RP-Department of Conflict Resolution and International Relations

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Examining Mining Conflicts on Community Development in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Matiko, Bonfas Murimi
It was an indisputable fact that a well-managed mining sector could significantly contribute to the prosperity of any nation. On the other hand, improper management of mining exacerbated disputes and had horrifying effects on the local populace. This study explored mining conflicts on community development in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. The specific objectives of this study were to investigate the nature of mining conflicts in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan, to examine their consequences on community development in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan, and to identify potential strategies to mitigate these conflicts and promote sustainable development in mining-affected communities in Eastern Equatoria State. The study was guided by Resource Abundance Theory and Human Ecology Theory (HET). A descriptive research design based on the quantitative and qualitative approach was adopted. Data were collected using a quantitative method of a questionnaire survey and the qualitative technique of oral interviews. Computer programs like the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) were used to develop tables and figures, using frequency and percentage statistics. Both primary and secondary methods of data collection were employed. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select respondents. Research instruments included interview schedules with open-ended questions. The study found that mining activities in Eastern Equatoria, South Sudan, are widely recognized, with 100% awareness among community members. Conflicts were prevalent, including resource exploitation (31.82%), violence (24.55%), and land disputes (10%), which severely hindered community development. Mining conflicts disrupted education (96.36%) and healthcare (96.36%), worsened unemployment (80%), and harmed social cohesion (85.5%). Environmental impacts, such as water pollution and deforestation, were reported by 87.3% of respondents. Key strategies to mitigate conflicts included increased government oversight (30%) and better compensation mechanisms (24.5%), with high community interest in participation (86.4%). The study concluded that mining conflicts in Eastern Equatoria negatively impact community development and social stability, with severe consequences for education, healthcare, and the environment. There is a significant gap in government intervention, leading to widespread dissatisfaction and a pressing need for improved regulation. Community-based and collaborative approaches with mining companies were viewed as essential to sustainable conflict resolution, as well as initiatives that support local capacity building.The study recommended that government oversight should be strengthened to enforce mining regulations effectively. Mining companies should establish fair compensation mechanisms for affected communities to foster equitable resource sharing. Collaboration with local communities should be prioritized, including joint decision-making initiatives to align operations with community needs. Finally, building local capacity in mining oversight and sustainable development practices is essential to empower communities and reduce long-term conflicts, promoting a more resilient and sustainable approach to regional development
Implications of Police Reforms on Human Rights Practice in Kenya; Preendependence-1978
(International Academic Journal of Law and Society (IAJLS), 2023-07-29) Njiri, Nelson Mugweru; Mwangi, Susan Waiyego; Wasonga, Joseph Otieno
The determinations by the civil society and donor agencies of prevailing upon the government to initiate police reforms have resulted into minimal success. Although a significant impetus to reform the police was given serious consideration in the early 1990s, efforts to reform police force began way back during the colonial period. Since colonial period police reforms have been influenced by the desire for an expanded democratic space and respect for human rights. However, studies have not discerned the trends in police reforms and their implications on human rights in Kenya. Therefore, this paper examined the trends in police reforms in Kenya and their implications on the practice of human rights during the colonial period up to 1978. The analysis of the findings revealed that the police force in Kenya emerged as early as 1900s as a colonial tool which after independence did not change much as acts of human rights violation were profound. However, it was noted that despite inheriting a colonial police structure, several amendments were initiated during the Kenyatta’s regime making strides in observing of human rights. Amendments such as the preventive detention Act did not only change the structure of the police force but laws were also enacted to ensure the protection of human rights. The findings may provide useful information on the consequences of police reforms on the practice of human rights issues in Kenya and may form a basis for further research
The Influence of Women in Implementation Foreign Policy: A Case of Kenya between 2010 And 2017
(International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities (IAJAH), 2019-07) Ibrahim, Abdibashir Alinoor; Hamasi, Linet
tudies have been undertaken in different contexts on the role played by women in foreign implementation. The study is study is justified because in in 2010, Kenya promulgated a new constitution which sought to remedy the gender inequality in public service. The influence of women in implementation foreign policy; a case of Kenya between 2010 and 2017. The study was guided by four specific objectives. To establish how women participate in decision making in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 and 2017, To establish the role of women leadership in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 and 2017, To assess the role of women capacity building in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 and 2017, To assess women’s political participation influences the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 and 2017. This study analyses literature review on studies that have examined the relationship between women and international politics and how the contribution of women in the implementation of foreign policy can be theorized. Literature was organized into three key themes. In the first section, the study analyzes what has been covered by researchers with regard to Participation of women in foreign policy and the role of women in the implementation of foreign policy. The study used a liberal feminist theory which is the primary theory used to assess the issues that affect women and their role of women in the international relations, and neoliberalism theory which emphasizes that international relations entail diverse actors and issues. The study take used descriptive design and targeted experts in foreign policy especially women and officials from the ministry of foreign affairs. Therefore the respondents were selected purposively. Primary data was collected through interviews whereas secondary data was collected by analysing previous research, government reports and policies. The data collected in the study was analysed systematically through coding, thematic analysis and criticism and presented in form of detailed arguments. The study found that decision making, leadership, capacity building, political participation have significant influence on implementation foreign policy. decision making β= -.348, t= -4.289, p=<.000: leadership β=-.436, t=- 5.187, p=<.000*: capacity building β=.711 t=6.593 p=<.000*: political participation β=.406, t=5.445. The study concludes that Kenya’s foreign policy has been influenced by the first regime and incrementally it has been forced to adapt to new global phenomena that has occurred. The study recommends on the establishing standing or ad hoc committees and other statutory bodies on gender equality and empowerment of women, with cross-party representation, to monitor the review and the implementation of existing laws and constitutional provisions, budgets and policies from a gender perspective, as well as recommendations.
