RP-Department of Conflict Resolution and International Relations

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Role of Parliamentary Diplomacy in Legislative Harmonization and Enhancement of Regional Cooperation: Case of The East African Legislative Assembly
(Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), 2023-09) Ogolo, Erick Owino; Mwea, Caroline Wandiri
The role of parliamentary diplomacy in legislative harmonization and enhancing regional cooperation, as exemplified by the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA), is pivotal in facilitating the integration and development of the East African Community (EAC). EALA, comprising elected representatives from six East African partner states, serves as a critical platform where rigorous debates, negotiations, and the exchange of ideas take place to align legal frameworks and policies. This harmonization not only fosters a conducive environment for regional cooperation but also promotes transparency, accountability, and public participation in the legislative process. Through parliamentary diplomacy, EALA bridges political divides, builds mutual understanding, and contributes to the sustainable development and prosperity of the East African region, highlighting its essential role in advancing the goals of regional integration and cooperation in an interconnected world. The study examined how parliamentary diplomacy contributes to the process of legislative harmonization and the enhancement of regional cooperation within the EALA, using a mixed methods approach. The study found out that there is a crucial role of parliamentary diplomacy; there are persisting challenges in harmonization; there is greater contribution to regional cooperation and there is need for continuous investment and dialogue. In conclusion, the study underscores the vital role of parliamentary diplomacy in promoting legislative harmonization and regional cooperation within the EALA and the broader EAC. EALA's parliamentary diplomacy efforts have proven effective in aligning legal frameworks, fostering transparency, and building trust among member states. However, challenges such as varying levels of commitment and implementation issues persist and require continued attention. The recommendations offered in the study are crucial for enhancing the impact of parliamentary diplomacy within EALA and the EAC. Strengthening diplomatic training and capacity building programs will equip parliamentarians and officials with the necessary skills to navigate complex negotiations effectively. Consistency in implementing harmonized legislation, along with enhanced monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, is essential to bridge the gap between policy formulation and actual implementation. Promoting inclusivity by involving a broader range of stakeholders and engaging the public through awareness campaigns can bolster transparency and accountability in regional cooperation efforts. Lastly, sustained dialogue and consultations among member states are vital for addressing disparities and ensuring a shared commitment to the goals of regional integration and development.
Intricate Dynamics within Dadaab Refugee Camp and their Impact on Kenya's National Security
(JAIS, 2024-11) Odari, Diana Mudave; Hamasi, Linnet
The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between the socio-economic integration of refugees and the perceptions of security risks among local communities in Kenya. The complexities within refugee camps, particularly the Dadaab Refugee Camp in Kenya, embody a delicate balance of humanitarian needs and national security concerns. As displacement increases globally, understanding the intricate social, economic and security dynamics in these camps becomes essential for policy formulation. This study examined how socio-economic integration and access to essential services can shape local perceptions of security risks, contributing to either stability or conflict between refugees and host communities. Guided by Security Threat Theory by Kilcullen (2010) and Social Identity Theory by Hogg (2016), the study explored the interplay of resource competition, community relations and the role of social identities in influencing security perceptions. The study employed a descriptive survey research design to investigate the security implications of refugee populations in Dadaab Refugee Camp, Garissa County, Kenya. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data collection, it captured the views of refugees, local residents, security personnel, community leaders and humanitarian representatives. A sample size of n=399 participants was derived using Yamane's formula, with additional in-depth interviews to enhance the analysis. Findings reveal that resource scarcity, economic disparity and unequal aid distribution contribute to socio-economic tensions, both within the refugee camp and between refugees and the host community. Such conditions strain infrastructure, foster competition for resources and increase security concerns. The study concludes that enhancing equitable resource distribution, promoting economic initiatives and strengthening infrastructure are crucial for fostering stability and minimizing security risks. The study recommends on collaborative efforts among aid organizations and authorities to ensure equitable resource distribution, promote income-generating opportunities and strengthen infrastructure to enhance stability and security within Dadaab Refugee Camp and its surrounding communities.
