MST-Department of Management Science

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Project Planning and Implementation of Health Care Projects by Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Odhiambo, Perez
Kenya's Nairobi City County healthcare projects have particular requirements and difficulties. At 70% completion, these projects' progress came to a complete halt as stated in The Auditor General's Report of 2022. Therefore, in order to improve access to healthcare services, more health facilities must be built, clinics and dispensaries must become health centers, and health centers must become sub-county referral hospitals. In light of this, the purpose of this research was to ascertain how project planning influences the implementation of healthcare projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study specifically sought to investigate the effects of communication management, risk management, resource planning, and project scheduling on the successful completion of health projects. The study was guided by a number of theories, including the planning theory, theory of change, the theory of resource-based views, portfolio theory, and cybernetics theory. Employing a descriptive research approach, the study focused on analyzing 20 health projects conducted by Nairobi City County, Kenya, with a sample size of 80 respondents. An in-depth survey was conducted with 80 participants. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation, and the qualitative data, which was then presented narratively, was assessed using content analysis techniques. In addition, the study employed multiple regression analysis, a type of inferential statistics, to ascertain how one variable affected another. All participants gave their informed consent in order to uphold study ethics. The research indicated that resource planning, resource scheduling, risk management, and communication management significantly influenced the successful implementation of health care projects. It was concluded that allocating appropriate resources to specific projects ensures timely delivery within budget constraints, with the aid of an effective resource planner. Resource schedule planning involves considering capacity in the scheduling process, determining start and end dates for tasks based on resource availability. Risk management planning assists project managers in making informed decisions, while effective communication management planning establishes clear expectations for project implementation. The project managers ought to have a comprehensive understanding of project requirements and available resources within the organization. They should break down the project into individual tasks, identify potential risks, assess their impact, and understand client needs. Task management can be facilitated by utilizing professional project management software to communicate deadlines and task progress efficiently.
Project Management Practices and Implementation of Construction Projects in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-08) Nke, Osckin Wenceslas Gankoue
The implementation of construction projects heavily relies on the application of project management practices but there has been under utilization of project planning, risk management, stakeholder involvement plus monitoring and evaluation. Nonetheless, the existence of excessively delayed and over-budget projects serves as significant indications of insufficient project application. Management practices, alongside other challenges, are prevalent throughout the implementation phase of school construction projects. The initial understanding of the problem revealed that there was no enough emphasis on the application of proper project management practices. This consequently affected the implementation of school construction projects such as dormitories, libraries, halls, offices, classrooms and laboratories in public secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. This research sought to examine the influence of project management practices on the implementation of construction projects in the public secondary schools within Nairobi City County, Kenya. In particular, the extent to which project planning, risk management, stakeholder involvement and ME practices influence the implementation of construction projects. This investigation was grounded in project theory as the core theory for the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. A census technique was used to consider the total population of 49 overrun public secondary schools’ construction projects in Nairobi County. The researcher used structured and unstructured questions to collect data from 196 respondents including school principals, BOMs chairpersons, PTAs chairpersons, and teachers. The respondents received the questionnaires, which they filled out and then picked up later, diagnostic test and pilot test were carried out to determine the research validity. Whereas the Diagnostic Test was utilized to test of normality, multicollinear and homoscedasticity through the use of Shapiro-Wilk test, Variance Inflation Factor, and levene’s test; Pilot Testing on the other hand, was done using the test-retest reliability techniques on a small group of 10 respondents from two overrun construction projects executed in public secondary schools located in Kiambu County. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used in obtaining the correlation coefficient of the test scores and the threshold values from 0.59 and above was considered acceptable for the reliability. SPSS version 23.0 and Excel software were utilized in entering data. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to analyse the data. Multiple linear regression was also utilized for modelling. Utilizing content analysis, qualitative data was examined. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data. The findings demonstrated that risk management and project planning, stakeholder involvement and monitoring and evaluation practices had a significant impact on the successful delivery of school construction projects. The study concluded that effective implementation of school construction projects is mainly facilitated by the application of planning, risk management, stakeholder involvement and monitoring and evaluation practices. Project planning was recommended as the initial step in order to determine and guarantee the availability of resources and to create a schedule for timely and cost-effective project implementation. It is also recommended that particular attention be paid to risk management to avoid wasting resources and time, and that drastic measures be taken to either mitigate or minimise any risks that may arise during implementation. In order for stakeholders to take ownership of the project and encourage the success of the implementation process, it is recommended that they be involved at every stage of the project.
Stakeholder Management and Implementation of Roads Construction Projects by Kenya Urban Roads Authority in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Ngugi, Damaris Njeri Koigi
The Kenya Urban Roads Authority has greatly improved the implementation of their roads construction projects. However, these projects are still facing implementation challenges. For instance, statistics from Kenya's Urban Roads Agency show that major problems leading to a lack of project completion in the time stipulated, quality of service and thus higher costs are encountered by more than 90% of construction projects provided by various contractors through KURA. Therefore, this research aimed at investigating the influence of stakeholder management on implementation of roads construction projects by Kenya Urban Roads Authority in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study aimed to investigate how stakeholder communication, participation, conflict management, and analysis impact the implementation of road construction projects by Kenya Urban Roads Authority in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The research was conducted with a foundation in stakeholder theory and systems theory, employing a descriptive research design. The scope of the study focused on analyzing ten road projects executed by the Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) spanning the years 2018 to 2022. The target sample encompassed 75 individuals, which included five project managers and 70 project team members currently employed by KURA. A survey was administered to 75 participants, with eight respondents from the Kenya National Highway Authority serving as test subjects for the questionnaires. To ensure the validity of the questionnaires, content validity was applied, while Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was utilized to assess the reliability of the same. The analysis of the data was conducted using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation. To explore the relationships between variables and their influence on each other, inferential statistics, specifically multiple regression analysis, were employed. The findings were presented through the use of graphs, charts, tables, and figures. Ethical considerations were paramount, with measures taken to ensure respondent confidentiality and voluntary participation in the study. The research revealed that stakeholder communication (t=36.773, p<0.05), stakeholder participation (t=21.697, p<0.05), conflict management (t=6.336, p<0.05), and stakeholder analysis (t=11.579, p<0.05) significantly influenced the successful implementation of road construction projects by the Kenya Urban Roads Authority in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study concludes that fostering stakeholder engagement in communication is instrumental in building trust and nurturing positive relationships between the authority and the community. Furthermore, stakeholder participation aids in the early identification of potential issues or challenges, facilitating timely adjustments and improvements to the project plan. The implementation of effective conflict management strategies is crucial for addressing and resolving conflicts, thereby ensuring the timely completion and quality of road construction projects. Stakeholder analysis enables the organization to improve on communication and collaboration which help prevent conflicts, delays, and cost overruns, ultimately leading to a more efficient and successful project delivery. The research suggests that it is essential for the organization to regularly update stakeholders on the progress of construction projects, address their concerns, and solicit their feedback. Kenya Urban Roads Authority should actively engage with stakeholders to ensure that the decision-making process is open and inclusive. Kenya Urban Roads Authority should establish clear communication channels between all stakeholders involved in the project, including government agencies, contractors, local communities, and other relevant parties. The Kenya Urban Roads Authority needs to create a detailed plan to work with everyone involved, like local people, government groups, contractors, and others. They should also make a map showing who's involved and how they're connected to the project.
