MST-Department of Sociology

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Adoption of computer technology and its impact on organizational performance and labour requirements: a case of three organizations in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1999) Ogolla, Jemmima Wanja Gatumu -; Rono, H. K.; Ahmed, S.
This study was carried out to examine the nature of adoption of computer technology among Kenyan organisations with different ownership and management practices, and to identify the impact of computerisation on the performance and on labour requirements. Existing literature with observations made in other countries have argued that while there are fundamentally positive aspects on adoption and use of computer technology some of the impact have to be negative, particularly with respect to displacement of labour and centralisation of operations. The principal hypothesis was that organizations with different ownership and management practices will influence the nature of computerization, thrbugh adopted policies and strategies, which in turn will influence the impact on performance and labour requirements. To examine this hypothesis, three organizations were selected, namely the Ministry of Finance, National Social Security Fund, and Barclays Bank on the basis of their computerization initiatives since 1970s and varied ownership and management practices. The impact of performance was examined in terms of duration in processing critical tasks and the extent to which computerization has enhanced realisation of the missions and objectives in these organizations. The impact on labour was examined in terms of changes that have occurred in various staff categories: i.e. senior management, supervisory cadre and operational cadre. The study found that in the Ministry, computerization was in response to expanded public service and the need to process salaries and development expenditure efficiently. In the Fund, the aim was to develop systems for efficient registration of members (employers and their employees) as well as to process and reconcile their contributions. While the Bank had undertaken gradual computerization since 1970s, intensified and expanded computerization was carried-out in 1990s in response to increased competition in the financial sector particularly in terms of efficiency in customer services and to allow management to make prompt decisions. The data indicated that while the Ministry was the first to carryout computerization, both the Bank and the Fund have carried-out more intensive and extensive computerization in the last five years. Between 1990 and 1995, the computing capacity of the Bank increased from a total to 197 Gigabytes (GB) to 6045 (GB), the Fund 2.6 GB to 19.7 GB, and the Ministry remained relatively stagnant form 5.28 GB to 5.34GB. During the same period the Bank increased its expenditure on computerization by a factor of 43.3, the Fund 2.5 and the Ministry 15.11. Further the data indicated that the Bank and the Fund have achieved substantial computerization involving network and real-time processing respectively while the Ministry still carried out substantial batch processing. Furthermore the Bank has computerized and integrated 70% of its functions, the Fund 50% and the Ministry 40%. The computerization efforts were found to have had an impact on the nature and duration of processing critical missions, data entry and reconciliations. In the Ministry, duration of processing accounts data was reduced from 30 to 7 days; at the Fund, registration of members from 120 to 20 days; at the Bank, banking transactions from one day delay to on-line. Furthermore, the computerization efforts had impact on labour structure in the Bank and at the Fund. In the case of the Bank, operational cadre decreased from 83% to 79% and the supervisory cadre increased from 8% to 14%. Interestingly in the case of Fund, operational cadre tended to remain the same at 44% but supervisory cadre increased from22% to 26%. In both organizations the recruitment of operational cadre also decreased as supervisory cadre increased. The decrease of operational cadre and the increase of the supervisory cadre indicated that computerization at least in the two organizations has had an impact on enhancement of administrative capacity. The situation in the Ministry remained the same. Further, computerization in the three firms led to increased training among senior management, middle and supervisory cadres. In the Ministry, the percentage of senior staff trained rose from 24% in 1990 to 27% in 1995, the Fund from 10% to 14% and the Bank from 47% to 54%. While it was not expected in the case of the Ministry, the negative impact in-terms of displacement of staff was found to be negligible in both the Fund and the Bank because of adopted policies and strategies, including retaining, and redeployment. The study concludes that computerization in private sector is substantially intensive and tends to have greater impact as compared to computerization in the public sector. Further, the study concludes that computerization in private sector, and to some extent state corporations, has increased efficiency and also enhanced administrative capacity. In addition, the study concludes further that the anticipated negative impact of computerization was minimised by adopted strategies and policies that encourage retraining and re-deployment of the staff.
Analysis of gender difference in development and growth of Faulu supported enterprises: a study of selected business zones in Nairobi, Kenya
(2012-04-23) Kilavuka, Janet Muyoma
The focus of the study was the informal sector enterprises and the evident gender difference in business performance amongst those having access to financial assistance programme. Informal Sector in particular has undergone several changes since it s implementation in 1950's. The two major commissions, which emphasized the sector, were the ''East African Royal Commission 1953-55'' and The Kericho Conference in 1966 on ''Education, Employment and Rural Development''. Development Plans and Sessional Papers since independence have also pointed to the need to improve the sector through various assistance programmes by the government, non-governmental organisations and private organizations. Literature indicates that some enterprises in the Informal Sector are dominated by men and others by women. The differences are attributed to factors such as education, enterprising skills, capital and gender division of division of labour. Research indicated that access to credit has an impact on the performance of an enterprise. However, it is not clear how the impact of credit is different for men and women. It is also not clear to what extent micro financing has helped narrow the gender gap in relation to small and micro-enterprise development and growth. The study therefore, sought to identify the gender differences in loan seeking behaviour, Loan utilization and business performance The objectives of the study were to: - -Analyze and document gender differences in small and micro enterprise performance -Assess the impact of credit on enterprise growth paying attention to the gender of the entrepreneur. - Assess the impact of socio-economic statuses on the performance of an enterprise. - To document on performance indicators of an enterprise paying attention to age of an enterprise. - To analyze the difference in performance indicators by type of enterprise. Data was obtained from 82 women and 68 men entrepreneurs selected through multistage cluster random sampling and stratified systematic random sampling. Data was collected using interview schedules, questionnaires, observations and focus group discussions. Data was analyzed using descriptive and statistics such as the t-test with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Programme. The findings of the study indicated that most of the entrepreneurs were married with some cases of widowhood, separation, divorce and single amongst women entrepreneurs. More than half of the entrepreneurs had secondary education and above. Common enterprises were beauty and wear, and enterprises involved in were significantly related to sex of the entrepreneur. Most enterprises were still young (under 11 years) and this was attributed to structural adjustment programmes, which are assumed to have driven many into the sector. It was also found that, there were no significant differences between men and women on performance although differences were evident in amount and number of loans taken by different gender. Number of loans positively influenced business performance. However, after accessing credit, the amount of increase between men and women were significantly different in re-investments and capital accumulation. Socio-economic factor (marital status and education), age of the enterprise, the type of the enterprise contributed to these differences in performance
An assesment of probation services in Kenya: a case study of Makadara Probation Department, Nairobi
(2012-02-27) Tum, Jelagat
The aim of this study was to identify the types of benefits that probationers achieve during their probationary period and the constraints that inhibits the realization of expected benefits. This thesis intended to find the rate of offenders who do not complete their probation term and the factors that lead to this non-completion. The study went further and looked at the offender as the focus; the environment he or she is released into, his or her associates while on probation and how these affect completion rates. The study also incorporated probation Hostels which had not been examined by any other study. This study employed a survey research design. Use of questionnaires and examination of records collected the data. The researcher used a question guide for examination of records to extract relevant information on absconders. This study was carried out with a sample of 98 probationers and the views of 24 probation of officers were sought to better understand probation rehabilitation strategies and data collected. The study found that most probationers are unemployed and that they also tend to come from stable families where they have both parents. The study established that most absconding probationers are employed and have family dependants. The type of crimes ranged from theft to rape, selling illegal brew or possessing illegal drugs. Many of these crimes were crimes of poor people who also resided in slums or in the middle of class zones of Buruburu, Umoja and so forth. Data analysis was done using descriptive analysis and the chi square technique. The study established that factors which contribute to poor performance of probation services include: lack of home visits before and after pre-sentence reports, lack of office space for confidentiality when dealing with probationers, limited financial allocation by the government, inadequate in-service training, urgency of probationer's immediate material needs after release, unreliability of probationers due to limited supervision contact by probation staff and low morale among probation staff.