The efficacy of forensic techniques in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations in Kisumu County; Kenya
(Reviewed Journals International (RJI), 2024-10) Asanta, Brigid B.; Sirera, Anne
This study assessed the efficacy of forensic procedures in delivering acceptable evidence in homicide investigations in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Locard's Principle theory and The Actor Network Theory. The objectives of this study were: to assess the effectiveness of DNA sampling procedures in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; to examine the use of toxicology in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; to establish the efficacy of Fingerprinting in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; and to investigate the forensic challenges. The study was carried out using an ex-post facto research design. The targeted population was the DCI officers and court prosecutors working in Kisumu County. The study used a census method to choose all 110 DCI officers in Kisumu County to participate. Prosecutors in Kisumu County, Kenya, were chosen via purposive selection. Questionnaires were the main method of data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics specifically linear regression aided by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. To describe the research findings, descriptive statistics in the form of measures of central tendency (frequency, mean, median, mode, and percentages) and measures of dispersion (range and standard deviations) was employed. The efficacy of forensic techniques on evidence admissibility was examined using inferential statistics, specifically Linear regression at 5% significance levels. Regression analyses uncover strong positive relationships between key variables, mainly, DNA Sampling Procedures, Use of Toxicology, Fingerprinting Efficacy, on Admissible Evidence forensic investigations. Multiple linear regression analysis predicts that these factors collectively account for 61.3 % a significant portion of the variability in Evidence Quality affirming their strength in providing admissible evidence for homicide cases. Specifically, DNA Sampling Procedures (B = 0.304), the Use of Toxicology (B = 0.299), and Fingerprinting Efficacy (B = 0.354) all demonstrate positive coefficients, indicating that mprovements in these aspects lead to higher quality admissible evidence. On the other hand, Forensic Challenges (B = 0.374) carries a positive coefficient, suggesting that an increase in challenges faced during forensic practices corresponds to a decrease in the quality of admissible evidence. Equally, Forensic Challenges are shown to limiting in obtaining admissible evidence significantly. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the DCI Kisumu County work with the DCI headquarters and the NPS and the national government to address the challenges to ensure the DCI investigators using forensic service obtain admissible evidence for homicide cases.
The Impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Conflict on Regional Cooperation, Sustainable Development, and Conflict Resolution in Africa
(CEDRED, 2023-12) Okech, Cornel Otieno; Wasonga, Joseph
The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) conflict on regional cooperation, sustainable development, and conflict resolution in Africa. The contention of this study is that the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a monumental infrastructure project situated in the Nile River Basin; a region historically marked by complex hydro-political dynamics. The GERD conflict has ignited multifaceted repercussions, impacting regional cooperation, sustainable development, and conflict resolution in Africa. While it has strained diplomatic relations and created tensions among Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt, it has also led to increased engagement in negotiations facilitated by international mediators. The conflict's complexity is evident in both cooperative and conflicting instances, emphasizing the need for ongoing diplomatic efforts to address tensions and foster collaboration. This underscores the importance of nuanced diplomacy in navigating transboundary water issues. The GERD conflict's multifaceted consequences on sustainable development vary among the affected African countries. Ethiopia anticipates economic benefits from the dam's energy generation, while downstream nations express concerns about agriculture, food security, and access to clean water. A balanced approach to development in the Nile River basin must consider these diverse impacts and address downstream concerns. This necessitates comprehensive strategies and underscores the importance of achieving sustainable development objectives for all nations involved. The evaluation of diplomatic efforts and conflict resolution mechanisms highlights the critical role of international mediation, particularly by the African Union (AU). However, the enduring complexity of the GERD conflict, with ongoing disagreements on fundamental issues, underscores the formidable challenges that diplomatic efforts face. These findings emphasize the necessity for persistent and inclusive diplomacy to address the intricate dynamics of the GERD dispute and promote long-term regional stability. The lessons learned from this conflict have broader implications for managing transboundary water disputes and underscore the importance of diplomacy in finding sustainable solutions to complex hydropolitical challenges. Recommendations to address the ongoing challenges in the Nile River basin include enhanced diplomatic engagement, conducting a comprehensive impact assessment of the GERD, and implementing inclusive sustainable development initiatives. Continued diplomatic negotiations, facilitated by international mediators, should prioritize open dialogue and confidence-building measures. A thorough and impartial assessment of the GERD's impacts on downstream countries should be conducted, and inclusive development initiatives should focus on water resource management, agriculture, and clean water access. These recommendations aim to promote stability, cooperation, and sustainable development in the region, ultimately contributing to the resolution of the GERD conflict.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military Intervention and Regime Change in Libya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Murungi, Isaac Muthaura; Ichani, Xavier; Otieno, Isaiah Oduor