Management of Project Alliancing and Performance of Building Construction Projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Kamau, Michael Nduati
Project alliancing is a delivery approach where all parties involved in the contract share joint accountability for the project's conception, execution, and completion. Project alliancing is important and is particularly relevant in the context of modern construction projects, which often involve complex, uncertain conditions, tight budgets, and stringent schedule constraints. In the construction sector, project alliancing has emerged as a promising approach to address persistent contractual issues. This study's objective was to assess the performance of building construction projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya, with a focus on application of project alliancing. Specifically, it examined the mutual impact of stakeholders' project performance, communication, responsibility, and risk management techniques in building projects. The theoretical frameworks guiding this study included principal-agent theory, framing theory, team role theory, and theory of performance. A descriptive survey design was employed, targeting 6760 stakeholders (clients, consultants, and contractors) involved in current building construction projects in Nairobi City, County. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 320 respondents, including clients, consultants, contractors, and subcontractors. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and interviews, and analyzed using SPSS version 29, a statistical software for social sciences. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and standard deviations were generated, while inferential statistics were derived from regression analysis and correlation coefficients. Diagnostic tests, including multicollinearity and autocorrelation, were also conducted. Qualitative data was categorized according to themes. Reliability and validity tests were carried out during pilot test. The results revealed a weak correlation between stakeholder communication and project performance, attributed to insufficient information flow, infrequent meetings, and inadequate information infrastructure. However, accountability showed a significant positive influence on performance by enhancing transparency, reliability, and internal control measures. Additionally, there was a statistically significant association between risk management and performance, due to the presence of technical expertise, equitable resource allocation, and effective conflict resolution strategies. The study also demonstrated a substantial impact of mutual project objectives on performance, stemming from clear and quality project purposes. The researcher concluded that the decline in project communication and risk management might be due to some staff members' skills not aligning with performance requirements in Nairobi City's building construction projects. Although employees might have the educational background to handle other issues, they may lack expertise in these two critical areas. The study recommends the importance of effective communication in executing building projects. Construction industry should adopt robust risk management solutions to ensure project success, influencing both completion time and cost. Achieving common project objectives is also crucial for enhancing the performance of construction projects across various operational sectors.
Risk Management Practices and Performance of Road Construction Projects by Kenya Urban Roads Construction Authority in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Chepkoech, Mercy
The effectiveness of road construction projects by the Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) in Nairobi has been questioned due to various challenges leading to poor outcomes. According to a 2023 KURA report, over 60 percent of projects in the past five years have faced delays, with about 15 percent halted due to funding issues and contractor inefficiencies. Many projects have exceeded budgets by 30-50 percent due to inadequate planning and rising material costs. Additionally, an estimated 25 percent of projects used substandard materials, compromising road safety and longevity. A survey found that over 70 percent of newly constructed roads require immediate maintenance within the first year, indicating significant construction deficiencies. This particular study aimed to determine how risk management practices influence the performance of the Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) road construction projects in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specific objectives involved examining how the following risk a management practices, transfer, prevention, control, and retention influence performance of road construction project done by KURA. The main theories considered in this study were Systems Theory, Uncertainty Theory, and Contingency Theory. The research design utilized for this study was cross-sectional. The study population consisted of project managers, engineers, supervisors, surveyors, environmentalists, risk managers, construction firm staff, and government/KURA officials from eight road construction projects in Nairobi County that were successfully completed between 2015 and 2021. This population comprised a total of 200 individuals. From this population, a sample of 134 participants was randomly selected. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant information for the study, and the reliability of the research instruments was assessed using a coefficient value of above 0.7. To ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaires, a pilot study was conducted with 10 percent of the participants. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential analysis (multiple regression), with additional diagnostic tests such as correlation, normality, and multicollinearity assessments to ensure the data's integrity. The results were visually represented through a combination of tables, graphs, and pie charts. Ethical considerations were carefully addressed during the course of the study. The study found that risk transfer, risk prevention, risk control management practices and risk retention had a positive significant effect on performance of road construction projects in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study concludes that risk transfer helps project managers to protect projects from catastrophic losses, stabilize project cash flow, and focus on organizational core competencies. Risk prevention depends mainly on perception, judgement and experience. The control of risk is critical to project success and it is the task of risk management to manage a project’s exposure to risk. Risk retention is an iterative process that uses progress status reports and deliverable status to monitor and control risks. The study recommends that to ensure successful risk transfer, the project managers need to conduct a thorough risk assessment and analysis. The organization should increase level of project risk prevention as it enhances the risk management activities on each significant risk. Project managers should establish the probability of risk occurrence in the project. The response to a given risk should reflect the risk type, the risk assessment in terms of likelihood, impact, criticality and so on and the organization’s attitude to risk.
