community-based organizations (CBOs) as well as faith-based organizations (FBOs) to be involved in youth integral empowerment since the youth form a segment of the society’s population that is very vital.
Domestic Violence against Women in African Inland Church in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Ronoh, Lucy Jepkemei
Various studies indicate that women across the world are frequently exposed to different forms of domestic violence (DV). In Kenya, it is reported that almost half of the female population has directly or indirectly experienced domestic violence. Domestic violence is abusive behavior perpetrated by one’s partner in a relationship. It is notable that its patterns and persistence are interwoven into social norms and power relations. Uasin Gishu County, particularly Soy Sub-County, has witnessed a significant surge in gender-based violence (GBV) cases over recent years. The community, predominantly composed of the Kalenjin community, with over 75% conforming to the African Inland Church (AIC) Christian faith, forms a substantial and representative sample for this research. This research aimed to assess the prevalence of DV against women, with a specific focus on the role of the clergy within the AIC in addressing these DV. This study sought to examine the role of the church in addressing domestic violence among its followers the study utilized the feminist and cultural lag theories in situating domestic violence and its responses in a patriarchal context. The study employed a stratified sampling method, simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data collection involved questionnaire interviews, key informant interviews (KIIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs). Qualitative data analysis utilized Excel to identify leading themes. Respondents' knowledge of factors causing DV against women and self-reported experiences were used to measure the existence and nature of DV. Quantitative data analysis, conducted using SPSS 2.0 software, employed descriptive and inferential statistics, presented through tables and figures. From the empirical analysis, a combination of patriarchal culture, financial constraints, alcohol abuse, and a lack of conjugal rights were found to contribute to DV against women. The study established that 32.6% of victims of DV sought help from the church through its leadership. It was further established that domestic violence is common among the faithful of the AIC church. While the clergy understand what constitutes domestic violence, the study establishes that the church does not have a substantive framework or policies to guide them on how to address domestic violence. The study also found that the coping strategies that were used may not solve the problem entirely, as the clergy are not well prepared to handle it. The study recommends comprehensive training for clergy and church leaders to effectively address DV, accompanied by the establishment of frameworks or guidelines within the church. Additionally, stronger collaborative efforts between the church, state, and other sectors are essential to creating synergy in addressing domestic violence in Soy Sub-County.
Belief in Witchcraft and its Effects on the Stability of Families in Mosocho Divison, Kisii County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Obwaya, Nancy Kemunto
The purpose of this study was to examine the belief in witchcraft and its effects on the stability of families in Mosocho Division, Kisii County which has persisted to exist. The study was guided by three objectives; First, to establish various forms of witchcraft and their influence on family stability in Mosocho Division, Kisii County, second, to investigate types of punishment meted out on suspected witches and how they affect family stability in Mosocho Division, Kisii County and finally, to explore effects of belief in witchcraft on the stability of families in Mosocho Division, Kisii County. This was achieved by reviewing a number of published and unpublished materials based on the objectives. It was realized that various scholars have not addressed the belief in witchcraft and its effects on the stability of families. The study was guided by Marwick (1967) Theory of Social Accusation which argues that witchcraft accusations and allegations lead to social tension and hence breaks family relationships. The study applied descriptive survey research design conducted in Mosocho Division, Kisii County. Data was collected from Mosocho Division, Kisii County which comprises of seven locations. Data from respondents was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Pretesting of the questionnaires was undertaken to establish their reliability and validity. Proportionate and purposive sampling methods were used to collect data from a sample of Kisii elders, local government administration officials (chiefs and sub-chiefs), human rights activists and youths, that included both male and female participants with a total sample size consisting of 394 respondents. The respondent’s age, gender and period of residence were significant determinants. The collected data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 involving descriptive statistics for quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed through content and thematic analysis aimed at consolidating thematic issues. The findings revealed that there was a wide array of witchcraft forms in the study area; and that inherited or family witchcraft was the most commonly practiced. Additionally, enmity, divorce, school dropout, development of mental health conditions, displacement and loss of property were the most detrimental effects of witchcraft in Mosocho Division. Moreover, the findings indicated that belief in witchcraft influences the stability of families. It is hoped that these findings through its recommendations will enable the community and local administration to come up with strategies and a platform that provide an opportunity for creating a more unified social order, based on family unity, and a more accommodative society devoid of witchcraft or its effects.