The purpose of this article is to examine the activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations’ (NATO) military intervention and implications on regime change in Libya. The United Nations (UN) continues to sanction humanitarian intervention against states purported to violate fundamental human rights of their citizens. Some of these interventions have transcended to sanctioned regime change that have attracted intense academic discourse. We seek to contribute to this ensuing debate using the case of the NATO’s intervention in Libya, by critique of nature of crisis warranting intervention, the rationale of humanitarian intervention in the context of Libya and to evaluate the role of foreign military intervention in precipitating regime change in Libya. Anchored on the two opposing theoretical paradigms of realism and liberalism, we argue that humanitarian intervention by the NATO was motivated by the need to promote geopolitical interests of the intervenors and that the military intervention by the NATO was anticipated and orchestrated process of extending the Western democratic values in Libya. Based on existing secondary data and interviews conducted, we conclude that while it was evident that the NATO played a major military role in forestalling the Libyan insurrection, the use of force in supplanting democratically elected government was unwarranted and failed to meet the aspirations of many in Libya. Therefore, sanctioned humanitarian intervention against states purported to violate fundamental human rights of their citizens may at times fail to serve the intended goal of self-preservation of the sovereign power of the state in question. We recommend that mandates for all humanitarian interventions be clearly spell out and that interveners’ interests must not override state sovereignty and the aspiration of the people.
Water Scarcity Role on Violent Conflicts amongst Pastoralist Communities in Tiaty Sub-County, Baringo County Kenya
(RJI, 2024-03) Safari, Sarah N.; Wambua, Peter Philip
This study delved into the intricate relationship between water scarcity and conflict dynamics within pastoralist communities, shedding light on the multifaceted factors that influence conflicts arising from resource scarcity. Through a comprehensive analysis of social, economic, and environmental dimensions, alongside conflict intensity and stakeholder involvement, the study seeks to offer a nuanced understanding of conflict drivers and inform effective mitigation strategies. The study’s theoretical framework was guided by the resource curse theory as well as the environmental scarcity theory. A descriptive research design was used and the target population for the study was 73,424 residents of Tiaty Sub County and through the use of multistage sampling, 156 respondents were chosen to participate in the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Descriptive statistics were analysed and presented in percentages and frequencies while inferential statistics was analysed through the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings were presented in the form of tables. The researcher ensured careful ethical considerations. The correlation analysis to determine the effect of Social Factors on violent conflicts shows a significant correlation existed (r = 0.785, p < 0.05). Pearson’s correlations coefficient was higher than 0.5 suggestion a strong relationship existed between the two variables. The study had also sought to determine the effect of economic factors and violent conflicts, the analysis yielded a Pearson correlation coefficient of r = 0.746, p < 0.05; indicating that a strong relationship existed between the two variables. The study also sought to determine the effects of environmental factors on violent conflicts. The analysis yielded Pearson correlations coefficient is (r = 0.781, p< 0.05) to indicate a strong relationship between the two variables. Social Factors proved to have the highest positive correlation with Violent Conflicts It is evident that all the independent variables could explain the levels of Violent Conflicts in the region. Conflict and human security generating factors are closely intertwined. The prevalent conflicts and the declining environmental security in pastoral areas is a result of a combination of factors that include competition over scarce, vital natural resources. The situation is worsened by harsh climatic condition and ineffective management and utilization mechanisms.
Internal Dissidence and Radicalization into Violent Extremism in Kwale County, Kenya
(JAIS, 2024-03) Kasimwa, Faith Analo; Xavier, Francis Ichani
This study sought to investigate the link between internal dissidence and the increased violent extremism in Kwale County, Kenya. Using factor analysis design, this study explores the factors driving internal dissent and the strategies used by listed extremists grouping to establish ties with internal dissenters in Kwale County, Kenya. This study reviewed related literature in internal dissidents, violent extremism, and radicalization to shed light on this study. The frustration aggression drive theory and social movement theory were in grounding the discussions of the two variables. This study established that a number of causal factors including lack of job opportunities, discontent with education system, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, and elitist social control of the economic system were driving internal dissent and radicalization in the region. Listed extremist groups use propaganda, extremist religious teachings, and direct recruit to establish affiliation with dissenters. Given that a large number of youth gangs that are supported by known extremist this study established a high correlation between internal dissent and existence violent extremism in the region. Therefore, this study recommends a shift from top-down government led multiagency approach to bottom-up strategy embodying improved public involvement as strategy for countering the spread of propaganda and misguided religious teachings driving internal dissent and radicalization leading to violent extremism in Kwale County, Kenya.