Procurement Management Practice and Performance of Selected Supermarkets in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-08) Sigore, Grace Kairo Letimorit
Kenya is the 2nd biggest emerging economy in Sub-Saharan Africa after South Africa. Supermarkets compete fiercely in retail markets in the quest to meet their goals and objectives, such as profit maximization and increasing market share. Supermarkets in Nairobi have placed good strategies for competitive advantage, and invested to satisfy customers. However, supermarkets in Nairobi City County, Kenya have encountered low sales, a decline in profitability, and customer dissatisfaction; this has led to the closure and merger of supermarkets like Uchumi, Tuskys, and Nakurmatta. Studies have been carried out on procurement practices in various sectors of the country but limited studies have been carried out on the trade sector, especially the supermarkets. As a result, the research ascertained how procurement practices, specifically supplier relationship management, inventory management, contract management, and e-procurement adoption, affected Nairobi City County’s supermarket performances in Kenya. The variables selected were supported by stakeholder, resource-based views, and system theories. A descriptive design was deployed during the investigation. The population targeted comprised 94 registered large and medium supermarkets in Nairobi County. The participants included procurement managers and officers at all 94 selected supermarkets in Nairobi City County composed of 282 participants. The survey employed all 282 participants utilizing the census technique as the size of the sample. Utilizing structured questionnaires, primary data was acquired. Validity and reliability tests were conducted on the instrument for data collection using Naivas and Joyland supermarkets in Kiambu County. Data collected was presented utilizing tables and charts as well as analyzed on the SPSS built-in platform in which descriptive and regression analysis was performed. The outputs were offered in charts and tables with the ethics of respect, confidentiality, and fairness upheld. Descriptively all procurement management performs significantly on the selected supermarkets’ performance in Kenya’s Nairobi City County. Outcomes of the investigation displayed that Supplier Relationship Management practices significantly in a positive manner (β = 0.202) affect selected supermarkets’ performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya; inventory management practice positively (β = 0.185) affects the performance of the supermarkets; contract management practice positively (β = 0.135) but affected the performance insignificantly of the supermarkets; while e-procurement adoption significantly affected supermarkets performance in a positive (β = 0.299) manner. The survey recommends that the management of supermarkets should enhance their supplier management to boost the selected supermarkets’ performance. This would allow for the building of a stronger relationship with the suppliers thus cutting down cost as a result of discounting fees. Further investigation is recommended to explore the reasons behind the insignificant effect of contract management practice.
Management Information Systems Adoption and Performance of Long-Distance Public Transport Bus Companies in Lamu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Kimondio, Bernard Mulingulu
Despite the fact that long distance public transport bus companies in Kenya invest heavily in the adoption of MIS with an aim of enhancing their performance, some still struggle to achieve the expected profitability and productivity. This was mainly due to differences in the extents of technology adoption in electronic document management, parcel management, booking and electronic fleet management systems. Companies who were not able to remain updated in the adoption of their management information systems soon became irrelevant to their customers and hence loss of business to their competitors who were updated. The high capital involved in venturing into long distance transport business only to be brought down by technological issue which could be researched, identified and resolved was a big matter of concern among the long-distance public transport bus companies. This as a result left many investors in this industry wondering why the underperformance as expected despite their efforts to adopt MIS and which was why there was need to provide an answer through a research study. This research therefore sought to assess the information management systems adoption and performance of the long-distance public transport bus companies in Lamu, Kenya and focused on the extent of adoption which seemed to affect the performance of the bus companies. Specific objectives were: to establish the extent of adoption of electronic document management on performance of the long distance public transport bus companies in Kenya; to assess the extent of adoption of electronic parcel management on performance of the long distance public transport bus companies in Kenya; to assess the extent of adoption of electronic booking on performance of the long distance public transport bus companies in Kenya; and to evaluate the extent of adoption of automated fleet management on performance of the long distance public transport bus companies in Kenya. Technology Acceptance Theory (TAT), Resource based view theory and Diffusion of Innovation Theory were used. Qualitative research methodology was used and descriptive data collection techniques and interpretation was applied respectively. The study used inferential statistics to examine the data in order to draw a summary and conclusion. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics by use of SPSS V20. Frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviations were used descriptively to analyze the data. Regression analysis or linear regression were used to descriptively analyze the data while results were presented using pie charts and tables. The study revealed that Management Information Systems (MIS) adoption had a great effect on the performance of the long-distance public transport bus companies. Such included the adoption of Electronic Document Management Systems (EDMS), which enabled the companies to save on office space, increase data security, efficiency and productivity; the adoption of Electronic Parcel Management Systems (EPMS), which enabled the companies to monitor transit goods, reduce transit time, create more transparency and accountability; adoption of Electronic Booking Management Systems (EBMS) hence enhancement of e-ticketing, booking confirmations and cancellations; and finally the adoption of Automated Fleet Management Systems (AFMS), which enhanced fleet management, driving safety, fuel management and data collection. The study concluded that EDMS, EPMS, EBMS and AFMS had a great influence on the performance of the long-distance public transport bus companies. The study recommended every long-distance public transport bus company should work hard toward full adoption of their IMS in order to achieve the maximum profitability in the public transport industry. The study recommended that Kenyan government to withdraw taxes for ICT to enable the companies to afford the ICT gadgets.