An Assesment of Sustainability Strategies for Community Managed Rural Water Supply Schemes in Njoro Ward, Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Mogaka, Elkanah Ombiro
Community managed rural water supply schemes (CMRWSS) are community water projects undertaken with and for the community in addressing local interest, needs and aspirations. From preliminary observations, most CMRWSS in the country collapse or perform below expectation soon after the implementation phase. Some literature reviewed in this study attest to the fact that some of these rural water projects which depend on external funding stagger to survive once the support gets withdrawn as a result of what this study view as unreliable sustainability strategies in place. Report from World Bank (WB) reveals that the Government of Kenya receives donor aid from various sources to fund water projects in the country but most projects fail to yield expected results. That scenario opened a research gap the study sought to unravel. Thus, the study embarked on assessing sustainability strategies of CMRWSS by probing how community participation; project financing; management approaches and community training on operations, maintenance and management would influence sustainability frameworks used by CMRWSS. The study site was Njoro Ward of Nakuru County. The study used the stakeholders’ participation theory which appreciates the input of both internal (community) and external (donor) stakeholders as integral players in enhancing sustainability. Descriptive survey design was used as it gives an in-depth probe of the phenomenon under study. The target population was 4,743 registered members belonging to seven CMRWSS. The unit of analysis was ‘household’ because CMRWSS’ membership was per each household. Yamane (1967) formulae with an error margin of 5% was used to obtain the sample size of 368 out of the given target population. The sampled respondents were distributed among the four sub-locations in the vast Ward using stratified proportional sampling technique based on membership strength for each sub-location. Respondents from each stratum (sub-location) were selected through a simple random sampling technique. Five key informants were selected purposively to give their opinion on the subject matter. The questionnaire was the primary instrument or tool for data collection for this study. Quantitative data analyzed using SPSS (Version, 20) and descriptive statistics were presented through percentages and frequencies. The information was presented by use of bar charts, graphs and pie charts and discussions. Content analysis was used to analyze data that was qualitative in nature from openended questions. The study established that sustainability strategies of community managed rural water supply schemes could be made effective by: involving stakeholders to participate fully, adoption of reliable management approaches, training of community management committee frequently on project operations, maintenance and management. Developing strategic plans for financing water supply systems was also crucial. The study recommends that community members should be engaged actively across all the phases of the project, particularly at the planning and design phases. Also, the study recommends that policy makers could formulate policies to address sustainable financing of community water projects.
Assessment of Older Persons’ Participation in Community Development Activities in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kawira, Mutegi Josphine; Lucy W. Maina; Samuel Mwangi
The accelerated population ageing has become a development concern in the 21stcentury with nations least prepared to deal with the consequences of population ageing. To address these consequences, older persons should be encouraged to become active participants on issues impacting their lives. However, older persons have not been able to fully participate in development process with reports showing low levels of participation in social, economic, political and cultural activities. This study sought to assess involvement of older persons to community development. Specifically, the study sought to assess extent of older person’s participation in community development activities in Tharaka Nithi County, identify factors that hinder participation of older persons in development, assess the effects of non-participation of older persons in development and suggest measures to enhance older person’s participation in community development. The study was anchored in the political economy of ageing theory which demonstrates the differences in how older persons act which is influenced by social, economic and political structures that shape ageing. The study employed descriptive survey design by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. A simple random sampling method was used to select a sample of 157 older persons from the target population of 7,730 older persons from Tharaka Nithi County. Additionally, 3 social development officers, 3 administrative officers and 1 faith-based leader were purposively selected on the basis of their knowledge, expertise and experience of working with older persons for in-depth interviews. Data was collected using questionnaire, interview schedule and through personal observations. Data was analyzed using frequency count and percentages and presented in form of tables and graphs. The researcher sought approvals from graduate school, ethics review committee, NACOSTI and relevant county government bodies in addition, participants were informed the purpose of the study and their consent sought before questions were administered. The researcher assured them of confidentiality before, during and after the study. The study established older persons participated in community development through paid labour, engaging in leisure and cultural activities, providing informal child care, participation in elections through voting and being active members of Nyumba kumi initiatives. Participation in social and cultural activities was moderate and relatively low in economic and political domains. The study further established a combination of individual, social, economic and political factors influencing participation of older persons in community development activities. The study concluded that low participation of older persons in community development activities exposed them to poverty, inability to access resources, inadequate representation in decision-making and poor public services and isolation as well as poor physical and mental health. The study concluded that these effects of low participation exposed them to become socially excluded in community development activities leaving them more vulnerable and marginalized by the rest of the community. The study recommends government, other stakeholders to encourage and support older persons to access equal opportunities to participate in community development activities as well as play an active role in providing solutions to their challenges. The study findings will be useful in informing work/labour force policies, strategies and programs by local and national governments as well as development partners in addressing older person’s rights.