Pastoral Care among Bukusu Widows: The Case of the Pentecostal Evangelistic Fellowship of Africa Church, Bungoma County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Simiyu, Jescah Naliaka
Both the African traditional and Christian groups emphasize on the significance of unwavering love for the poor, marginalized, and vulnerable. This study examined the pastoral care accorded to the widows within the Bukusu community. It set out to examine its implementation in line with biblical teachings and the extent to which the present cultural practices affect it. The general objective of the study was to investigate pastoral care for widows within the Bukusu community with specific reference to the Pentecostal Evangelistic Fellowship of Africa (PEFA) church in Webuye East, Bungoma County, Kenya. It was guided by the four objectives: first, to identify problems faced by widows within the Bukusu community following the deaths of their spouses; second, to examine the support PEFA church offers to widows in the Bukusu community during their grieving period; third, to explore the Bukusu widowhood practices observed by the widows and finally, establish strategies that can enhance the pastoral care program for widows among the Bukusu at PEFA Church. The literature was reviewed in the light of the study findings. This study was guided by Kubler-Ross‘ Theory of Grief (1969) and Ferguson‘s work on feminism published in 2017. Because the study employed a descriptive research design, the researcher collected factual data in a methodical manner through the use of questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs). PEFA church leaders and widows made up the study's respondents. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the study sample. While secondary data was obtained from relevant previously published materials, primary data was gathered using FGDs and questionnaires that were developed from the study objectives and interview schedules. Descriptive statistics, narratives, and verbatim citations were all used in the data analysis. Quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), grouped thematically, and presented narratively. The study findings revealed that widows within the Bukusu community face financial struggles, land loss, and debts after the death of their husbands. Moreover, PEFA church provides pastoral care which is limited because of the widows‘ high expectations and limited awareness. The study suggests strategies to improve pastoral care, which include income-generating activities (IGAs), support groups, healthcare, community-based organizations (CBOs), government registration, bursaries, and fundraisers. It is hoped that the findings of this study will enable the church, government and other stakeholders to understand the unique challenges the widows face within the Bukusu community. In this way, they can come up with appropriate mechanisms to mitigate them besides. Further, they can formulate relevant policy frameworks and their implementation to enhance effectiveness of pastoral care.
The Influence of Terrorism Activities on Muslim-Christian Relations in Garissa County, Kenya, 1998-2015
(Kenyatta University, 2023-03) Ismail, Abdi Aden; Newton Kahumbi Maina; Margaret Gecaga
Abstract
Roman Catholic Church Teaching on Sanctity of Human Life and its Bearing on Suicide Among Youth in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Sunguti, Henry Khakavo; Michael T. Katola; Margaret Gecaga
The primary goal of this study was to examine how the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church about the sanctity of human life relate to youth suicide. The World Health Organization stated on World Suicide Prevention Day (WSPD) of 2022 that an estimated 703,000 persons attempt suicide each year (WHO,2022). Suicide ranks as the fourth most common cause of death for those between the ages of 15 and 28worldwide, with over 77% of instances occurring in low- and middle-income nations (WHO,2019). When faced with traumatic life events like suicide, many turn to religion as a protective coping mechanism that gives them comfort and significance. According to Roman Catholic doctrine, life is sacred and, as such, is the preserve of God, the author. The problem statement was: Can the RCC's teaching on sanctity of human life enhance the mitigation of suicide among youth in Ruaraka Deanery, Nairobi City County, Kenya? The general research problem was to examine why some youth resort to suicide even after being exposed to the teachings of the RCC on sanctity of human life through various pastoral programs. The study's specific goals were to determine the factors that contribute to youth suicide cases, find out how the RCC teaches the sanctity of human life in various youth programs, look into how the RCC handles successful and unsuccessful suicide cases, and, lastly, develop different strategies to reduce youth suicide in Ruaraka. The study utilized two interconnected theories of suicide: David Klonsky and Alexis May's (2015) Three-Step Theory of Suicide (3ST) highlighted the ideation to action path of a suicidal person, while Thomas Joiner's (2005) Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS)emphasized the importance of an individual's social connections. The survey design employed in the study was descriptive. A purposive sampling strategy was employed in the Ruaraka Deanery to choose the ten parishes. Three methods were used to gather primary data: questionnaires, interview guides, and focus groups. The study's target group included the clergy, parish administration, youth, and catechists of Ruaraka Deanery. Youths were selected by simple random section, whereas clergy, catechists, and leaders were selected using a purposive sample technique. Consequently, the study findings showed: various factors lead to suicide cases and suicidal thoughts, social media and online sources, poor understanding of RCC teachings on sanctity of life, deficiencies in training of the catechists and ineffective methodology in teaching of the sanctity of human life. The study recommends: that the Catholic Deanery of Ruaraka needs to enhance the methodology of teaching the doctrine on sanctity of human life in catechism classes and other programs, the clergy availability to youth, and the government to step up efforts to enshrine religious teachings to address the problem of suicide in Kenya.