Monitoring and Evaluation Practices and Performance of Child Protection Project in Plan International, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Mutua, Linda Mutindi
There are several instances in which Child Protection Projects have fallen short of expectations. The efficacy of child protection operations has been hotly debated owing to rising rates of child abuse, neglect, and labor as well as of children living on the streets of major cities and of sexual assault and mutilation among adolescents. Child maltreatment was reported at 54.8%, child abandonment at 42%, male child labor at 49%, female child labor at 78%, male child trafficking at 10%, and female child trafficking at 50% in Kenya in 2016/2017. Example statistics include 40% of all incidents of child abuse, 65% of all cases of defilement or attempted defilement, 13.72% of all cases of rape, and 7.8% of all cases of indecent conduct with kid. The main objective is to examine the influence of monitoring and evaluation practices on the performance of child protection project in plan international Kenya. The study's objectives include assessing the effectiveness of Plan International Kenya's child protection programs as a whole, as well as individually: M&E design and planning; staff capacity development; stakeholder participation; and baseline surveys. The study assessed the theories of change, resource base management, and program theory, as well as the empirical reviews relevant to this topic. To avoid missing any important details about the issue at hand, this study adopted a mixed-method research design. Participants in Plan International Kenya’s child protection endeavor were the focus of this research. The research utilized a simple random sampling method to ensure that it is reflective of the population as a whole. Cronbach's Alpha was used to determine the surveys reliability. Regression analysis was done using the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA). The results revealed that M&E planning and design had positive and substantial regression coefficient values of (0.486),stakeholders inclusion had (0.412), M&E capacity building (0.353) and M&E baseline surveys (0.427). Diagnostic test including multi-collinearity were conducted and this study found the data had no collinearity as shown by (VIF<10) for all variables. Based on the study’s findings and conclusion, this study recommends that that the management of the plan international child’s protection programs in liaison with other key policy stakeholders should ensure that work breakdown structure is followed based on the budgetary allocations in order to ensured timely completion of the projects. In addition, M&E Policy should be implemented by ensuring policies on ethical values are upheld and new policies developed by the expenditure management officers which helps to enhance expenditure management. Lastly, future study should concentrate on other M&E methods not included in this study including project progress monitoring, quality monitoring, risk monitoring, and cost monitoring.
Resource Management Practices and Sustainability of Water Projects in Tana River County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Jama, Juma
The economic progress of nations, especially emerging ones, depends on the long-term viability of water infrastructure projects carried out by governments. These initiatives significantly contribute to economic productivity and industrialization, as well as increasing employment possibilities and alleviating poverty, among other advantages. Only 16% of water projects in Tana River County have proven beneficial to the social and economic well-being of the community members. Out of the water projects completed in 2021, a staggering 59% remain non-operational, while over 25% experience intermittent functioning due to ineffective management of machinery and resources. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of project resource management methods on the sustainability of water projects in Tana River county, Kenya. The research was conducted with the particular aim of determining the impact of resource planning, resource scheduling, resource allocation, and resource monitoring on the long-term viability of water projects in Tana River county, Kenya. The research was based on the theories of project management, constraints theory, and resource-based perspective theory. A descriptive survey methodology was used. This research focuses on 83 project stakeholders, including 5 county officials from the County Environment, Water, Natural Resources & Climate Change department, 13 project managers, and 65 project management committee members. The study revealed that resource planning had a favorable and substantial impact on project performance. Project management teams in the county have embraced the use of resource planning software/computer packages. The study revealed that implementing resource scheduling has a favorable and substantial impact on the sustainability of water projects in Tana River County. Resource calendars are heavily utilized in water projects in the county. The availability of resources is consistently taken into account during the scheduling process for implementing county water projects. Additionally, there is effective prioritization of resources in situations where there are competing demands for resources. The study revealed that resource allocation had a little impact on the sustainability of water projects in Tana River County. Nevertheless, there was prompt provision of the necessary resources for executing water projects throughout the county, ensuring consistent and effective allocation of resources for their implementation. The study revealed that the monitoring of resources has a notable and meaningful impact on the sustainability of water projects in Tana River County. Nevertheless, there was a reasonable level of consistency in examining the physical and financial advancement of water projects in the county in relation to the predetermined resource plans. The research suggests that resource allocation should be based on job demands and efficiency requirements, with a higher number of workers during peak hours and a reduced workforce during slower periods. The research suggests using diverse strategies for work scaling and planning in asset management. The research advises project managers to be cognizant of the project's scope, since the magnitude of the project will significantly influence their allocation of funds. The many methodologies used should include fundamental and widely-used procedures, such as scientific analysis meetings like earned value analysis and critical path analysis.
Health Management Information System Capabilities and Performance of Catholic Mission Hospitals in Selected Counties in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Gitahi, James Wangai
Hospitals have embraced technology in response to the growing use of information technology in the healthcare industry by implementing health management information systems and leveraging their capabilities, which helps automate most of their processes. Even with the substantial investments made in technology, hospitals continue to struggle with performance. This study sought to establish the relationship between the capabilities of health management information systems and performance in the Catholic Mission hospitals in selected counties in Kenya. The study's specific objectives were to determine the effect of digital infrastructure, data storage, information security, and management support on the performance of Catholic Mission hospitals. The study was informed by five theories: Human-Computer Interaction, Performance Theory, Resource-Based View Theory, Technology Acceptance Model Theory, and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. The study used a descriptive research design. The target population comprises Managerial and non-managerial system users and ICT staff from twenty Catholic Mission Hospitals in four Selected counties in Kenya: Nairobi, Kajiado, Machakos, and Kiambu. From an average population of over three hundred staff members per hospital, a sample size of 150 respondents composed of ICT specialists from Catholic Mission Hospitals in the selected counties in Kenya was adopted in the study to represent the entire population. The study adopted stratified random sampling where the population was grouped per hospital, and six respondents were sampled. The study revealed that Digital Infrastructure significantly influences the Performance of Catholic Mission Hospitals (β=0.252; p=0.000). Furthermore, Information Security significantly affects Performance (β=0.181; p=0.000). Moreover, the study found that Data Storage (β=0.286; p=0.000) and Management Support (β=0.321; p=0.000) significantly contribute to performance. The study concludes that an organisation's digital infrastructure is crucial to success. Thus, hospitals can securely distribute, store, and monitor patient data throughout their operations if they have robust hardware and software infrastructures. Furthermore, the ability to retrieve and share patient health records highlights the importance of health information management system capabilities. For this reason, cyber security is essential to protecting people and businesses from hackers and other cyber security threats. Thirdly, organisations must protect sensitive information against unauthorised access and data breaches by taking the appropriate security measures. In conclusion, the performance of an organisation is influenced by four critical success factors: digital infrastructure, information security, data storage, and managerial support. The study recommends strengthening an organisation's digital infrastructure to provide innovative solutions for effective performance. Hence, digital platforms can support sustainable business practices by offering new frameworks for structuring businesses. Secondly, organisations must strengthen system security for passwords, usernames, authentication, and backups to improve productivity and system resilience. Thirdly, companies must implement reliable data processing infrastructure, communication networks, and data retrieval systems to stay competitive. Finally, companies must prioritise employee competency through training and appropriately and adequately allocate resources to gain a competitive edge.