Assessment of the Contribution of International Non- Governmental Organisations Development Programmes to Women Socio-Economic Empowerment in Makueni County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Elizabeth M., Kithuka; Pacificah Okemwa; Leah Wanjama
This study was based on the contribution of INGOs development programmes to women socio-economic empowerment in Makueni and Mbooni sub counties, Makueni County in Kenya. Specifically, the study aimed to establish types of INGOs development programs towards women socio-economic empowerment, effects of development programmes, the challenges faced and strategies to apply during the implementation of the INGOs development programmes. The study was guided by the Theory of Change, and Sarah Longwe’s Framework. Further, the study employed mixed Approach (qualitative and quantitative method) and descriptive research design in data collection. The targeted population was women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) of World Vision and Action Aid programmes. The sample size included 114 women recipients from different SHGs, 8 men (spouses) in SHGs,10 project staff officials from the two INGOs, 24 SHG leaders and 6 key informants from Makueni County Government, making a total of 162 respondents. The sampling techniques included multistage, purposive, and Random sampling. Data collection tools included questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides and interview schedules and secondary data from INGOs records. Qualitative data was analysed using themes and quantitative using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) software. Descriptive statistics such as graphs, frequency distributions, tables, and charts were utilized to summarize the findings. The study findings established that the level of contribution of INGOs development programs influenced women socio economic empowerment. This depended on the type of programs and challenges faced by INGOs development programs. In addition, age influenced women rights awareness while education impacted on access to resources. Data revealed that the type of program given to the women groups influenced their socio-economic empowerment. This was evidenced by the effects of programs such as the provision of water and sanitation, women awareness of their rights and SGBV while there was limited access to and control over productive resources, limited training on entrepreneurship, limited involvement of women in development projects. Generally, beneficiaries felt that the INGOs development programmes were inadequate in empowering women and the programs seemed to be creating more dependency among women recipients hence high levels of poverty. Women socio economic empowerment was also influenced by challenges such as inadequate access to and control over the resources, limited entrepreneurial skills and SGBV among women. The study identified main strategies to empower women as enhancing awareness on women rights to improve access and control over the resources, enhancing training on entrepreneurial skills and addressing SGBV. The study concludes that contribution of INGOs development programs influences women socio economic empowerment. The study recommends: INGOs to do thorough investigations on the specific development projects that fit WSHGs and avoid duplication of services. They should also aim at doing more capacity building on entrepreneurship skills and awareness creation on women rights to improve access to and control over resources and reduce SGBV. The INGOs should involve men through influencing community systems that target improvement to access and control of resources by women. It is hoped that the findings will help policy makers, INGOs, Central and County Government officials to implement the right projects that meet the needs of women.
Caregivers Challenges in Facilitating Vulnerable Orphaned Children Cope with Hiv/Aids Stigma in Bauchi Metropolitan, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Ahmed, Suleiman; George Evans Owino; Gladys M. Nyachieo
prevalence of HIV and AIDS stigma on children has caused a burden on caregivers, HIV-positive children, and their families. About 17 million children around the world have lost one or both parents due to HIV and AIDS and left to caregivers (UNAIDS, 2019. USAID, 2021). This study explored the range of challenges caregivers encounter in assisting vulnerable children and HIV/AIDS orphans facing issues related to social stigmatization. The main aim was to highlight major challenges encountered by caregivers in the Bauchi metropolis. Specifically, the objectives were set to identify the practical issues affecting the role of caregivers with religion as a significant cultural factor. The majority of caregivers of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa with Nigeria accounting for an estimated 1.9 million cases (UNAIDS, 2019, USAID, 2021). However, despite collective efforts by caregivers, families, and communities aimed towards protecting, caring, and supporting infected affected children, the scourge of stigma has remained high. Reports indicate that more is needs to be done to support caregivers for them to look after those children (UNAIDS, 2019). Therefore, this study focuses on caregivers' predicament while helping HIV and AIDS vulnerable orphaned children in Bauchi Metropolis. The study highlights the challenges caregivers experience as a result of stigmatization reinforce by cultural and religious influence among others, in making children living with HIV and AIDS cope with the epidemic. The purpose of the study was to understand the position of caregiver's characteristics situations and impact culture, and religion's impact on the care of children with HIV and AIDS in Bauchi Metropolitan. The study was guided by two theories, the Stigmatization theory by Goffman, and the Structuration theory by Giddens. The sequential transformative approach of quantitative and qualitative methods (mixed method) was used in this study through a descriptive cross-sectional survey. SPSS was used to analyze the quantitative data using descriptive statistics such as means, frequency, and percentages, while NVivo software was used to analyze qualitative data synthesis and prose thematically. Bauchi metropolis has about 218 caregivers of children orphaned & vulnerable to HIV and AIDS. Data collection questionnaires and interview guides were used. Key informant interviews were conducted on government agencies and NGOs. The findings revealed that caregivers faced challenges and difficulties while dealing with orphaned and vulnerable children with HIV and AIDS. These challenges were mainly due to lack of education from most of the caregivers, lack of knowledge on how to handle stigma cases, and lack of consultation habit (inquiry) that make them unable to properly handle issues of stigma. In addition, the government is not doing enough to support caregivers in helping those HIV children cope with the stigma. The influence of culture, religion, and society has also made it difficult for caregivers to help children with HIV and AIDS to overcome stigma. The study, therefore, recommends the empowerment of caregivers with skills acquisitions, training, and workshops, and to be part of the decision-making on programs related to HIV and AIDS.