Socio-Economic Impacts of Improvised Explosive Devices in Garissa County (2012 to 2019)
(IJARKE Humanities & Social Sciences Journal, 2026-01) Kutto, Jonathan Kipkemboi; Kinyanjui, Felistus
The deployment of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Kenya has caused extensive loss of life, destruction of property, and heightened insecurity for over a decade. This study assessed the socio-economic impacts of IEDs in Garissa County from 2012 to 2019. Specifically, it examined the county‘s susceptibility to IED attacks, the effects on socio-economic activities, and the influence of internal security policies on local security organization. The study was guided by Terror Management Theory by Ernest Becker and Rational Choice Theory by Cesare Beccaria. An exploratory survey design employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. Primary data were obtained through interviews and questionnaires from 100 respondents drawn from a population of 480,146 (2019 Census), while secondary data were sourced from credible reports, journals, and online publications. Sampling techniques included purposive, random, and snowballing methods. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented using tables and charts. Findings revealed that Garissa County‘s proximity to Somalia has made it highly vulnerable to retaliatory attacks by Al-Shabaab. The use of IEDs has disrupted economic activities, led to a reduction in non-local populations, and strained internal security structures. However, security policy reforms and new legislation have improved counter-IED efforts. The study recommends enhanced intelligence sharing through public-private partnerships, protection of critical infrastructure, multi-agency collaboration, and continuous evaluation of security policy implementation.
Sovereignty and Humanitarian Intervention: A legal challenge of Art. 4(H) of the African Union Constitutive Act
(East African Journal of Law and Ethics(eajle.eanso.org), 2024) Aluou, Ayuel Monyluak
The emergence of the new norm of military intervention based on humanitarian grounds, also dubbed as ‘Responsibility to Protect (R2P)’, after the end of the Cold War, has been described as ‘highly controversial’ and that its application could connote humanitarianism or imperialism (Zimmermann, 2014). In that, its application would eclipse the principle of sovereignty, considered the very foundation of the international system. This article is an attempt to assess the legality of Art. 4(h) of the African Union Constitutive Act of 2002, particularly, its incompatibility with the principle of sovereignty. This legal challenge can only be understood by giving a brief sketch of both sovereignty and the legitimacy of the transnational norm of military interventionthat has been institutionalized by the African Union Constitutive Act
Examining Mining Conflicts on Community Development in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan
(Reviewed International Journal of Political Science & Public Administration, 2025-03) Matiko, Bonfas Murimi; Mullu, Francis
This study explored mining conflicts on c ommunity development in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. The specific objectives of this study were to investigate the nature of mining conflicts in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan, to examine their consequences on community development in Easter n Equatoria State, South Sudan, and to identify potential strategies to mitigate these conflicts and promote sustainable development in mining - affected communities in Eastern Equatoria State. The study was guided by Resource Abundance Theory and Human Ecol ogy Theory (HET). A descriptive research design based on the quantitative and qualitative approach was adopted. Computer programs like the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) were used to develop tables and figures, using frequency and percent age statistics. Both primary and secondary methods of data collection were employed. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select respondents. Conflicts were prevalent, including resource exploitation (31.82%), violence (24.55%), and land disputes ( 10%), which severely hindered community development. Mining conflicts disrupted education (96.36%) and healthcare (96.36%), worsened unemployment (80%), and harmed social cohesion (85.5%). Environmental impacts, such as water pollution and deforestation, w ere reported by 87.3% of respondents. Key strategies to mitigate conflicts included increased government oversight (30%) and better compensation mechanisms (24.5%), with high community interest in participation (86.4%). The study concluded that mining conf licts in Eastern Equatoria negatively impact community development and social stability, with severe consequences for education, healthcare, and the environment. There is a significant gap in government intervention, leading to widespread dissatisfaction a nd a pressing need for improved regulation. Community - based and collaborative approaches with mining companies were viewed as essential to sustainable conflict resolution . The study recommended that government oversight should be strengthened to enforce mi ning regulations effectively. Mining companies should establish fair compensation mechanisms for affected communities to foster equitable resource sharing. Collaboration with local communities should be prioritized, including joint decision - making initiati ves to align operations with community needs. Finally, building local capacity in mining oversight and sustainable development practices is essential to empower communities and reduce long - term conflicts.