Innovative Project Management Practices on Project Performance of Healthcare Organizations: The Case of Smart Applications Limited
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Githara, Georgina
Effective project management stands as a cornerstone for organizational growth, particularly in the healthcare sector where innovative practices are imperative for delivering high-quality services. Despite advancements, challenges persist, including technology project failures, inadequate research, and issues of transparency. Smart Applications Limited, a provider of ICT services, operates within this dynamic environment, facing pressures to adapt to disruptive digital technologies while ensuring project success. This study seeks to examine Smart Applications Limited's experiences in managing healthcare technology projects and the effects of innovative project implementation on the firm's financial health. The research objectives focus on investigating the impact of agile management practices, evaluating the benefits of implementing ERP systems, analysing the effectiveness of automated project team coordination techniques, and assessing the relationship between proactive risk management and project performance. Adopting a mixed-method research design, this study integrates quantitative and qualitative approaches to gain comprehensive insights into project management dynamics. The target population comprises 60 project managers within Smart Applications Limited, with data collected through questionnaires. Utilizing the census sampling technique ensures the inclusion of all managers from relevant departments. The study employs the multiple regression model to establish correlations between project management styles and performance indicators at Smart Applications Limited. By addressing these objectives, this research contributes to filling the existing gap in understanding success factors for project implementation in the healthcare sector. Through insights gained, Smart Applications Limited and similar organizations can enhance their project management strategies, fostering sustainable growth and resilience in an ever-evolving healthcare landscape
Digital Integration and Performance of Information and Communication Technology Authority, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Chiro, Elvis Kombe
This study explored the impact of digital integration on the performance of the Information and Communication Authority (ICTA) in Kenya, amid significant government reforms aimed at enhancing efficiency and alleviating financial burdens on public resources. The research focused on the influence of data analytics, information storage, IT infrastructure, and management support, guided by theoretical frameworks including the Technology Acceptance Model and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Employing a cross-sectional design, primary data were collected from the ICT staff at ICTA's Nairobi headquarters, which comprised 565 employees across various departments. The findings revealed that data analytics (β=0.192; p=0.000), information storage (β=0.227; p=0.000), IT infrastructure (β=0.165; p=0.034), and management support (β=0.413; p=0.000) significantly influenced ICTA's performance. The study concluded that effective data analytics could enhance understanding of customer behavior and consumption trends, while robust IT infrastructure and management support were vital for sustainable organizational success. Recommendations highlighted the need for companies to prioritize data analytics, develop advanced IT infrastructures, and implement policy frameworks to optimize the use of technology. Future research should have examined the effectiveness of training programs for ICT staff, the role of stakeholder engagement in ICT adoption, and the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures in protecting sensitive information, alongside longitudinal and comparative studies to further enhance understanding of ICT integration within government ministries.
Project Control and Project Performance of Irrigation Projects in Embu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Watenga, Konesi Emmanuel
Project performance guarantee optimal utilization of resources, meeting project timelines, and achieving the desired outcomes, especially in irrigation sectors as global demand for food production increases to support a burgeoning population, optimizing water usage and irrigation systems becomes imperative. In various continents like Asia, and America, countries have focused more on maximizing the available resources to unlock the full potential of water resources which has realized over 90% project success rate unlike in Embu County, Kenya. This study aimed to determine the effect of project control on project performance within the context of irrigation projects in Embu County, Kenya. To be specific, the research focused to examine the extent to which comprehensive project planning, decision-making processes, risk management, and project monitoring influences the performance of irrigation projects in Embu County, Kenya and existing theories and models such as waterfall model, prospect theory, and theory of constraints in relation predictors variable at hand. The researcher target population include 4 irrigations project namely, Nthawa, Masinga, Kanyuambora irrigation project, and Rupingazi-Weru irrigation water project in Embu County, where the unit of observation comprises of 153 respondents including project management officials, ministry of water and irrigation officials, and community representatives. Simple random sampling technique was used to get the respondents to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was utilized in this investigation to help in collection data. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Project team involved in irrigation projects to ensure that comprehensive planning activities are undertaken, including thorough needs assessment, stakeholder engagement, and resource allocation. Regular reviews and updates of project plans to adapt to changing circumstances and mitigate potential risks. Project team should establish a regular communication and collaboration among team members to be able to identify potential challenges and threats within the projects. Team needs to allocate sufficient time and resources for thorough research and analysis before finalizing the project plan. Regular and timely reporting of project progress and milestones to relevant stakeholders is essential to ensure transparency and accountability. Adopt project management software such as Asana, Trello, and Microsoft Project tools for tracking tasks, milestones, and deadlines. Teams to invest in comprehensive risk assessments at various stages of project implementation to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities. Regular reviews and updates of risk registers are essential to ensure that emerging risks are promptly addressed and managed. Stakeholders should be actively involved in risk assessment workshops, brainstorming sessions, and risk analysis activities to gather input and perspectives on potential risks and mitigation strategies. Decision-making processes should be transparent, participatory, and informed by reliable data and information. The study recommended that project teams should establish clear decision-making frameworks and protocols to streamline decision-making processes and reduce ambiguity.