Challenges affecting the performance of police reservists in Kenya: the case of Loima Sub-County in Turkana County
(2014) Mutemi, Willy Edward
The study examined the challenges affecting the performance of Police Reservists in Loima Sub-county within Turkana County. Specifically, the study sought to understand why insecurity was thriving despite continued recruitment of the Reservists in the Sub-county. The objectives of the study were: to examine the performance of the Reservists; to identify the challenges affecting the performance of the Reservists; and to come up with appropriate measures to address these challenges. In order to analyze and address the problem three organizational theories namely Open Systems theory, Theory of Bureaucracy and Contingency theory were reviewed. The Theory of Bureaucracy was considered the most relevant for the study. The study used survey design to collect data from the Reservists. The study population comprised 358 Reservists, with a corresponding sample size of 188. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the Reservists. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and FGDs, while secondary data was collected through thematic review of secondary materials. Primary data was analyzed using frequencies and percentages with the aid of STATA statistical program, while secondary data was analyzed using thematic method. The study established that all the Reservists were male, majority aged between 35 and 44 years, at primary level of education, married and poor. Having youthful people most of who were married presented an energetic and responsible workforce and was seen as an opportunity to improve performance. Poverty and low literacy level were seen as a threat to performance. The study identified and prioritized legal/policy gaps on the basis of their level of threat to effective Reservists performance. These include ambiguity on the procedure on remunerative allowances, lack of clear guidelines on recruitment and deployment, inadequate guidelines on supervision and control, lack of clear guidelines on training, lack of guidelines on medical cover, injury and life compensation and role ambiguity in that order. Additionally, the Reservists level of training in security and policing was found to be very low especially in areas such as community policing, human rights, intelligence collection, peace building and conflict resolution and protection of crime scenes. Training on weapons was a bit better due to frequent use and training. Finally, the study found out that the Reservists level of operational capacity was also very low. This mostly resulted from inadequate supply of uniforms, protective clothing, arms and ammunition, dry food ration and communication gadgets among others. It is clear that these challenges largely contribute to the rising level of insecurity and unless they are addressed continued recruitment of the Reservists will not solve the problem. Recommendations were made on the appropriate measures to address the challenges and improve the performance of the Reservists.
Challenges of dealing with fire outbreaks in informal settlements: the case of the 12th September 2011 Sinai fire in Nairobi
(2014-05-12) Olekina, Wilfred Koitamet; Keere, F.; Kiruthu, Felix Macharia
The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges faced in dealing with outbreak of fires in the informal settlements of Nairobi County. More specifically the study examined the level of awareness of risks posed by fire hazards and response in the event of a fire among the residents of the Sinai informal settlement in Nairobi. It also examined whether the Nairobi County Government has issued Standard Operating Procedures that detail sequence of events when responding to fire in informal settlements, how the tragedy at Sinai was responded to by the residents and the authorities and the challenges that hampered the effective response to the Sinai fire disaster were interrogated with the view to identifying strategies of copping with future fires like the Sinai one. The study adopted a conceptual famework for dealing with challenges of fire outbreaks in informal settlements. It also employed practical actions reducing vulnerability conceptual framework to explain the challenges that exist in dealing with the fire outbreaks in the informal settlements. The study adopted a case study design with the intention of finding out the issues that surrounded the Sinai fire. The targets population was all the households at the Sinai slum. Both stratified random sampling and simple random were used to samples 341 households. Data collection was done by use of questionnaires, Interview schedules and observation check list. The data collected was ana lysed by use of qualitative and quantitative methods. Data presentation was done using frequency tables, percentages, pie charts and bar graphs. The study established that the level of awareness of fire hazards among the residents were limited. The study also established that Nairobi County Government did not issue any Standardized Operating Procedures as majority of the respondents were not aware of these documents and were therefore not used in the Sinai fire disaster management. Majority of the respondents were not aware of the fire fighting policy. Little was done to create awareness among the publics on what to do in case of fire outbreak. The study established that response to the Sinai tragedy took long as the authorities arrived two hours late after the fire outbreak instead of the recommended five minutes. The rescue operation was made difficult due to the fact that there was no central command for the fire fighters which resulted into more losses. Finally, the study established that the challenges to fire fighting in Sinai included inaccessibility of the area due to lack of access roads, lack of enough water hydrants within the city, lack of enough skilled fire fighters and lack of a fire fighting policy in the country. The study therefore recommended that the government to develop a National Disaster Policy which makes it mandatory for public institution to display fire emergency numbers and provide standard operating procedures in case of fire outbreak, government to form a National Disaster Management Authority to coordinate disaster management and awareness creation through intensified fire drills in the country, government to relocate the residents of the Sinai slums since this area is a way leaf for Kenya Power, railway reserve and also has drainage for storm waters from the Kenya Pipeline which in most cases carry inflammable materials and therefore a danger to the residents of the slum and government to provide emergency lanes for vehicles dealing with emergencies on major roads in Kenya.
Community driven development home care programs for the physically challenged youths in Kibera informal settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-05) Gathura, Victoria Muthoni
This study sought to find out Community Driven Development (CDD) home care programs for the physically challenged youths in Kibera informal settlement. Specifically, the study aimed at finding out the extent to which the CDD home care programs were accessible to the physically challenged youths, the benefits of CDD home care programs and the challenges the physically challenged youths faced in accessing CDD home care programs in Kibera informal settlement. Social action theory was used in the study. The study employed descriptive survey research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation methods were used for data collection. Data was collected from 357 respondents from the total of 3312 physically challenged youths in Kibera. These respondents were picked from 13 villages in Kibera through stratified and snowball sampling techniques. Data was analyzed and presented in tables, pie charts and figures, using percentages and some of it qualitatively. The study established that even though home care programs were not adequately accessible, several home care programs were carried out in Kibera. They included provision of donations and grants, guidance and counseling, hygiene promotion, making of referrals, home visits and provision of education on various beneficial programs. The physically challenged youths had benefited from the home care programs in a number of ways. These included financial, nutritional, medical and material support. Generally, the findings indicated that even if not all the physically challenged youths knew or had access to the CDD home care programs, majority of them had benefited from these programs in one way or the other. The study further established that there were several challenges that hindered the youths from accessing the home care programs. They included lack of information or ignorance, physical body handicap, fear of stigma, illiteracy among others. The study concluded that there were a good number of home care programs offered in Kibera. However, a number of physically challenged youths could not access them due to distance, lack of proper information, financial constraints, fear of stigmatization, illiteracy and misrepresentation among others. The study recommended that the government, the NGOs and all the stakeholders champion education awareness in Kibera informal settlement especially on CDD home care programs. This was to enable the physically challenged youths to be informed of the available opportunities so that they could be able to utilize them.