Unraveling the Implementation of Kenya’s Environmental Diplomacy Pillar in Mitigating Air Pollution: A Case of Nairobi City County
(IJRISS, 2024-04) Kimiti, Paul G.; Ichani, Xavier Francis
Environmental issues have in recent decades occupied center stage in international politics with increasing adoption of agreements on the environment signifying a shifting focus by states to greater cooperation on environmental matters. Air pollution has attracted the most attention internationally due to its link to climate change which has had devastating effects globally. Different states have therefore adopted international environmental treaties and initiated diverse policies and actions domestically in an attempt to change the trend in air pollution. The implementation of these measures has however been criticized as air pollution continues to rise. Kenya’s environmental diplomacy pillar under the foreign policy document of 2014 committed the country to sustainable environmental management as a contribution to international environmental efforts. Evidence however indicates that air pollution continues particularly in Nairobi City County. This study therefore sought to examine the envisioned implementation of the pillar in the context of other existing environmental laws. The areas of focus included establishing the extent to which the pillar has been implemented, the agencies involved and their capacity and the detailed implementation framework. Other areas were the extent of domestication of environmental treaties on air pollution and the envisioned impact of Kenya’s environmental diplomacy pillar at the grassroots level. The study employed exploratory research design and targeted 130 key informants from institutions concerned with environmental matters from which a sample of 30% was drawn. It used both primary and secondary data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and conceptual content analysis and the results were presented in a narrative supported by tables. The study recommends formulation and publicization of a detailed implementation framework for the environmental diplomacy pillar to clarify linkages between international and domestic environmental actions and synergize efforts at the different levels. It also calls for adequately resourcing institutions involved in the implementation of the pillar and seeking partnerships to enhance local capacity for air pollution management.
Assessment of Climate Change Anxiety in High School Youths of Kwale County, Kenya
(EANSO, 2023-12) Mutua, Patrick M.; Kauti, Matheaus K.; Mwangangi, Leonard; Nzilani, Musyoka Sonnia
Climate change anxiety refers to negative cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and functional responses to experiences of climate change and has implications on mental health. The current study sought to determine how climate change anxiety relates to cognitive-emotional and functional impairments as well as with experience of climate change and behavioural engagement in youths. The study surveyed 388 youths (aged 13-24 years) in high schools in Kwale County, Kenya. Data were analysed in XLSTAT software usingPearson's correlation and considered significant for values of p ≤ 0.05. Over 60 % of the youths had more than "Sometimes" suffered cognitive-emotional impairment, while 63 % were more than "Sometimes" inflicted with functional impairment. Additionally, 61 % of the respondents more than "Sometimes" reported having had a climate change experience. However, 71 % of the youths were more than "Sometimes" engaged in climate change behavioural activities. There were no significant gender differences in the scores. Cognitive-emotional impairment (M = 2.507, SD = 1.267) was significantly (P = 0.0048) associated with behavioural engagement in climate change (M = 3.019, SD = 1.403). Youths attending day schools scored significantly (P = 0.022) higher in functional impairment (M = 2.897, SD = 1.182) than students in boarding schools (M = 2.535, SD = 1.395). Youths aged 13-17 years were substantially more affected by climate change anxiety than those aged 18-24 years. This study identifies a population at risk with highexposure and vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change. The study suggests the need for policies to address climate change anxiety in youths in schools and the use of the youths' pro-environmental behavioural engagements in climate change to improve their adaptive capacity.