Critical Success Factors and Performance of Community Livelihood Projects in Machakos County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Muchemi, Emily Wangui
Community-based projects have had a tremendously positive influence on development in many countries around the world. The efforts of community-based projects are having a positive impact on an estimated two million people in Kenya. However, it has been noted that the majority of community development initiatives in Kenya have failed to sustain themselves, become self-sufficient, and the communities have failed to continue running them. Therefore, the present research investigated how critical success factors influences the performance of community livelihood projects in Machakos County, Kenya. The independent variables included; stakeholder involvement, monitoring and evaluation, project planning and communication. The study was guided by contingency theory, stakeholder theory and theory of change. The research design for the study was descriptive. In Machakos County, Kenya, seven community livelihood projects that were finished between 2018 and 2022 were the study's target population. To ensure that every respondent is fairly represented, the study employed stratified sampling. A simple random sampling method was used to choose the respondents. 259 respondents make up the sample. The data for this study were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire's validity was assessed in this study using criteria validity, construct validity, and content validity. This study was evaluated for reliability using the Cronbach Alpha coefficient test. Thematic analysis analyzed qualitative data and narrative presentation of results followed. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviation, frequency, and percentages). Inferential statistics (regression analysis, correlation analysis) were used to determine the extent to which one variable affects another. Tables and figures were used to display the quantitative results. The study carried out diagnostic tests that included; linearity tests, normality tests, homoscedasticity test and multicollinearity tests. The study's conclusions would benefit other stakeholders, the government, and policy makers by shedding light on how crucial success factors impact project performance. These stakeholders included the management of the organization that implements these projects. The study found that stakeholder participation, project planning, monitoring and evaluation and communication had a positive significant influence on the performance of community development projects in Machakos County, Kenya. The study concludes that stakeholders are the key component of any project and organization. Project planning entails thinking through the goals of the project, establishing what a successful project might entail, evaluating the timeline, and organizing the tasks. M&E provides a detailed blueprint of everything that went right and everything that went wrong during a project. The project management requires effective communication in order for work to proceed smoothly and on schedule. The study recommends that for a project to be successful all the stakeholders need to have a clear understanding of the objectives and processes. The project managers should start by identifying stakeholders by focusing on identifying everyone who will affect or be affected by the project and things are likely to be much smoother during their planning process. The project managers should carry out a needs analysis to help to identify the underlying causes of problems or challenges faced by the target population and to identify potential solutions that can be used to address these issues. The project managers should establish the purpose of their work by understanding why they are working on the project and how each step will advance the project. The research highlights the need for further studies on other key success factors to address the 35.5% gap identified in the regression analysis. Additionally, it suggests exploring community development project performance in counties beyond Machakos County, Kenya.
Project Implementation Practices and Performance of Solid Waste Management Projects in Kator Block Juba, South Sudan
(Kenyatta University, 2024-08) Chuol, Buay Deng
Performance of solid waste management projects in Juba City remains a challenge and becomes an issue in developmental projects mainly in environment due to lack of policy framework, governance, insecurity in South Sudan. Juba, the capital, environmental pollution is now a serious issue in the city, which makes the citizens’ lives less sanitary and sometimes unsafe. As a result, the Juba City Council must create a strategy to enhance the effectiveness of the solid waste management initiatives inside each Block. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the influence of project implementation practices on the performance of solid waste management projects in Kator Block Juba, South Sudan. The specific objectives of this study were to examine the influence of stakeholder involvement, project team management, communication management and quality management on performance of solid waste management projects in Kator Block Juba, South Sudan. This study used the institutional theory, stakeholder theory, resource dependency theory and theory of constraints. A descriptive survey research design was used in the study. The population was solid waste management projects in Kator Block Juba, South Sudan focusing on three active solid waste management projects with a population of 200 respondents. A census of 200 respondents was carried out. Primary data for the study was gathered via a semi-structured questionnaire. For this study, data in both quantitative and qualitative forms were gathered. Quantitative data was analyzed and presented in tables, charts, and graphs using descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation. Using multiple linear regression analysis and correlation analysis. The study examined the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. These were made with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. The content analysis method was applied to the analysis of qualitative data. The Juba metropolitan area, relevant National Government waste management agencies and waste management-related institutions are anticipated to gain from the study's conclusions. The results of the study showed that the performance of Solid Waste Management projects in Kator Block, Juba, South Sudan, was positively significantly influenced by stakeholder involvement, project team management, communication management and quality management. The study comes to the conclusion that stakeholders are an integral part of every business and project, and that their participation and contribution ensures any project's success. Effective communication is a key component of successful teamwork since it helps members build enduring bonds and contribute to current and upcoming projects. Project management requires effective communication because it facilitates more efficient and timely work. The project team will constantly provide high-quality goods and services if effective project quality management is practiced. The study recommends that it is crucial for all stakeholders to fully understand the goals and processes of a project in order to guarantee its success. To facilitate efficient communication and streamline reporting, project managers ought to organize staff members into project teams. Project quality management should be planned from the start and monitored throughout quality planning, quality assurance, and quality control. The organization should have a thorough understanding of the team's background, location, and makeup, as well as any personality tests the team members may have completed and the type of resource each member is. For government officials and policymakers, the findings can inform decision-making and improve project implementation. Project managers and implementers can use the findings to enhance project outcomes, leading to better waste management practices and improved public health. Local communities and residents can advocate for better waste management services and hold stakeholders accountable.