Community participation in decision making in mosquito control in malindi district, Kenya
(2011-11-29) Kibe, Lydia Wanjiku
This qualitative study was conducted in Malindi District to document and highlight the process and challenges of community participation in decision making in mosquito control. A total of 4 focus group discussions were conducted with members from organized community groups involved with mosquito control activities, 8 individual interviews were held with stakeholders and key individuals from organized community groups while 8 observations were made during groups and PUMMA meetings, Interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed and translated before coding was done using QSR Nvivo7. Results from the study shows that voluntary community groups under the umbrella of PUMMA (PUNGUZA MBU MALINDI), which is an umbrella body, that coordinate mosquito control activities are carrying out activities aimed at creating awareness on mosquito control to Malindi residents. Major activities included observance of annual mosquito field event, buying and selling insecticide treated bed nets, draining and filling and educating residents on mosquito control. Perceived social pressure, perceived importance to mosquito control and perceived benefits were cited as individual intentions to join voluntary community groups dealing with mosquito control activities. The decision to form an umbrella group PUMMA was reported to be as a result of lack of coordination and support by Municipal council, feeling of neglect and mis-trust from the Green Town Movement and the need to work together for a common goal. Recognition, support and supervision, training, success in previous activities by PUMMA and expectations of "better things to come" motivated the groups towards decisions for mosquito control activities while lack of tools and finances to support group activities, volunteerism and low knowledge by community members on mosquitoes hindered group decision making power.Community groups under the umbrella of PUMMA are contributing to mosquito control activities. The success in their activities, training and support makes them feel recognized and appreciated. However considerations should be made on how this can be continuous and sustainable. The individual intentions to joining volunteer groups action is needed as this influences individual decision to joining mosquito control groups. Stakeholders support and networking is needed to supplement group efforts.
The Conflict in Somalia and Its Impacts on Implementation of Food Security Projects in Sanaag Region
(Kenyatta University, 2013-12) Mugo, David
The right to food is one of those most consistently mentioned in international human rights documents. It· is the most frequently violated in recent times. The targets set by the Millennium Development Goals Africa steering group convened in September 2007 for the reduction of hunger have largely failed, this according to "assessing Progress in Africa towards the Millennium Development Goals report 2013". Africa's food insecurity challenge is manifested by high prevalence of hunger and malnutrition, particularly among children, despite food production having grown faster than world population. Approximate 840 million people worldwide are malnourished, the highest percentage of these being in Africa. The magnitude of the problem in Africa has now reached unprecedented crisis levels 38 million people face an urgent and imminent threat to their peace, security and stability. Some of the Africa most affected country is Somalia, since the fall of the Siad Barre government in 1991, much of Somalia has been affected by recurrent waves of armed conflict and insecurity. According to FSNAU April 2013, the number of people in acute food insecurity are almost one million, between late 2010 and early 2013. In this regard, my paper addressed the issue of food project implementation with special attention to assess the conflict in Somalia and its impacts on implementation of food security projects in Sanaag region. This study looked at current projects in the region and their intervention, in order to show how insecurity affects the effectiveness in the implementation. The study assessed communal conflict, armed militia conflict, inter-government conflicts, as possible influence key to effective implementation of food security projects. The study also established strategies that organizations and government can adopt to ensure effective implementations of their projects. The study focused on the various foods security projects in this region. The study employed a descriptive survey design in order to collect adequate and relevant data for analyzing the topic under study. The data was collected through questionnaires as per the stated objectives. The collected data was analysed using SPSS and Microsoft office excels and findings presented in tables and charts for clear visualization of the findings. The study has established that clan conflict affect the implementation of food security projects in Somalia as have been reported by most of the respondents in the study. The study I' has established that armed militia conflict affect the effective implementation of food security project in Somalia. This means that the Threat of Al-shabaab is greatly felt by the agencies that try to give food aids to the victims of conflict due to Al-shabaab. The study has established that stakeholders' involvement in the food security is implementation is crucial and most of the NGOs and the organisations in the Sanaag area involve the necessary stakeholders in the drafting of the policies ensuring the implementation of food security. The study therefore recommends that The study recommends that there is need for the government of Somalia and the government of the neighbouring countries of Somalia such as Kenya to promote inter-clan peaceful coexistence through sensitization on the importance of peace such as development and self-reliance to promote the implementation of food security in Sanaag area and Somalia as a whole to eradicate hunger which has devastated the area since the 1990s. The study recommends the governments of Somalia and regional countries such as Kenya to work on a formidable plan to eradicate the armed militia (Al-shabaab) through a well coordinated military action to promote peace and eradicate unnecessary demands put in place by the militia group in order to enhance the implementation of the food security in the area
The Contribution of Motorcycle Business to the Wellbeing of Operators in Kisumu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Owuor, Euphracia Adhiambo
Motorcycle ownership and use in developing countries has increased dramatically over the past few decades. In many countries, the motorcycle business serves as a source of livelihood to many people and riders look up to it as a source of income for survival of their households. The pursuit for economic and social survival has made many young people and middle aged men get into a variety of jobs such as motorcycle operations. Thus this study aimed at investigating the contributions of motorcycle business to the wellbeing of operators in Kisumu County. In particular, the study sought to establish the socio-demographic characteristics of motorcycle operators, the contribution of motorcycle business to the socio-economic wellbeing of the operators, to determine its contribution to the community wellbeing, challenges experienced by the operators and to suggest ways of improving the wellbeing of motorcycle perators. The study was conducted in Nyakach Sub County among motorcycle business operators. It adopted a mixed method approach employing a descriptive survey research design. Motorcycle business operators were selected using stratified and simple random sampling while key informants were identified using purposive sampling technique. There were 122 respondents sampled for the study in total. To get information from the motorcycle operators, semi-structured interview schedules were used while for the key informants, interview guides were used. Focus group discussion guides were also used to gather qualitative data from the motorcycle operators. The information collected were coded, cleaned and analyzed by use of frequency counts, percentages, mean, and mode whereas thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The findings revealed that the motorcycle business in Nyakach Sub-County was dominated by the youth with those below 35 years of age totaling to 69.6 percent. (96.7 percent) of motorcycle operators were male, with females at 3.3 percent. Most (56.6 percent) of the motorcycle operators had attained secondary education, 39.3 percent had attained primary education and below, and 4.1percent had tertiary education. Majority (54.9 percent) of the motorcycle operators did not own motorcycles, while 45.1 percent owned the motorcycles they operated. Majority (89.3 percent) of the motorcycle operators reported that the motorcycle business had made them socially and economically better, while 10.7 percent were not sure. The motorcycle business provided the operators with a source of income that enabled them meet their daily subsistence needs. They also reported that through the business they were able to make invesments and educate their children. It also enabled them interact with different persons in the community. Moreover, the study showed that the motorcycle business had contributed to the community wellbeing in areas of transport, health, education and security. The study also highlighted some of the challenges facing the motorcycle operators including diseases, insecurity such as theft of motorbikes, difficulty accessing and paying loans, police harrassment, and some customers not paying which was least reported. Overall, the study revealed that the motorcycle business contributed to the wellbeing of the operators and that of the community. The study recommended a close working relationship between the security personnel and the industry to curb theft and ensure law enforcement. Other recommendations included sensitizations of industry operators on risk behaviours through the County’s Health Department as well as financial training. Moreover, the study also recommended sensitization of community members regarding the motorcycle industry and its benefit to the community. Future studies on the industry are likewise recommended due to the ever changing developments in the industry and the present day economy.