Analysis Pf Policy Deliberative Argumentation Approach for Security Management in Kenya’s Kerio Valley
(International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2025-04) Yegon, Kibet B.; Muna, Wilson; Kipchumba, Heather
Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of the Argumentation Approach as a deliberative policy framework in enhancing security management in the Kerio Valley, Kenya. The study aimed to assess how the use of structured, critical discussions and debates, as promoted by this approach, influences security outcomes in the region. Specifically, the research sought to determine the extent to which this approach, both independently and in combination with other deliberative frameworks, improves decision-making processes and addresses security challenges in the area. Through this investigation, the study aimed to provide contextspecific insights into the role of argumentative methods in security management, contributing to the development of more effective, adaptive, and sustainable security policies. Additionally, the study sought to inform future policy design by highlighting the benefits and limitations of using the Argumentation Approach in combination with other policy frameworks. Materials and Methods: A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative techniques was utilized to explore the relationship between the argumentative approach (independent variable) and security management (dependent variable). Data collection targeted conflict-prone areas in the Kerio Valley, focusing on counties such as Baringo, Turkana, Elgeyo Marakwet, and West Pokot, with a total target population of 59,908 stakeholders, including government officials, community leaders, and household heads. Systematic and random sampling methods were used to select a representative sample of 455 respondents, with data collected through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. A pilot test validated the research instruments, ensuring reliability through the Kaiser-MeyerOlkin measure and Cronbach's alpha. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (v.25) through descriptive and inferential analyses, while qualitative data were thematically examined with NVivo software. Ethical standards, including informed consent and data confidentiality, were rigorously upheld, and data security was ensured throughout the research process. Finding: The study found that the Argumentation Approach, as a deliberative policy framework, has a significant positive impact on security management in the Kerio Valley. When used independently, the approach improves security outcomes by approximately 27%, promoting in-depth discussions and critical evaluations that lead to better-informed decisions and strategies. However, when combined with other deliberative frameworks, its effectiveness slightly diminishes to a 12.9% improvement, suggesting diminishing returns or overlapping benefits from multiple approaches. Despite this reduction, the Argumentation Approach remains beneficial, highlighting its importance in fostering open dialogue and addressing security issues comprehensively. These findings emphasize the value of the Argumentation Approach in security management while suggesting that its integration with other frameworks should be strategically considered to maximize its overall impact. Implication to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings of this study have significant implications for theory, practice, and policy. From a theoretical perspective, the results support the value of structured communication frameworks, such as the Argumentation Approach, in enhancing decision-making and security management. The study reinforces existing theories on deliberative policy-making and structured communication, particularly in conflict-prone areas. Practically, the findings suggest that integrating the Argumentation Approach into security management can lead to more informed, comprehensive, and sustainable solutions, especially when used independently. However, its effectiveness may be reduced when combined with other frameworks, emphasizing the need for strategic integration. In terms of policy, the study highlights the importance of adopting deliberative methods in security management policies to ensure robust, culturally relevant, and context-specific interventions. Policymakers are encouraged to incorporate the Argumentation Approach alongside other frameworks, balancing their strengths to improve security outcomes in complex environments like the Kerio Valley.