Assessment of Banditry, Cattle Rustling and Insecurity Nexus in North West Kenya
(JAIS, 2023) Musau, Daniel Muange; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Mulu, Francis
Banditry and cattle rustling in North West Kenya pose a serious threat to security in the country. The negative impact of violent banditry and cattle rustling in North West Kenya is heavily felt in terms of social disorder and economic disruption especially loss of human life and property destruction. Vicious cycles of insecurity in the region coupled with the prolonged deployment of security forces are an area of concern Given the strong reluctance by scholars to publish works of banditry, this article will add to the existing literature. The paper posits that banditry and cattle rustling has evolved their methods and tactics to lethal militants reigning terror to the citizen and security personnel. The drivers of the modern banditry and cattle rustling in the region are unique together with the attendant causes since they continued fueling incessant insecurity with dire consequences. The study was anchored with a revisionist theory which is germane to the study due to its perspective on national security adopting a modern approach that is more human-centric than the traditional statecentric approach. With reference to banditry in North West Kenya, this article adopted a descriptive method to examine the connection between banditry and threat to security as well as describe the historical background of banditry, drivers of banditry, the threat posed by banditry to security, key raging debates concerning banditry and consequences of banditry. The paper suggests that a number of factors, including the lack of government control, high unemployment rates, poverty, a lack of social purpose (in the form of archaic cultural practices), political influence, illiteracy, competition for scarce resources, and the proliferation of small arms, are fueling the rise of banditry in Kenya's northwestern region. In the concluding reflections, the study strived to proffer academic recommendations and appropriate strategies for the governments, security agencies, and multi agencies to reduce the banditry problem in North West Kenya. From the general public, 120 respondents were chosen as the sample size. The study, which relied on secondary data, found that contemporary banditry constituted a serious threat to national security. The recommendations informed the conclusion of the study.
An Analysis of the Impact of Kenya's Protectionist Laws on the Implementation of the East African Community (EAC) Common Market Protocol
(JAIS, 2023) Barasa, Masika Benjamin; Mulu, Francis; Kakai, Pius
Kenya, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, and South Sudan make up the East African Community (EAC), a regional economic union. Barriers to trade and investment within the EAC region were reduced by the signing of the Common Market Protocol (CMP) in 2010. Kenya and other EAC member nations have enacted protectionist policies that have hampered the CMP's full fulfillment. The term "protectionism" is used to describe measures taken to shield indigenous sectors from international competition by limiting trade and foreign direct investment. To shield its domestic sectors from international competition, Kenya has adopted protectionist policies similar to those of many other emerging nations. Import licensing restrictions and tariffs are two examples of protectionist policies. Unfortunate events have led to unforeseen implications for the region's economy, despite the region's best intentions. The region has seen a decline in foreign direct investment (FDI) because of protectionist policies that have raised trade barriers and stifled competitiveness. Kenya's restrictive trade policies have so prevented the full implementation of the EAC CMP. The purpose of this research was to analyze how Kenya's trade barriers have affected the progress of the EAC CMP. The results of the research shed light on how protectionist policies have impacted regional efforts to integrate their economies, such as company competitiveness, trade flows, and investment. Policymakers and other interested parties in the EAC region can use the study's findings to further economic integration and boost the region's competitiveness. In this study, an examination on how Kenya's protectionist legislation has affected the progress of the EAC CMP was undertaken. The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact that Kenya's protectionist policies have had on the implementation of the EAC CMP, which was established to facilitate the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people within the EAC. The study used a qualitative research approach, collecting information through document analysis and interviews with key participants in Kenya's commercial and industrial sectors. Using text analysis, this study provided light on the ways in which the protectionist policies of Kenya impact regional business competitiveness, trade, and investment. At the completion of the research, it was eminent that the high tariffs, non-tariff impediments, and import licensing procedures that enhance the cost of doing business are less competitive than those in other regions and Kenya can better integrate the country's economic protectionist policies with those of the EAC CMP. The study recommends that a modification of protectionist policies so that they are consistent with the goals of the EAC CMP. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers should be lowered, and import licensing made easier and encouraging free trade. Moreover, the EAC member states to create a dispute resolution body to address challenges on regional economic integration. In order for SMEs to participate in regional markets, the study suggests that EAC member states prioritize capacity building for SMEs.