Inrtegrating Akamba and Pastoral Counselling Models to Mitigate Infidelity in Africa Inland Church Kitui County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Munyoki, Dennis Mutua; Michael T. Katola; Philomena N. Mwaura
Sexual infidelity is a world-wide phenomenon that adversely affects the sanctity of marriage. It seriously impacts the family, which is the basic unit of the society. Christianity and culture have always provided moral standards by which social behaviour is regulated. This has been through structured guidance and counselling to the members of the society. The counselling emphasizes on morality, sanctity of marriage and family as the locus of the society. However, marital challenges and especially cases of sexual infidelity are still rampant among members of Africa Inland Church. It is paradoxical having pastoral counselling structures emphasizing on sanctity of marriage in place and at the same time, rampant cases of sexual infidelity. In the Akamba indigenous society, the counselling system was effective in that members of the society were socialised into acceptable behaviour commensurate with the norms, values and beliefs of the society. Thus, cases of marital instability and especially sexual infidelity were minimal compared to today when the church is perceived to have grown. The question about how AIC pastoral counselling programs can produce positive results, especially in regard to marital sanctity remains critical in this study. This calls for an integrative counselling model that brings both counselling techniques together for a more formidable counselling model. To achieve this goal, three specific objectives guided the study: to investigate the causes of sexual infidelity among Christians couples; to find out the challenges resulting from sexual infidelity and to assess the Akamba counselling elements that can be incorporated in AIC Pastoral counselling model with a view to finding ways of mitigating sexual infidelity in Africa Inland Church, Kitui County, Kenya. Although extensive research has been carried out on Akamba and Pastoral counselling techniques, sexual infidelity menace is insufficiently explored. Literature reviewed confirmed that AIC counselling approach, content analysis and timelines is a matter of concern. The study employed a descriptive survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, Focus Group Discussions and through analysis of documents retrieved from the library. The research used purposive and simple random sampling method. Purposive sampling selected participants on the basis of their significance to the research topic. Descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentages were used in the analysis and presented through narratives, bar graphs and frequency tables. Mead's (1863-1931)Symbolic Interactionism theory, Emile Durkheim (1912) functionalist theory and Walker's (2020) Integrated Pastoral Counselling model, were applied to the data. These theoretical frame works were employed to articulate the fundamental role played by the church and community in socialization of individuals in the society and need to maintain theological integrity while doing integration. Key findings revealed that inadequate preparation before marriage, marital dissatisfaction, and geographical migration were among highly rated causes of sexual infidelity. The study concludes that the prevailing status of sexual infidelity in Africa Inland Church is likely to be addressed if the Church revisits and adequately reconstructs a pastoral-cultural integrative counselling model with a view of mitigating sexual infidelity for stability of Christian families in Kitui County, Kenya.