An Assessment of Community Policing in Resolution of Disputes: Case of Kiambu County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2023) Muriungi, Mpinda Rosemary; Mung'ale, Andrew
Community policing is viewed as an initiative or a tool to curb crime in Kenya. As a result, studies have concentrated on community policing and crime management in society while disregarding the part it plays in resolving disputes between the police and the communities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess community policing in resolution of disputes in Kiambu County, Kenya. The findings from regression analysis shows that there was a significant and positive relationship between nature of Community Policing and dispute resolution (β=0.237, p≤0.05); there was a significant relationship between effectiveness of the community policing and dispute resolution, This in essence means that as Community Policing becomes more effective, dispute resolution becomes more effective (β=0.611, p≤0.05); Community Policing measures had a significant and positive relationship with dispute resolution (β=0.042, p≥0.05). The study concludes that community policing has a significant influence on dispute resolution in Kiambu County. The study recommends that the community should be sensitized on their role in dispute resolution, given incentives like airtime to communicate and provided with the information and abilities necessary to execute community policing
European Union Counter Piracy Strategy in Somalia
(CEDRED, 2025-06) Oyugi, Samuel Otieno; Onyango, Evans O.
The main purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of European Union’s strategy in tackling the root causes of piracy. The European Union's (EU) has put efforts to address maritime security in the Horn of Africa. This has particularly been in the case of Somalia piracy, from 2008 to 2023, where a response focused on a complex regional challenge. The study analyzed the EU’s Operation Atalanta, alongside its broader strategies. This included political instability, economic deprivation and weak governance. Through employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrated qualitative data from policy documents and interviews for quantitative data on piracy incidents and economic indicators. Findings revealed that the root causes persisted due to limited onshore development and governance reforms, irrespective of Operation Atalanta that significantly reduced piracy attacks, achieving a 95% decline by 2015. The EU’s naval presence disrupted pirate operations. Although economic desperation and clan-based networks sustained low-level threats. The theoretical framework that grounded the study were Critical Security Studies (CSS) and security dilemma theories. The theories highlighted the necessity of addressing immediate threats and structural deficiencies. Literature review explored the EU maritime security policies, Somalia’s socio-political context and international counter-piracy efforts. Literature identified gaps in long-term state-building. Despite collaborative efforts with regional actors, challenges such as corruption and resource constraints hindered progress. The study concluded that the EU’s approach was effective in symptom suppression however less so in systemic change. The study recommends on enhanced investment in Somalia’s governance and economic resilience.
Africa Union’s Right to Intervene in Regional Conflicts: Case of South Sudan (2013-2019)
(Kenyatta University, 2023-04) Adiele, Becky Udochukwu
The right to intervene is one of the unique principles of the African Union (AU) as an international organization. This study is focused on advancing the discourse on the applicability of the African Union’s right to intervene in conflict situations. Specifically, the study sought to: first analyze the rationale behind the principle of the right to intervene, secondly, to examine the envisaged operation of AU intervention right, and thirdly, evaluate the challenges facing the operationalization of AU’s right to intervene when and where the instance of serious human rights and humanitarian crimes are present. The context of South Sudan conflict between 2013 and 2019 was chosen as case study to demonstrate this. The study was supported by emerging debate about the legality and applicability of the right to intervene. Other than the issue regarding applicability, the AU is yet to explicitly apply Article 4 (h) to conflict situations in Africa. The study reviewed scholarly works to shed light on the primary objectives stated in this research. The study was anchored on the theory of liberal institutionalism, which demonstrates how international cooperation between states and institutions such as the AU, is necessary to reduce conflict and competition. This study utilized the qualitative approach. The exploratory research design was used in tying all the aspect of this research. The area of study was the City of Addis Ababa which houses the headquarters of the African Union. This study relied on primary data from interviews conducted with peace and security experts along with AU and South Sudan’s Officials. Policy documents that are related to the subject matter were also consulted. Secondary data was derived from journal articles, theses, and books. Data was analyzed using documentary analysis by looking extensively at relevant documents such as the AU Constitutive Act, the Ezulwini Consensus, the AU Commission of Inquiry findings in South Sudan, UN charter and others. The findings of this thesis highlights that the right to intervene as envisioned by the drafters of the Constitutive Act was primarily a military intervention. However, with regards to recent practices by the AU and other relevant literature on the matter, the right to intervene is seen to encompass various forms and levels of intervention including military intervention; diplomatic peace processes; and sanctions, so long as the AU does not imitate the principle of noninterference like its predecessor, the OAU and watch as humanitarian crisis escalates in the continent. The study also found that there are various impediments to effective intervention which includes: its perceived contradiction with international law, the principle of subsidiarity and AU’s complex decision-making processes among others. Recommendations highlighted in the study focuses on employing a coordinated approach among the relevant stakeholders to resolve the many controversies associated with the right to intervene, starting with specific mechanisms in place to guide conceptualization and operationalization of the right to intervene. In general, this study sought to increase the level of awareness and knowledge of scholars and the international community regarding AU’s right to intervene on one hand, and on the other hand to consider necessary reforms regarding the approaches to conflict situations in Africa, with a goal of reducing the occurrence of war and its effects on the continent.