Gender Mainstreaming Policies and Women Participation in Peace Support Operations: A Case of Kenya’s Contingents in African Mission in Somalia, 2011-2020
(CEDRED, 2023) Kang’ung’u, Francisca Kitondo; Ichani, Xavier Francis
Gender mainstreaming as means of widening women participation in peace support operations is increasingly attracting scholarly attention. This study aimed at investigating the influence of gender mainstreaming policies on women participation in peace support missions using the case of Kenya’s contingents in the African Mission in Somalia from 2011 to 2020. Specific objectives were to analyze the UN rationale for women participation in peace keeping operation in the context of Kenya, to assess enacted gender mainstreaming policies for women participation and their influence on women participation in peace keeping operations and to evaluate how inclusion of women in peace keeping operations influenced the overall mission outcome of Kenya’s peacekeeping operations contingents in the African Mission in Somalia between 2011 and 2020. Guided by the liberal feminist theory and primary and secondary data gathered and analyzed using mixed approaches of qualitative and quantitative research, this study found that despite the UN Security Council resolution 1325 expanding peace support operations by incorporating inclusion of women in its operations, the proportion of women in peace support operation is still low. However, there is increased involvement of the women in peace support operations in the Kenyan contingents in Somalia. Secondly, Kenya has enacted gender mainstreaming policies including gender units and gender coordinators, training programs, gender sensitivity programs and workshops. Thirdly, deployment of women in the peace keeping contingents added value to the overall outcomes of African Mission in Somalia by reinforcing skill sets, increasing acceptance by the host country and reducing gender-based violence. Therefore, the study recommends increased integration of women in peace support, increased awareness on the role of gender mainstreaming policies in according women equal opportunities to participate in peace support operations.
Blue Economy Infrastructure Development and Security: A Case Study of Kenya’s Lake Victoria
(RJI, 2023-05) Lagat, Epapra Kipkemboi; Handa, Stephen
The blue economy is considered as sustainable utilization of oceanic resources for improved livelihood, economic growth, and job creation while ensuring that the health of oceanic systems has been preserved. In Kenya, the blue economy refers to all activities that relate to coasts, seas, and oceans. This study analyzed Kenya’s Lake Victoria and attempts by the Kenyan government to develop its blue economy through the establishment of the lake’s infrastructure. Lake Victoria’s shoreline is one of the most congested and highly populated regions in Africa content with complex security issues. Security problems such as terrorism, piracy, and insecurity continue to threaten the overall sustainability of Kenya’s ministry of tourism. Therefore, international cooperation is one of the ways that can help counter-terrorism. This paper reviewed some of the major challenges that Kenya is facing in its attempt to develop a blue economy in Lake Victoria. Light was also shed on the blue economy infrastructure development as well as security initiatives that were already in place around the lake region. Implications for the development of a blue economy in the area were also reviewed. Further analysis of the role of the private sector in necessitating the development of the blue economy was also covered. Finally, the paper offered insights on how the Kenyan government through its county governments in collaboration with businesses had implemented successful measures aimed at developing blue economies. The core finding was that the development, expansion, and establishment of Lake Victoria’s blue economy should be guided by economic capacity-building rationales and security measures. The region's blue economy should be strengthened to meet the needs of both the locals and the country as a whole.
Exit Strategies of Peace Support Operations of United Nations and Sustainable Peace: A Case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(JAIS, 2023) Mulu, Francis; Hamasi, Linnet
Peace Support Operations (PSO’s) exit in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been a quintessence of challenging exit strategies by UN peacekeeping efforts. The challenging exit strategies of PSO’s in DRC have adequately affected the stability and sustainable peace of the country over a period of time since independence. Prior, PSO’s in DRC have either been forced to withdraw or abandoned their mandate prematurely. The lack of a clear plan before the onset of the mission has led to extended periods of stay in the host nation. Expansion and transition of PSO’s mandate midway also led to a prolonged period of stay in the host nation. The resultant effect of the uncoordinated exits is manifested in the increasing conflict in DRC. Threats to sustainable peace are notable due to rising insurgency against PSOs and citizens. The local perception of the DRC to PSO’s is negative. Both regional and international efforts have adopted various strategies for stabilizing DRC with little success. There is a dart in studies of the exit strategy of PSO’s and sustainable peace in DRC. This study was anchored on peace theory to account for the previous PSOs' intervention in DRC since, previous exit strategies, external efforts made, local perception of PSOs in DRC, and threats posed. The study used qualitative methods to inquire about local and international perceptions. The article aims to proffer advice to the UN on the planned PSO exit strategy to aid in sustainable peace and stability.