Project Internal Administration and Performance of Overhaul Projects at Kenya Electricity Generating Company
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Apiyo, Christopher Owiya
The overall result of an overhaul project in power stations is better electricity productivity. The severity of downtime can disrupt the entire facility. The total cost of downtime, emergency repairs, and repeat jobs in Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC is staggering. The company is witnessing an increase in revenue leaks, close to 8% of its expected revenue, attributed to numerous equipment breakdowns. The inadequate generation also affects the reliability of the national grid and, in turn, the economy for sectors and industries dependent on electricity. Stringent power purchase agreements (PPA) impose penalties when power plants fail to generate at their declared capacity due to machine breakdowns. Usually, overhaul projects aim to minimize failures, increase their availability, and ensure the machine's useful life is attained. An in-depth study of the project's internal administration was conducted to understand its effect on overhaul projects performance. Priority was bestowed to Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC, Kenya, having 24 operational power plants and a total installed capacity of 1904MW electrical power. This is equivalent to 63% of the country's total installed capacity. Four distinct aims directed the research. These were to investigate the influence of planning, inventory, overhaul resource management and team execution management on the performance of overhaul projects. The study anchored on competence theory as the leading theory as it allowed for a focus on aligning the specific skill sets and capabilities of project managers and team members with the needs of the overhaul project. A literature review summary, project internal administration and overhaul project performance conceptual framework have been presented. The study's methodology was based on a descriptive survey, with a target population of 31 overhaul projects implemented in fourteen power stations spread across Kenya Electricity Generating Company's six operational areas in Kenya- Kipevu, Western, Olkaria and Eburru, Ngong, Seven Forks and Upper Tana; and 112 overhaul projects leads at the designated power stations including power generation assistant managers, engineers, technicians, and procurement and finance officers. The sampling was done by the use of stratified sampling procedure which obtained a sample size of 87 overhaul project leads. The data collection mode was via open and closed-ended questionnaires. Before commencing the actual data collection, the researcher piloted this study on eight respondents who shared similar characteristics with the primary research. The content validity was used to evaluate whether the data collection instrument gave the correct measurement. Cronbach alpha, yielded reliability values of above 0.7 for all the constructs. Data analysis followed using multiple regression to assess the degree of consensus among the participants on the study's specific objectives. The findings showed that planning, inventory management, overhaul resource management and team execution positively influenced performance. Notably, inventory management had the strongest influence (β=0.425), while resource management had a moderate effect (β=0.170). The overall coefficient of determination was 0.590, indicating that 59% of the variation in project performance could be explained by internal management factors. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving planning processes, streamlining inventory management, enhancing resource allocation methods, and providing targeted training to project teams to optimize project outcomes.
Project Risk Management Strategies and Project Performance in Kenya Power in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Kadala, Albert
Project performance is a prevalent concern, with quality failures leading to additional expenses ranging from 2 percent to 12 percent of project expenditures. Additionally, rectifying quality issues contributes to around 3.4 percent to 6.2 percent of project costs. The primary intent of the study is to ascertain the effect of project risk management practices on the performance of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company in Kenya. This research aimed to investigate the effect of risk avoidance strategy, risk reduction strategy, risk transfer, and risk retention strategy on project performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. The research was informed by the principles of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), the Theory of Constraints, and the Theory of Uncertainty. This inquiry used a descriptive research approach. The research population entailed project managers employed by Kenya Power in the Nairobi area. The research participants were selected utilizing a stratified random sampling procedure. Last-mile connection, smart metering, automated street lighting, and mwangaza mtaani projects made up the stratus. Subsequently, a total of 147 individuals were chosen by a random selection method. This study employed a semi-structured questionnaire. Every element of the study was customized to address a specific facet of the research. The survey's question selection was determined by using a 5-point Likert scale. A pilot test was done with a sample of workers from the Nairobi area of Kenya Power. A total of twelve individuals were selected, with three chosen from each of the four areas. The personnel that participated in the pilot testing did not partake in the real research. Data from demographics and objective one, two, three, and four were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Descriptive statistics included calculating the average (mean) and the measure of variability (standard deviation). The research utilized inferential statistics to ascertain the correlation between the independent factors and the dependent variable. The research outcomes were done using tables and figures. The study's findings suggest that implementing a risk avoidance approach has a beneficial and substantial effect on the execution of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Furthermore, the research establishes that using a risk reduction approach has a beneficial and substantial effect on the execution of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Additionally, the research determines that the transfer of risk has a favorable and substantial effect on the execution of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. The research also determines that implementing a risk retention approach has a favorable and noteworthy effect on project performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Based on the results, this research suggests that Kenya Power's management should consistently and comprehensively evaluate possible risks and uncertainties for all projects via complete and frequent risk assessments. This should include a comprehensive examination of both intrinsic and extrinsic elements that potentially influence project success.
Project Risk Management Strategies and Project Performance in Kenya Power in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Kadala, Albert
Project performance is a prevalent concern, with quality failures leading to additional expenses ranging from 2 percent to 12 percent of project expenditures. Additionally, rectifying quality issues contributes to around 3.4 percent to 6.2 percent of project costs. The primary intent of the study is to ascertain the effect of project risk management practices on the performance of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company in Kenya. This research aimed to investigate the effect of risk avoidance strategy, risk reduction strategy, risk transfer, and risk retention strategy on project performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. The research was informed by the principles of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), the Theory of Constraints, and the Theory of Uncertainty. This inquiry used a descriptive research approach. The research population entailed project managers employed by Kenya Power in the Nairobi area. The research participants were selected utilizing a stratified random sampling procedure. Last-mile connection, smart metering, automated street lighting, and mwangaza mtaani projects made up the stratus. Subsequently, a total of 147 individuals were chosen by a random selection method. This study employed a semi-structured questionnaire. Every element of the study was customized to address a specific facet of the research. The survey's question selection was determined by using a 5-point Likert scale. A pilot test was done with a sample of workers from the Nairobi area of Kenya Power. A total of twelve individuals were selected, with three chosen from each of the four areas. The personnel that participated in the pilot testing did not partake in the real research. Data from demographics and objective one, two, three, and four were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Descriptive statistics included calculating the average (mean) and the measure of variability (standard deviation). The research utilized inferential statistics to ascertain the correlation between the independent factors and the dependent variable. The research outcomes were done using tables and figures. The study's findings suggest that implementing a risk avoidance approach has a beneficial and substantial effect on the execution of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Furthermore, the research establishes that using a risk reduction approach has a beneficial and substantial effect on the execution of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Additionally, the research determines that the transfer of risk has a favorable and substantial effect on the execution of projects at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. The research also determines that implementing a risk retention approach has a favorable and noteworthy effect on project performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Based on the results, this research suggests that Kenya Power's management should consistently and comprehensively evaluate possible risks and uncertainties for all projects via complete and frequent risk assessments. This should include a comprehensive examination of both intrinsic and extrinsic elements that potentially influence project success.