The Effectiveness of Existing Personal Security Measures in Countering Organized Criminal Gangs’ Activities in Mombasa County, Kenya
(Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED) and African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2025-04) Mohammed, Rubea Katani; Handa, Stephen
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of existing personal security measures on mitigating organized criminal gangs’ activities in Mombasa County, Kenya. Literature was reviewed on Organized Criminal Gangs (OCGs) in Urban Africa, Personal Security Measures and Crime Prevention and Community-Law Enforcement Synergy. This study employed a mixed-methods approach with a descriptive research design to examine personal security measures against OCGs in Mombasa County, Kenya. Guided by Durrheim’s (2004) framework, the methodology integrated quantitative surveys (n=112) and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders including law enforcement, community policing groups and political leaders to assess the effectiveness of security interventions. Findings revealed that while technological measures like CCTV (78% approval) and private security services (51% adoption) were widely supported, structural barriers such as political interference, resource constraints and gang adaptability limited their impact. Only 23% of respondents endorsed firearm ownership due to financial and regulatory hurdles, while neighborhood patrols faced distrust (51% disapproval) over alleged extortion ties. The study highlights critical gaps in policy enforcement and socio-economic disparities in security access, underscoring the need for integrated state-community strategies to disrupt OCG resilience. The study recommendations include stricter penalties for gang sponsors, enhanced county-level security coordination and rotational policing to curb collusion. The findings align with Creswell’s (2012) emphasis on mixed-methods rigor, offering actionable insights for balancing technological, communal and institutional approaches to urban security. Despite localized efforts, OCGs persist due to systemic vulnerabilities, necessitating holistic reforms to safeguard vulnerable populations
Salient Features of Kenya’s Counter-Terrorism Strategies between 2011 – 2019
(CEDRED, 2025-04) Onsinyo, Meroka; Wekesa, Peter; Muoka, Boniface
The main concern in the field of counterterrorism is not how many terrorists are eliminated,such as by execution or imprisonment, but rather if their numbers have reduced as a result of the policies and actions implemented. In spite of Kenya’s coercive strategies that include both military and non-military approaches, there have been increased cases of terror attacks, although the various measures laid out to neutralize them have not been overly successful.Thus, the study aimed at analysing the key features of Kenya’s counterterrorism strategies between 2011 and 2019. The research was conducted in Nairobi City County targeting both state and non-state actors. The researcher used purposive and snowball sampling techniques to select participants and managed to interview only twenty-six key informants. The study found that Kenya’s counterterrorism strategy from 2011-2019 evolved holistically against alShabaab, blending hard tactics like the Prevention of Terrorism Act and the National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) with soft approaches like community engagement and international cooperation. Despite progress, challenges persist harsh tactics caused human rights abuses and eroded public trust, while porous borders enabled terrorist infiltration. The study urges ongoing strategy refinement, prioritizing human rights, trust-building, and regional collaboration. It recommends a Regional Border Security and Intelligence Framework (RBSIF) with neighboring countries and Community-Led Counterterrorism Forums (CLCFs) in high-risk areas like Nairobi and Garissa to enhance security, cooperation, and community resilience for lasting peace.
State Reconstruction Initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (2007-2022)
(Path of Science, 2025-04) Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
State reconstruction by international actors, individually or collectively, has been a diagnostic framework for Peace Support Operations outcomes and states' vulnerabilities to conflicts or failed states. This study interrogated the state reconstruction initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). This study employed a case study research design using a sample size of 62 informants determined purposively. The researchers presented the analysed data qualitatively. Using the state-building, securitisation and intervention theories to underpin the discourse of AMISOM's intervention, the study observed numerous initiatives employed by AMISOM. They included stabilisation initiatives, civilian protection, civil-military cooperation, counter-terrorism, and gender-based initiatives. Further initiatives were on security, humanitarian action and institutional capacity building. Generally, these initiatives positively impacted Somalia's statehood strides. The study recommends that military interventions, such as AMISOM, should prioritise state reconstruction initiatives in their mandate. Further, African Union-United Nations (AU–UN) partnerships on state reconstruction initiatives should develop sustainable strategies enabling stakeholders to achieve the stipulated mission mandates.