Trafficking of Karamoja Women and Girls from North-Eastern Uganda into Nairobi, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2023) Gachoki, Beth Susan; Otieno, Isaiah Oduor
This study has examined the trafficking of Karamoja women and girls from North-Eastern Uganda into Nairobi, Kenya. Trafficking in human beings remains a big challenge confronting the international community. The menace remains a global problem with the countries of the Third World bearing the greatest brunt. In spite of the laws and policies enacted by different countries to curb the vice, human trafficking still persists. The Karamoja are a dominant pastoral and agro-pastoral ethnic community residing in the Karamoja sub-region in North Eastern Uganda. The Karamoja have for many years experienced instability and cross border conflict with their Kenyan and South Sudanese neighbors. Desperation created by conflict and poverty have made Karamoja women and girls to be vulnerable to human trafficking into neighboring countries, Kenya included. Thousands of Karamoja women and girls are trafficked each year into Nairobi Kenya to work as domestic servants with some ending up as commercial sex workers. This study has investigated the factors and motivation behind the trafficking of Karamoja women from North Eastern Uganda into Kenya. The forms of labor performed by trafficked Karamoja women and girls in Kenya have been examined. Anchored on the integrated theoretical approach this study argued that the benefits and profits from human trafficking coupled with the low risk of arrest contribute greatly to the prevalence of the vice. The situation is further fuelled by economic and socio-cultural attitudes towards the trafficking of Karamoja women for domestic labor and sexual services. This study adopted an explanatory research design. The study relied on both primary and secondary data. Simple purposive sampling and snow balling sampling techniques were employed to identify informants for the study. Qualitative and quantitative data interpretation and analysis techniques were employed. This study found out that the main causes of the trafficking of Karamoja omen from north eastern Uganda into Kenya included; poverty, war and conflict, culture and gender discrimination, illiteracy and lack of awareness on women rights and high demand for domestic and sexual services in countries of destination. The main forms of labor performed by migrant women and girls were identified as domestic work and sexual labor.
Emotions in Negotiation and Mediation: Strategies for Managing Emotional Dynamics
(IJRISS, 2023) Mulu, Francis; Chungo, Dominic
Emotions are significant considerations in the negotiating and mediation processes that need to be undertaken in ways that offer effectiveness, through the regulation of emotional dynamics. The objective of the study was to examine the effectiveness of strategies for managing emotional dynamics and the impact on mediation and negotiation outcomes. The theories that guided the study included the affective events theory, the appraisal theory and the social identity theory. A web-based survey was used to compile the information with the use of purposive sampling technique in selecting respondents. The findings of the study revealed that feelings have a considerable impact on the process of negotiating or mediating as well as the outcome. Being able to effectively control emotional dynamics is essential to achieving success in negotiation and mediation. In conclusion, the role of empathy and emotional intelligence in productive negotiation and mediation was necessitated. As an implication, the study assists practitioners improve on negotiation and mediation and enhance success in resolving conflicts by providing an overview of the emotional dynamics that are present during the negotiation and mediation processes and presenting practical solutions for controlling those dynamics.
Eastern Africa Region and Conflict Management: Case of Eastern Africa Stand Force
(IJRISS, 2023) Wanjira, Karanja; Wasonga, Joseph; Mulu, Francis
The Eastern Africa Region (EAR) has remained as one of the most conflicted zones in Africa drawing the attention to emergence of new experiments in managing conflicts. This has led to formation of African Union (AU) with specialized organ of African Standby Force (ASF) to untangle complex interstate and intrastate conflicts. Regional Security Organizations (RSO) are established under the auspices of ASF such as Eastern Africa Standby Force (EASF) for interventions to conflict ravaging states within the region. Despite various efforts to contain conflicts within the EAR, the region is compounded by violent conflicts, terrorism and threats towards peace and security. Ostensibly, the efforts of EASF in managing conflicts within the EAR has remained futile due to under representation in conflict interventions within the region. The objective of the study was to examine the rationale for the establishment of EASF as a regional organization (RO) in conflict management within the EAR. The study adopted neo-liberal institutionalism theory to underpin the rationale for establishment of security organizations by states. This study used both primary data from the interview guides, questionnaires and secondary data from document analysis, reports, MoUs, library books among others. The qualitative data is thematically organized to answer the research objective. The findings of this research established that EASF was founded under the authorization of the UNSC to address regional conflicts within the Eastern African region. Also, EASF has a legal framework as an international organization through international legal personality and immunities, and privileges. The study recommends that member states should have more cohesion for effective EASF operationalization.