The contribution of private companies in security provision for corporate organizations in Nairobi City, Kenya.
(2012-12-04) Kinyua, Susan
According to Gimode, (2001), crime and insecurity are as old as human society. Initially it was the state's responsibility to solely protect its citizens against threats and enhance security, however, over the years we have seen other non-state actors such as private security companies (PSCs) emerge and gain popularity in security provision especially among corporate organisations (Tilly, 1987). Therefore, this study investigated the contributions of private companies in security provision for corporate organizations in Nairobi. The specific objectives of the study endeavored to highlight the services that private security companies offer, extent of customer satisfaction and the challenges that private security companies face in their line of duty. The study also gave suggestions on how PSCs can improve on service delivery. The theory of social control and the division of labour were used to guide the study. The designated area of study was the city of Nairobi and the study was implemented using a cross-sectional survey design where purposive sampling technique was applied. The sample size comprised of 323 security personnel from the selected private security companies who were the main respondents. The study also considered the views of 10 managers and 10 clients of PSCs who were the key respondents. The study objectives were achieved through, both quantitative and qualitative data where questionnaires and interview schedules were the preferred data collection tools. The data collected was coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings were then presented in tables, percentages, pie charts and graphs. The study findings revealed that the services provided by the PSCs include: manned guarding, dog services, mobile response, close person protection, cash management services, electronic security and security consultation services with majority of the respondents (79%) working as manned guards. The study revealed that perceptions of customer satisfaction among clients were very high with all of them saying that they are satisfied with the services they are receiving from the PSCs serving them. Looking at the same issue from the providers perspective, the private security personnel and management shared the same sentiments as the clients saying that customer satisfaction was high among their clients. The study revealed that PSCs do encounter some challenges in their line of duties that include: long working hours, low pay, lack of adequate working equipment, harassment and abuse from some of the clients and visitors, poor health, armed robberies, poor communication between personnel and clients, doing assignments out of their job description, clocking and shortage of staff in given assignments. Various suggestions were put forward by the PSCs personnel on what can be done in order to improve on service delivery. They include; pay increment, reduction of working hours, provision of adequate working equipment, and deployment of more staff to various sites in order to reduce staff shortages and management prompt intervention to reported challenges. Based on the study findings it was concluded that indeed private security companies do contribute in security provision for corporate organisations through a variety of services tailor made to suit clients security needs. Notably, the characteristics of their personnel are in line with the private security industry associations' requirements thus promoting professionalism in the sector and provision of quality services leading to customer satisfaction. It was also concluded that undeniably the PSCs personnel do encounter some challenges in their line of duty that affect service delivery. In view of the above conclusion the following recommendations were made: that the government through the Ministry of Labour and Ministry of internal security should set mandatory standards that all PSCs should comply with in areas of employment-related issues such as salaries and wage, insurance, vetting and training. The study also recommends that the professional security associations in the country, that is: PSIA and KSIA should come in and help promote self-regulation and professionalism of the sector. Lastly, the study recommends that the government through the ministry of Internal security should establish an effective enforcement mechanism where regular audits and inspections will be conducted in all the PSCs before license renewals in order to get rid of quacks in the industry. Recommendations for further research include: a study to be conducted to shed some light on the roles of the professional security associations in Kenya that is, KSIA and PSIA and a study should also be conducted to establish the impact of the expanding private security industry on crime.
Department of Sociology, Gender and Development Studies Effects of Social Conflicts on the Livelihoods of Households in Kerio Valley Basin, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-03) Chirchir, William K.C.
The United Nations (UN) and World Bank (2017) indicate that the emerging forms of violent conflicts have tended to be more complex and protracted. They involve more non-state and state agencies and are characterized by substantial loss of lives, displacement of population, destruction of property, social and economic wellbeing. Conflicts in the North Rift Region of Kenya, particularly in Kerio Valley, similarly have had severe effects on the socio-economic wellbeing and livelihoods of households. This study sought to examine the effects of the social conflicts on the livelihood of the households, and necessary intervention measures in Kerio Valley Basin. Specifically it sought to establish: the characteristics of the households and the scope of hostilities; effects on the livelihood, social and economic wellbeing; and interventions undertaken to mitigate the conflicts. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. The site of study were locations most affected by conflict and these included; Chesegon Division in Pokot County, Tot Division in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kolowa Division in Tiati Sub-County of Baringo and Kinyach location in Baringo County. Data collection entailed an interview schedule, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The unit of study was the household and through systematic sampling, from an estimated total of 3170 households, a sample of 422 was interviewed. Key stakeholders were identified for key informant interviews while a cross section of community leaders participated in an FGD. Qualitative data was analysed thematically while quantitative data was entered into SPSS and results analysed and presented descriptively. Ethical and logistical issues were addressed through seeking approvals and permissions from relevant authorities such Graduate School, KUERC and NACOSTI. The study established that foremost, the typical characteristics of respondents were that the majority were male, married, middle aged and occupied mainly in pastoralism and farming; Secondly, Kerio valley conflict assumes inter-clan and inter-ethnic dimensions and are fairly frequent; Thirdly, main causes of conflict included theft of cattle, access to and control of pasture and water. Fourthly, social conflicts have negatively affected the lives and livelihoods of communities by way of, among others, loss of household income when livestock, the main source of family income, is stolen; loss of lives; strained relationships among family members and also neighbours; and loss of marketing opportunities.; Fifthly, some of the interventions undertaken included development of integrated county development plans; diversification of livelihoods through introducing irrigated agriculture and agro-processing, and intensification of security interventions. The study concluded that communities in Kerio valley have been experiencing periodic conflicts which have adversely affected the households in Kerio region and negatively affected pursuit of livelihoods; interventions put in place have to an extent contained the conflicts and especially the engagement with stakeholders. So as to mitigate the adverse effects of conflicts on livelihoods, the study recommends diversification of livelihoods by way of adoption of high value crops through irrigated agriculture; institutionalization of peace committees in the community, and enhancing infrastructure development so as to ease movement of people and their produce as well as quicken the response time by security agencies.