Role of Parliamentary Diplomacy in Legislative Harmonization and Enhancement of Regional Cooperation: Case of The East African Legislative Assembly
(Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), 2023-09) Ogolo, Erick Owino; Mwea, Caroline Wandiri
The role of parliamentary diplomacy in legislative harmonization and enhancing regional cooperation, as exemplified by the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA), is pivotal in facilitating the integration and development of the East African Community (EAC). EALA, comprising elected representatives from six East African partner states, serves as a critical platform where rigorous debates, negotiations, and the exchange of ideas take place to align legal frameworks and policies. This harmonization not only fosters a conducive environment for regional cooperation but also promotes transparency, accountability, and public participation in the legislative process. Through parliamentary diplomacy, EALA bridges political divides, builds mutual understanding, and contributes to the sustainable development and prosperity of the East African region, highlighting its essential role in advancing the goals of regional integration and cooperation in an interconnected world. The study examined how parliamentary diplomacy contributes to the process of legislative harmonization and the enhancement of regional cooperation within the EALA, using a mixed methods approach. The study found out that there is a crucial role of parliamentary diplomacy; there are persisting challenges in harmonization; there is greater contribution to regional cooperation and there is need for continuous investment and dialogue. In conclusion, the study underscores the vital role of parliamentary diplomacy in promoting legislative harmonization and regional cooperation within the EALA and the broader EAC. EALA's parliamentary diplomacy efforts have proven effective in aligning legal frameworks, fostering transparency, and building trust among member states. However, challenges such as varying levels of commitment and implementation issues persist and require continued attention. The recommendations offered in the study are crucial for enhancing the impact of parliamentary diplomacy within EALA and the EAC. Strengthening diplomatic training and capacity building programs will equip parliamentarians and officials with the necessary skills to navigate complex negotiations effectively. Consistency in implementing harmonized legislation, along with enhanced monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, is essential to bridge the gap between policy formulation and actual implementation. Promoting inclusivity by involving a broader range of stakeholders and engaging the public through awareness campaigns can bolster transparency and accountability in regional cooperation efforts. Lastly, sustained dialogue and consultations among member states are vital for addressing disparities and ensuring a shared commitment to the goals of regional integration and development.
Intricate Dynamics within Dadaab Refugee Camp and their Impact on Kenya's National Security
(JAIS, 2024-11) Odari, Diana Mudave; Hamasi, Linnet
The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between the socio-economic integration of refugees and the perceptions of security risks among local communities in Kenya. The complexities within refugee camps, particularly the Dadaab Refugee Camp in Kenya, embody a delicate balance of humanitarian needs and national security concerns. As displacement increases globally, understanding the intricate social, economic and security dynamics in these camps becomes essential for policy formulation. This study examined how socio-economic integration and access to essential services can shape local perceptions of security risks, contributing to either stability or conflict between refugees and host communities. Guided by Security Threat Theory by Kilcullen (2010) and Social Identity Theory by Hogg (2016), the study explored the interplay of resource competition, community relations and the role of social identities in influencing security perceptions. The study employed a descriptive survey research design to investigate the security implications of refugee populations in Dadaab Refugee Camp, Garissa County, Kenya. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data collection, it captured the views of refugees, local residents, security personnel, community leaders and humanitarian representatives. A sample size of n=399 participants was derived using Yamane's formula, with additional in-depth interviews to enhance the analysis. Findings reveal that resource scarcity, economic disparity and unequal aid distribution contribute to socio-economic tensions, both within the refugee camp and between refugees and the host community. Such conditions strain infrastructure, foster competition for resources and increase security concerns. The study concludes that enhancing equitable resource distribution, promoting economic initiatives and strengthening infrastructure are crucial for fostering stability and minimizing security risks. The study recommends on collaborative efforts among aid organizations and authorities to ensure equitable resource distribution, promote income-generating opportunities and strengthen infrastructure to enhance stability and security within Dadaab Refugee Camp and its surrounding communities.