The Effect of Assessment Components on Lecturers’ Assessment Practices in Mogadishu Higher Institutions
(Research gate, 2023) Mohamed, Ali Abdi; Khalif, Hassan Bedel
Learning expectations and the strategies students use in a course are influenced by assessment techniques, an important aspect of course design. The study analyzed the effect of assessment components on lecturers’ assessment practices in Mogadishu higher education institutions. Design, interpretation, and administration were hypothesized as predictors of the university’s staff assessment practices. The study only used quantitative data. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 314 university academic staff or lecturers. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. The three indicators included in the model (design, interpretation, and administration) were found to be important predictors of the assessment practices of the university academic staff using multiple regression analysis. A multiple regression analysis reveals that design has a greater influence on the academic staff's assessment practices than administration and interpretation, while all were significant predictors. To improve the assessment practices of higher education institutions in Mogadishu, Somalia, it was concluded that universities should support their academic staff in developing their academic skills in designing, interpreting, and administering their assessments.
Business level strategies and performance of selected supermarkets in Nairobi city county, Kenya
(iajournals.org, 2023) Kadenyeka., Joan; Mwasiaji, Evans
Commercial entities operating in a globalized and competitive business environment must adopt a market posture that allows them to effectively use their strengths, resources and innovations to take advantage of available opportunities in line with organizational objectives, while simultaneously hedging against potential threats. The chosen market posturing is made possible through effective implementation of appropriate strategies at the corporate, business, functional and operational levels. In Kenya, ten supermarkets in the retail trade sector within the last decade have had to close their business leading to job losses and negative impact on the national economy. This study anchored on dynamic capability theory, therefore sought to examine business level strategies and their effect on the performance of selected supermarkets in Nairobi City County in Kenya. Descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The unit of analysis was nine supermarkets, while the unit of observation selected using census method was sixty three managerial staff including senior executives in the areas of Finance, Human Resources, Marketing, Information Technology, Business Development, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. A self-administered semistructured questionnaire was used in collecting both qualitative and quantitative data in line with the specific objectives of the study. SPSS software was used to compute descriptive statistics to depict the characteristics of the study variables through tables and graphs. This study with a 65.07% response rate, established that there is a positive link between the supermarket’s performance and the three business level strategies of cost leaderships (β=0.240 and p=0.007); differentiation (β=0.629 and p=0.000) and focus (β=0.212 and p=0.037). Analysis of data showed that higher levels of strategy implementation led to enhanced performance, and vice versa. The position taken by this study therefore is that business level strategies are critical in facilitating the realization of supermarkets’ performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study therefore recommends that the Government of Kenya ought to review relevant policies to lower the cost of doing business including improvement in infrastructure, while the supermarket’s strategies should target minimization of operational costs, offer lower cost commodities, invest in product innovations, adopt modern technology and undertake market focused research. The expected study output upon successful implementation of the given recommendations is enhanced performance of supermarkets in Nairobi City County.
Resource-based conflict on women entrepreneurs in open air markets of Kisii County, Kenya
(Royallite Global, 2020) Ogeto, Grace; Ogwora, Eric Thomas; Hamasi, Lynnet
Resource-based conflicts are prevalent in open air markets. These conflicts could be physical, natural, financial, environmental and social. This study however, sought to investigate the challenges women entrepreneurs experience due to lack of water and poor sanitation; to determine the kind of conflict that has emanated due to water crisis. The use of questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions were employed to solicit relevant information from the respondents. The sample frame was 300 women entrepreneurs from the four purposively picked open air markets, as per Krechie and Morgan table and explored four markets of Daraja Mbili, Nyakoe, Suneka and Riosir. Information collected was analyzed using excel in terms of tables, graphs and pie charts. The findings clearly indicated that there is a serious water shortage and supply coupled with poor sanitation in the county especially in open air markets. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the county should seek for partnerships to assist and harvest rainy water in all open-air markets.

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