Determinants of Fertility among Young Couples in Misau, Bauchi state, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Baba, Bala; Daniel M. Muia; Parvin Moloo
In Sub-Sahara Africa the level of fertility rate is very high compared to other regions across the globe. Culture, economic, social, health, environmental factors and birth control methods are key determinants that directly affect fertility. These factors which have manifested themselves in different socio-economic and cultural situations, localities, demographics among others, ultimately determine the fertility of the population in space and time. High fertility if not controlled leads to high population that eventually put pressure on government to provide adequate socio-economic developments. Population in Nigeria and Misau has been sharply growing in the recent past. Since, population and fertility are directly linked, this study investigated the determinants of fertility among young couples in Misau, Bauchi state Nigeria. The research objectives were: To investigate the demographic factors that influence young couple‘s fertility, to examine the socio-cultural factors that influence young couples‘ fertility and, to assess the strategic measures of controlling fertility among young couples in Misau, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study was guided by the theory of Intergenerational Wealth Flows postulated by John Caldwell. The study adopted mixed methods that involved interpreting, analysing, collecting, and corroborating with qualitative and quantitative information. Out of a target population of 2800, 338 respondents were sampled using Krejcie and Morgan's formula and 137 respondents were sampled using Mugenda and Mugenda sample size formula. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques was used in choosing respondents. Quantitative field data was cleaned and inputted into SPSS where frequency distribution, percentages and Multiple Linear Regression was analysed while Qualitative data was analysed by using thematic content analysis. Analysed quantitative results was presented in tables while qualitative results were captured in key voices or verbatim reporting. Research findings revealed that education was found to have a great influence on the family size. It also established that use of birth control methods affects fertility. The culture of all tribes explored allows husband make decision on anything concerning family affairs thus, affecting family size. It was established that only a few couples use modern family control methods implying that fertility rate in Misau is high because most religions do not restrict child bearing. The regression analysis results show that demographic factors, socio-cultural factors and measures of controlling fertility influenced positively young couples fertility by 71.5% (R2= 0.715).The regression analysis showed that demographic factors influenced young couples fertility rate by 19.1%(R2=0.715), socio-cultural factors influenced fertility rate among young couples by 78.3% (R2=0.783) while strategic measures for controlling fertility influenced fertility rate among young couples by 53.4% (R2= 0.534). The study concludes there is high fertility rate in Misau and that it is caused by factors such as competition among wives, preference of male child, child mortality, and the age of the couples. The study further concludes that religion contributes to high fertility because it encourages couples to bear many children because it allows polygamy and it does not advocate for family planning. The study concludes that many couples in Misau are not applying contraceptive measures because they are patriarchal. The main recommendation of this study was that the government should enlighten the young couples particularly in the rural areas to adopt modern methods of fertility control to regulate the level of high fertility. It should also implement a policy that will reduce high fertility rate.
Determinants of Prevention and Treatment of Malaria among Pregnant Women in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Gambo, Suleiman; Francis Kerre
Malaria in pregnancy has remained a public health challenge in Bauchi Metropolis Nigeria, leading to stillbirths, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and maternal deaths. This study investigated the determinants of prevention and treatment of malaria among pregnant women in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. The target group were pregnant women between the ages of 15-49 years old. The study had the following specific objectives: To examine how demographic characteristics of the pregnant women influence malaria prevention and treatment; to establish the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Bauchi Metropolis; to examine factors influencing malaria prevention and treatment among pregnant women; and to determine pregnant women‘s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of treatment and preventive measures against malaria. The study guided by Kleinman‘s (1980) Explanatory Model (EM) and Health Belief Model (HBM) by Becker (1976). It was a cross-sectional survey research design that adopted a quantitative method of data collection and data analysis. The study used a simple random technique to collect data from respondents during antenatal sessions in Bauchi Specialist Hospital. The study used Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula and arrived at the sample size of 317 respondents. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire and was analyzed and managed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS ver. 22). The study established that maternal age influenced malaria prevalence because more than half of the respondents infected with the disease fall within the age bracket 20 to 29. Poverty was also among the prominent factors that influence malaria prevention and treatment among expectant mothers. On the knowledge of malaria preventive measure usage of insecticide treated nets among the respondents were very low. The study recommends collaboration between line ministries such as Health, Education, Environment, religious leaders, community leaders, and healthcare affiliated NGOs to create awareness and advocacy around malaria, its prevention, treatment and the importance of mosquito treated nets. The study also recommends that pregnant women should be given free ITNs with free malaria treatment as practice in other states of Nigeria.