The efficacy of forensic techniques in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations in Kisumu County; Kenya
(Reviewed Journals International (RJI), 2024-10) Asanta, Brigid B.; Sirera, Anne
This study assessed the efficacy of forensic procedures in delivering acceptable evidence in homicide investigations in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Locard's Principle theory and The Actor Network Theory. The objectives of this study were: to assess the effectiveness of DNA sampling procedures in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; to examine the use of toxicology in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; to establish the efficacy of Fingerprinting in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; and to investigate the forensic challenges. The study was carried out using an ex-post facto research design. The targeted population was the DCI officers and court prosecutors working in Kisumu County. The study used a census method to choose all 110 DCI officers in Kisumu County to participate. Prosecutors in Kisumu County, Kenya, were chosen via purposive selection. Questionnaires were the main method of data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics specifically linear regression aided by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. To describe the research findings, descriptive statistics in the form of measures of central tendency (frequency, mean, median, mode, and percentages) and measures of dispersion (range and standard deviations) was employed. The efficacy of forensic techniques on evidence admissibility was examined using inferential statistics, specifically Linear regression at 5% significance levels. Regression analyses uncover strong positive relationships between key variables, mainly, DNA Sampling Procedures, Use of Toxicology, Fingerprinting Efficacy, on Admissible Evidence forensic investigations. Multiple linear regression analysis predicts that these factors collectively account for 61.3 % a significant portion of the variability in Evidence Quality affirming their strength in providing admissible evidence for homicide cases. Specifically, DNA Sampling Procedures (B = 0.304), the Use of Toxicology (B = 0.299), and Fingerprinting Efficacy (B = 0.354) all demonstrate positive coefficients, indicating that mprovements in these aspects lead to higher quality admissible evidence. On the other hand, Forensic Challenges (B = 0.374) carries a positive coefficient, suggesting that an increase in challenges faced during forensic practices corresponds to a decrease in the quality of admissible evidence. Equally, Forensic Challenges are shown to limiting in obtaining admissible evidence significantly. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the DCI Kisumu County work with the DCI headquarters and the NPS and the national government to address the challenges to ensure the DCI investigators using forensic service obtain admissible evidence for homicide cases.
The Impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Conflict on Regional Cooperation, Sustainable Development, and Conflict Resolution in Africa
(CEDRED, 2023-12) Okech, Cornel Otieno; Wasonga, Joseph
The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) conflict on regional cooperation, sustainable development, and conflict resolution in Africa. The contention of this study is that the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a monumental infrastructure project situated in the Nile River Basin; a region historically marked by complex hydro-political dynamics. The GERD conflict has ignited multifaceted repercussions, impacting regional cooperation, sustainable development, and conflict resolution in Africa. While it has strained diplomatic relations and created tensions among Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt, it has also led to increased engagement in negotiations facilitated by international mediators. The conflict's complexity is evident in both cooperative and conflicting instances, emphasizing the need for ongoing diplomatic efforts to address tensions and foster collaboration. This underscores the importance of nuanced diplomacy in navigating transboundary water issues. The GERD conflict's multifaceted consequences on sustainable development vary among the affected African countries. Ethiopia anticipates economic benefits from the dam's energy generation, while downstream nations express concerns about agriculture, food security, and access to clean water. A balanced approach to development in the Nile River basin must consider these diverse impacts and address downstream concerns. This necessitates comprehensive strategies and underscores the importance of achieving sustainable development objectives for all nations involved. The evaluation of diplomatic efforts and conflict resolution mechanisms highlights the critical role of international mediation, particularly by the African Union (AU). However, the enduring complexity of the GERD conflict, with ongoing disagreements on fundamental issues, underscores the formidable challenges that diplomatic efforts face. These findings emphasize the necessity for persistent and inclusive diplomacy to address the intricate dynamics of the GERD dispute and promote long-term regional stability. The lessons learned from this conflict have broader implications for managing transboundary water disputes and underscore the importance of diplomacy in finding sustainable solutions to complex hydropolitical challenges. Recommendations to address the ongoing challenges in the Nile River basin include enhanced diplomatic engagement, conducting a comprehensive impact assessment of the GERD, and implementing inclusive sustainable development initiatives. Continued diplomatic negotiations, facilitated by international mediators, should prioritize open dialogue and confidence-building measures. A thorough and impartial assessment of the GERD's impacts on downstream countries should be conducted, and inclusive development initiatives should focus on water resource management, agriculture, and clean water access. These recommendations aim to promote stability, cooperation, and sustainable development in the region, ultimately contributing to the resolution of the GERD conflict.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military Intervention and Regime Change in Libya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Murungi, Isaac Muthaura; Ichani, Xavier; Otieno, Isaiah Oduor
The purpose of this article is to examine the activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations’ (NATO) military intervention and implications on regime change in Libya. The United Nations (UN) continues to sanction humanitarian intervention against states purported to violate fundamental human rights of their citizens. Some of these interventions have transcended to sanctioned regime change that have attracted intense academic discourse. We seek to contribute to this ensuing debate using the case of the NATO’s intervention in Libya, by critique of nature of crisis warranting intervention, the rationale of humanitarian intervention in the context of Libya and to evaluate the role of foreign military intervention in precipitating regime change in Libya. Anchored on the two opposing theoretical paradigms of realism and liberalism, we argue that humanitarian intervention by the NATO was motivated by the need to promote geopolitical interests of the intervenors and that the military intervention by the NATO was anticipated and orchestrated process of extending the Western democratic values in Libya. Based on existing secondary data and interviews conducted, we conclude that while it was evident that the NATO played a major military role in forestalling the Libyan insurrection, the use of force in supplanting democratically elected government was unwarranted and failed to meet the aspirations of many in Libya. Therefore, sanctioned humanitarian intervention against states purported to violate fundamental human rights of their citizens may at times fail to serve the intended goal of self-preservation of the sovereign power of the state in question. We recommend that mandates for all humanitarian interventions be clearly spell out and that interveners’ interests must not override state sovereignty and the aspiration of the people.