Roman Catholic Church Teaching on Sanctity of Human Life and Its Bearing on Suicide among Youth in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(kenyatta university, 2023) Sunguti, Henry Khakavo; Michael Katola; Margaret Gecaga
The primary goal of this study was to examine how the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church about the sanctity of human life relate to youth suicide. The World Health Organization stated on World Suicide Prevention Day (WSPD) of 2022 that an estimated 703,000 persons attempt suicide each year (WHO, 2022). Suicide ranks as the fourth most common cause of death for those between the ages of 15 and 28 worldwide, with over 77% of instances occurring in low- and middle-income nations (WHO, 2019). When faced with traumatic life events like suicide, many turn to religion as a protective coping mechanism that gives them comfort and significance. According to Roman Catholic doctrine, life is sacred and, as such, is the preserve of God, the author. The problem statement was: Can the RCC’s teaching on sanctity of human life enhance the mitigation of suicide among youth in Ruaraka Deanery, Nairobi City County, Kenya? The general research problem was to examine why some youth resort to suicide even after being exposed to the teachings of the RCC on sanctity of human life through various pastoral programs. The study's specific goals were to determine the factors that contribute to youth suicide cases, find out how the RCC teaches the sanctity of human life in various youth programs, look into how the RCC handles successful and unsuccessful suicide cases, and, lastly, develop different strategies to reduce youth suicide in Ruaraka. The study utilized two interconnected theories of suicide: David Klonsky and Alexis May's (2015) Three-Step Theory of Suicide (3ST) highlighted the ideation to action path of a suicidal person, while Thomas Joiner's (2005) Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS) emphasized the importance of an individual's social connections. The survey design employed in the study was descriptive. A purposive sampling strategy was employed in the Ruaraka Deanery to choose the ten parishes. Three methods were used to gather primary data: questionnaires, interview guides, and focus groups. The study's target group included the clergy, parish administration, youth, and catechists of Ruaraka Deanery. Youths were selected by simple random selection, whereas clergy, catechists, and leaders were selected using a purposive sample technique. Consequently, the study findings showed: various factors lead to suicide cases and suicidal thoughts, social media and online sources, poor understanding of RCC teachings on sanctity of life, deficiencies in training of the catechists and ineffective methodology in teaching of the sanctity of human life. The study recommends: that the Catholic Deanery of Ruaraka needs to enhance the methodology of teaching the doctrine on sanctity of human life in catechism classes and other programs, the clergy availability to youth, and the government to step up efforts to enshrine religious teachings to address the problem of suicide in Kenya.
Integrating Akamba and Pastoral Counselling Models to Mitigate Infidelity in Africa Inland Church Kitui County, Kenya
(kenyatta university, 2023) Munyoki, Dennis Mutua; Michael T. Katola; Philemona N. Mwaura
Sexual infidelity is a world-wide phenomenon that adversely affects the sanctity of marriage. It seriously impacts the family, which is the basic unit of the society. Christianity and culture have always provided moral standards by which social behaviour is regulated. This has been through structured guidance and counselling to the members of the society. The counselling emphasizes on morality, sanctity of marriage and family as the locus of the society. However, marital challenges and especially cases of sexual infidelity are still rampant among members of Africa Inland Church. It is paradoxical having pastoral counselling structures emphasizing on sanctity of marriage in place and at the same time, rampant cases of sexual infidelity. In the Akamba indigenous society, the counselling system was effective in that members of the society were socialised into acceptable behaviour commensurate with the norms, values and beliefs of the society. Thus, cases of marital instability and especially sexual infidelity were minimal compared to today when the church is perceived to have grown. The question about how AIC pastoral counselling programs can produce positive results, especially in regard to marital sanctity remains critical in this study. This calls for an integrative counselling model that brings both counselling techniques together for a more formidable counselling model. To achieve this goal, three specific objectives guided the study: to investigate the causes of sexual infidelity among Christians couples; to find out the challenges resulting from sexual infidelity and to assess the Akamba counselling elements that can be incorporated in AIC Pastoral counselling model with a view to finding ways of mitigating sexual infidelity in Africa Inland Church, Kitui County, Kenya. Although extensive research has been carried out on Akamba and Pastoral counselling techniques, sexual infidelity menace is insufficiently explored. Literature reviewed confirmed that AIC counselling approach, content analysis and timelines is a matter of concern. The study employed a descriptive survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, Focus Group Discussions and through analysis of documents retrieved from the library. The research used purposive and simple random sampling method. Purposive sampling selected participants on the basis of their significance to the research topic. Descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentages were used in the analysis and presented through narratives, bar graphs and frequency tables. Mead's (1863-1931) Symbolic Interactionism theory, Emile Durkheim (1912) functionalist theory and Walker’s (2020) Integrated Pastoral Counselling model, were applied to the data. These theoretical frame works were employed to articulate the fundamental role played by the church and community in socialization of individuals in the society and need to maintain theological integrity while doing integration. Key findings revealed that inadequate preparation before marriage, marital dissatisfaction, and geographical migration were among highly rated causes of sexual infidelity. The study concludes that the prevailing status of sexual infidelity in Africa Inland Church is likely to be addressed if the Church revisits and adequately reconstructs a pastoral-cultural integrative counselling model with a view of mitigating sexual infidelity for stability of Christian families in Kitui County, Kenya.

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