Determinants of vulnerability to risk taking behaviour among girls in public day secondary schools in kiambaa, Kiambu County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta university, 2023-11) Mwangi, Lucy Njeri; Pacificah Okemwa; Susan Waiyego Mwangi
The study investigated the determinants of vulnerability to Risk Taking Behaviours (RTB) among girls in Public Day Secondary Schools (PDSS) in Kiambaa SubCounty, Kiambu County, Kenya. This was due to the high levels of RTB among secondary school girls that had been reported. The specific objectives were to identify the types of RTB among girls in PDSS, examine internal and external factors influencing vulnerability to RTB, assess gender-related challenges faced by girls engaged in RTB, and propose gender-responsive strategies to mitigate vulnerability. The study integrated two theories, problem behaviour theory and empowerment theory .It employed a descriptive survey methodology. Using proportional stratified random sampling and purposive sampling procedures 68 teachers, 96 girls, 12 principals from 12 PDSSs, along with 6 sub-county education officers and 12 parents, totalling 194. Participated in the study. A pilot study involving 1 teacher and 10 students from Kiambu Sub-County was conducted to assess content and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.7) ensured internal consistency and reliability of variables. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, analysed using SPSS version 24 for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data, and presented via tables and figures. The findings revealed various RTB among girls, including unprotected sex, prostitution, drug use, abortion, theft, and fighting. RTB determinants encompassed factors like parental divorce, absenteeism, peer pressure, financial hardship, and lack of role models, excessive idle time, societal influences, and declining values. Gender-specific challenges emerged, such as early pregnancies, abortions, forced marriages, academic failure, rejection, and health risks from unsafe abortions. Gender-responsive strategies suggested included enhanced counselling programs, life skills development, rehabilitation facilities, job opportunities, loans for mothers, bursary funding clear disciplinary policies, spiritual guidance, and second chances for young mothers to complete their education. In conclusion, this study highlights the existence of RTB among girls in PDSS and underscores the complexity of factors influencing these behaviours. To effectively address RTB, a comprehensive approach that considers both internal and external factors is essential. Recognizing the specific challenges faced by girls is crucial. Gender-sensitive interventions that involve collaboration between schools, parents, and the community are vital in creating a supportive environment that encourages healthier behaviours among girls in PDSS.
Diversification of livelihood strategies among Isiria maasai of lolgorien ward, Narok County,Kenya
(2013-08-14) Saranta, Moses Kipainoi
This study aimed at identifying, documenting and analysing alternative livelihood strategies adopted by Isiria Maasai due to socio-economic changes that made pastoralism vulnerable and unsustainable. It also sought to identify challenges encountered and suggest possible measures of redress. The study was carried out in Lolgorien and Ang’ata Barrikoi wards of Kilgoris Constituency in Narok County. A sample of 160 households and six key informants were selected and data was collected using household interview schedules, focus group discussion and key informant interviews. This study identified thirteen alternative livelihood strategies undertaken by at least ten per cent of households. Isiria Maasai gathered local wild vegetables, cultivated crops, reared poultry and gave out draught animals. Households also pursued beekeeping and sale of honey, leased out land and sold merchandise at home or in the open air market. They also made and sold traditional crafts and ornaments, secured formal employment, rental housing, sold land as well as wood products. Livelihood strategies pursued were influenced by the age of household head and location of the homestead. However, in diversifying into alternative livelihood strategies, households faced challenges due to nature, human capital, marketing of their produce, infrastructure and law. Isiria Maasai applied various measures to address them. Nevertheless, extra measures need to be undertaken and thus this study recommends a transparent process of privatising existing communal land, posting and funding extension staff to ward levels to offer advice to households adopting alternative livelihood strategies and hastening town planning and allocate plots transparently. Financial institutions should address the negative attitude households have towards loans. A similar study is recommended for other pastoral areas to compare results obtained from this study and in the same area to determine actual incomes from alternative livelihood strategies. There is also need to document activities undertaken by different members of a household.
Effects of Juvenile Delinquents’ Rehabilitation Programs on Behaviour Modification in Selected Rehabilitation Schools in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Wangari, Mwangi Elizabeth; Daniel Muia; Gladys M. Nyachieo
The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of juvenile delinquents’ rehabilitation programs on juvenile’s behavior modification in selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya. The study was carried out in four government rehabilitation schools in Kiambu, Nairobi and Kirinyaga Counties: Kirigiti Girl’s Rehabilitation School, Dagoretti Girl’s Rehabilitation School, Kabete Boy’s Rehabilitation School and Wamumu Boy’s Rehabilitation School. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of the juveniles, to establish the effects of vocational training program on behavior modification of juveniles; determine the effects of academic enrichment program on behavior modification of juveniles and to assess the effects of social development program on behavior modification of juveniles in the selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya. In overall, the study intended to find out whether the rehabilitation programs had positive effects in modifying juvenile’s behavior and reducing recidivism. The study used explanatory sequential mixed method design. The target population for the study was 142 delinquent juveniles who were in their last year of rehabilitation at the selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya and 22 Key informants who comprised of welfare officers, academic teachers, and vocational instructors. Census and purposive sampling were used to draw the sample size of 142 delinquent juveniles and 12 key informants, respectively. Research instruments used were interview schedule guide and Key informant interview (KII) guide. The instruments were pre-tested for validity and reliability. Approval to carry out the research was sought from the relevant authorities. Informed assent and consent were sought. Privacy and confidentiality of data collected was maintained. The quantitative data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 while the qualitative data was analyzed inductively through narrative analysis. The findings were described numerically using measures of distribution (frequencies and percentages) and presented in form of charts, graphs, tables, and narrations. The findings indicated that vocational training program was the most preferred and with positive effects in empowering juveniles with skills and knowledge in different jobs to meet their financial needs. Academic program was found to have positive effects on behavior change by enabling juveniles solve the problems they encounter logically. All juveniles participated in spiritual welfare program, and it had positive effects in modifying delinquent juveniles as it taught them moral and ethical values. Mandatory counselling was offered to juveniles individually at admission and thereafter, counselling program was mostly administered to groups and on few instances to individuals. Some juveniles did not like counselling as they reported that the counsellors had some bad attitude towards them. The study concluded that the existing juvenile rehabilitation programs had positive effects on juvenile rehabilitation and behavior modification in reducing recidivism. The study recommended more academic and vocational teachers to be employed; training materials and tools to be availed; more vocational courses to be embraced; qualified counselors to be employed; welfare officers to adopt a positive attitude while interacting with the juveniles; and guardians/parents to be involved in juvenile rehabilitation process. Equally, the study recommends research on effects of parent/guardian involvement in juvenile’s rehabilitation on behavior modification.

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