Water Scarcity Role on Violent Conflicts amongst Pastoralist Communities in Tiaty Sub-County, Baringo County Kenya
(RJI, 2024-03) Safari, Sarah N.; Wambua, Peter Philip
This study delved into the intricate relationship between water scarcity and conflict dynamics within pastoralist communities, shedding light on the multifaceted factors that influence conflicts arising from resource scarcity. Through a comprehensive analysis of social, economic, and environmental dimensions, alongside conflict intensity and stakeholder involvement, the study seeks to offer a nuanced understanding of conflict drivers and inform effective mitigation strategies. The study’s theoretical framework was guided by the resource curse theory as well as the environmental scarcity theory. A descriptive research design was used and the target population for the study was 73,424 residents of Tiaty Sub County and through the use of multistage sampling, 156 respondents were chosen to participate in the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Descriptive statistics were analysed and presented in percentages and frequencies while inferential statistics was analysed through the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings were presented in the form of tables. The researcher ensured careful ethical considerations. The correlation analysis to determine the effect of Social Factors on violent conflicts shows a significant correlation existed (r = 0.785, p < 0.05). Pearson’s correlations coefficient was higher than 0.5 suggestion a strong relationship existed between the two variables. The study had also sought to determine the effect of economic factors and violent conflicts, the analysis yielded a Pearson correlation coefficient of r = 0.746, p < 0.05; indicating that a strong relationship existed between the two variables. The study also sought to determine the effects of environmental factors on violent conflicts. The analysis yielded Pearson correlations coefficient is (r = 0.781, p< 0.05) to indicate a strong relationship between the two variables. Social Factors proved to have the highest positive correlation with Violent Conflicts It is evident that all the independent variables could explain the levels of Violent Conflicts in the region. Conflict and human security generating factors are closely intertwined. The prevalent conflicts and the declining environmental security in pastoral areas is a result of a combination of factors that include competition over scarce, vital natural resources. The situation is worsened by harsh climatic condition and ineffective management and utilization mechanisms.
Internal Dissidence and Radicalization into Violent Extremism in Kwale County, Kenya
(JAIS, 2024-03) Kasimwa, Faith Analo; Xavier, Francis Ichani
This study sought to investigate the link between internal dissidence and the increased violent extremism in Kwale County, Kenya. Using factor analysis design, this study explores the factors driving internal dissent and the strategies used by listed extremists grouping to establish ties with internal dissenters in Kwale County, Kenya. This study reviewed related literature in internal dissidents, violent extremism, and radicalization to shed light on this study. The frustration aggression drive theory and social movement theory were in grounding the discussions of the two variables. This study established that a number of causal factors including lack of job opportunities, discontent with education system, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, and elitist social control of the economic system were driving internal dissent and radicalization in the region. Listed extremist groups use propaganda, extremist religious teachings, and direct recruit to establish affiliation with dissenters. Given that a large number of youth gangs that are supported by known extremist this study established a high correlation between internal dissent and existence violent extremism in the region. Therefore, this study recommends a shift from top-down government led multiagency approach to bottom-up strategy embodying improved public involvement as strategy for countering the spread of propaganda and misguided religious teachings driving internal dissent and radicalization leading to violent extremism in Kwale County, Kenya.

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