Project Management Practices and Implementation of Somali Humanitarian Fund Projects by Local Non-Governmental Organizations in Mogadishu, Somalia
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Gureh, Abdihakim Abdisalan
The effective management and control of a project are fundamental to its success. In the context of intricate projects, such as those associated with the Somali Humanitarian Fund (SHF), strict adherence to a defined scope, schedule, and budget is crucial to attaining the desired outcomes. Humanitarian and Development (SHF) projects carried out by local NGOs in Mogadishu, Somalia. The specific goals of the study included scrutinizing the role of communication in SHF project performance, evaluating the impact of planning on project success, assessing the effects of financing on project performance, and determining the importance of monitoring and evaluation in the implementation of SHF projects. The study was grounded in the Theory of Change, Management by Objective Theory, Adaptive Structuration Theory, and the Theory of Constraints. Employing a descriptive survey design, the research involved a population of 50 SHF projects. To ensure proper representation, the study employed a stratified sampling technique. Specifically, the study selected four major humanitarian donors, seven UN agencies, ten INGOs, 23 NNGOs, and six independent experts, resulting in a representative sample of 50 individuals. The selection process utilized a random selection method for increased objectivity. Data collection utilized a semi-structured questionnaire, and the analysis was conducted using SPSS, with findings presented through mean scores, standard deviation, and percentages. The descriptive analysis indicates that 71.8% of respondents face communication challenges that hinder the timely completion of Somali Humanitarian Fund (SHF) projects. Additionally, 82.1% of respondents emphasize the importance of planning, with 94.9% recognizing it as critical for project success. While 76.9% report receiving adequate financial support, 92.3% highlight the importance of monitoring and control processes in ensuring project effectiveness. According to the inferential statistics, the regression analysis indicates that the independent variables. Communication, Planning, Financing, and Monitoring & Evaluation collectively explain 84.7% of the variance in the implementation of Somali Humanitarian Fund (SHF) projects. The model is statistically significant (F-statistic = 47.07, p < 0.05), highlighting the importance of these factors in project outcomes. Furthermore, the regression coefficients reveal that Communication (B = 0.188), Planning (B = 0.26), Financing (B = 0.267), and Monitoring & Evaluation (B = 0.189) all have a positive and statistically significant impact on project implementation, emphasizing their critical role in enhancing the success of SHF initiatives. The findings highlight the critical role of effective communication, comprehensive planning, adequate financing, and robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) mechanisms in project success. Communication challenges were identified as hindrances to timely project completion, emphasizing the need for improved communication channels and strategies. Planning was deemed essential, but the recognition of inadequate planning as a challenge suggests a need for capacity building and best practice adoption. Financial support was seen as crucial, but there's room for improved assessment by financiers to ensure transparency. M&E processes were acknowledged as integral, yet areas like demonstrating corrective actions and aligning deliverables with objectives need attention for enhanced effectiveness and accountability. Recommendations include enhancing communication channels, bolstering planning capacities, improving financial management practices, and institutionalizing M&E processes. These steps aim to mitigate challenges, optimize resource utilization, and maximize the impact of SHF projects on vulnerable populations in Mogadishu.
Organizational Capabilities and Adoption of Enterprise Resource Planning by Kenya Medical Research Institute in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Kiprop, Moses Larry
Organizational capabilities are critical sources of creating and building long-term competitive advantage. Organizations that can develop and deploy unique, inimitable, and valuable capabilities will gain sustainable competitive advantage. Enterprise Resource Planning adoption faces numerous challenges, resulting in implementation hurdles or even system abandonment by organizations after significant financial investments. As a public research institute, Kenya Medical Research Institute attempted but failed to fully implement an Enterprise Resource Planning solution with only 40% of the proposed modules having been partially implemented. The institution’s lack of full Enterprise Resource Planning system being implemented has fueled inefficiencies and undermined the attainment of the organization’s medical research aspirations. There is a dearth of information on the role of organizational capabilities in the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning. Thus, this research analyzed the effect of organizational capabilities on the adoption of Enterprise Resource Planning using the case of the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The research used business process reengineering, information communication technology, and senior management support as the key independent variables. Semi-structured questionnaires will be administered for the data-gathering process. A census approach was used to select 52 employees of Kenya Medical Research Institute. The researcher personally issued the questionnaire to the subjects. The drop-and-pick method was adopted later in cases where participants might be unable to complete and return the questionnaires at the time of their administration. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was utilized for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Regression and correlation analyses were performed to unearth the associations among variables. All ethical conducts were duly followed. Prose discussion was used to display the data collection’s findings and the validity of the questionnaire was conducted by the use of expert opinions that assisted to establish content validity and the supervisor reviewing the items suggested while reliability was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha test. The findings indicated a positive influence of Information and Communication Technology infrastructure, top management support, business process reengineering and organizational culture on the adoption of ERP. The study concludes that a robust IT infrastructure is essential for supporting the scalability requirements of an ERP system. Senior management support helps in securing necessary resources for the ERP implementation, including budget allocation, staffing, and technology infrastructure. In order to increase productivity and effectiveness, current processes are analyzed and redesigned as part of business process reengineering. The success of an ERP implementation heavily relies on the cooperation and support of employees at all levels of the organization. The study recommends that KEMRI should upgrade hardware and software by investing in new servers, storage devices, and networking equipment can help ensure that the IT infrastructure can support the demands of the ERP system. The study recommends that KEMRI should build awareness and understanding by first educating the executive team about the benefits and importance of implementing an ERP system at KEMRI. KEMRI should standardize and automate various business processes. The study recommends that enhancing the organizational culture during the implementation of ERP at KEMRI could include communication and transparency, employee involvement, rewards and incentives.

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