PHD-School of Business

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This collections contains bibliographic information and abstracts of PHD theses and dissertation in the School of Business held in Kenyatta University Library

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Absorptive Capacity and Performance of Insurance Companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kinyua, Jeremiah Kamau; Anne Muchemi; David Kiiru
The insurance companies constitute a fundamental building block of the global financial system that provides opportunities for hedging against an assortment of risks and as well serve as institutional investors thus promoting sustainability and growth of national economies. Despite the significant role played by the insurance industry in supporting the national economy, there has been a notable decrease in insurance penetration trend. Similarly, the insurance industry has registered an increase in the number of complaints lodged by customers in relation to delayed settlement, erroneous deductions, and unsatisfactory offers. This study therefore sought to investigate the effect of absorptive capacity on performance of insurance companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. In particular, the study sought to establish the effect of acquisition capacity, assimilation capacity, transformation capacity, and exploitation capacity on performance of insurance companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Furthermore, the study also sought to establish the mediating and moderating role of organizational agility and organizational learning culture respectively on the relationship between absorptive capacity and organizational performance. The study was grounded on systems theory, dynamic capabilities theory, Denison model of organizational culture, and the balanced scorecard model. Positivism research paradigm and explanatory research design were adopted in this study. The target population of this study comprised of 59 insurance companies operating in Nairobi City County. Cross-sectional data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from 216 heads of functional areas in 27 insurance companies which were selected using proportionate stratified random and simple random sampling. Face, construct and content validity of the research instrument were confirmed accordingly. A pilot study was conducted to aid in the statistical test of reliability using Cronbach alpha index of at least 0.7. Administration of the questionnaire was done using drop-and-pick later method. The study had a response rate of 81 percent. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis involved the use of frequency count, percentages, sample mean, sample standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Test of assumptions of linear regression analysis was performed. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the population parameters and facilitate testing of hypotheses at 95 percent level of confidence. Results of data analysis were presented in tabular form as well as using figures. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The study found out that acquisition capacity, assimilation capacity, transformation capacity and exploitation capacity had positive effect on organizational performance. Similarly, organizational agility was found to partially mediate the effect of absorptive capacity on organizational performance. Furthermore, the findings of the study confirmed that organizational learning culture moderates the effect of absorptive capacity on organizational performance. The financial manager should develop a policy framework that would avail more resources for benchmarking, industrial workshops and seminars, insurance fairs and exhibitions, and productive collaboration with academia. Management of insurance companies should promote practices that enhance optimization of informational resources. The manager in charge of research and development should enact a policy that would strengthen practices that buttress the ability to inspect and monitor events and changes in the business environment.
An Assesment of Financial Practice as a Determinant of Growth of Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies Wealth in Kenya:The case of Meru County
(2013-03-21) Olando, Clement ooko
Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOs) in Kenya have been investing over the years with the objective of maximizing their wealth. As is the case with all investments, wealth maximization is a key objective whenever SACCOs have chosen an investment avenue from a universe of possible investment vehicles. Studies have shown that lack of sufficient Growth of SACCOs' Wealth has made it difficult for them to absorb their operational losses, which has threatened their sustainability. This has led to the losses being absorbed by members' savings and share capital, hence lose of members' savings. While the purpose of SACCOs is to mobilize m'~hJ:bers'funds and grant credit for the members' development, this has made it difficult for the SACCOs to grow their wealth, achieve this objective and contribute favorably to National Domestic Savings. This failure to build enough SACCOs' wealth, through accumulation of institutional capital, is attributable to weak financial stewardship, inappropriate capital structure and imprudent funds allocation strategy. It is against this background that this study assesses the financial practice as a determinant of growth of wealth of SACCOs with a view of ameliorating the situation for socio-economic development. The specific objectives were to; establish the association of financial stewardship and the growth of SACCOs' wealth, establish the association of capital structure and the growth of SACCOs' wealth, and establish the association of funds allocation strategy and the growth of SACCOs' Wealth. This study used descriptive design in soliciting information on the determinants of growth of SACCOs' wealth. Data was collected from the census of 44 SACCCOs in Meru county using a questionnaire and document review-tool, .and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings indicatedthat Growth of SACCOs wealth depended on Financial stewardship, Capital structure and Funds allocation strategy, The study further found that SACCOs inadequately complied with their by-laws; incomes from investments did not adequately cover their costs, The study recommends that SACCO should; continuously review credit policies, establish irrecoverable loan provision policies, develop staff recruitment policies, use appropriate financing mix. Other recommendation is that the Government should review legal framework to ensure that institutional capital is used to grow SACCOs wealth, This study will empower SACCOs with knowledge to ensure their sustainability from within, hence support vision 2030 by widening financial inclusion.
Assessment of mobile phone service quality by customers and service providers: the case of St. Augustine and Mzumbe universities and network providers in Tanzania.
(2013-08-01) Elisante, Gabriel
This study is about the effects of service quality on customers’ satisfaction in the mobile phone industry of Tanzania as assessed by customers and service providers. The research problem is that with different expectations and perceptions, customers and service providers might assess quality factors differently in predicting customers’ satisfaction level. The main objective of this study is to find out to what extent service quality factors can be used to predict the level of satisfaction by customers compared to service providers. There were four specific objectives for this study. Firstly, to establish the quality factors that influence the assessment of mobile service quality by customers. Secondly, to determine how service providers assess themselves regarding customers’ satisfaction. Thirdly, to compare the assessment mobile phones service quality by customers and service providers. Fourthly, to determine the effect of location on the assessment of quality factors by customers. The study was designed to be descriptive. The study population consisted of 10,990 university students from two selected universities. A sample of 468 university students was drawn to represent customers. Out of 468 questionnaires distributed, 420 were collected hence a response rate of 90 percent. A linear regression analysis model was used to determine the factors that are important in predicting satisfaction. A t-test was used to compare the results from customers’ assessment with that of service providers. It was found that three quality factors (reliability, responsiveness and empathy) are important in determining the overall customers’ satisfaction of the mobile phones network industry. It was further found that the important factors in predicting satisfaction are different from one location to another. The quality assessment by customers is found to be different from that of service providers. This is because the t-value obtained through a T-Test, was found to be statistically significant. It is therefore concluded that the factors of service quality affect the level of customers’ satisfaction in the mobile phone industry differently. The results of this study can be used by service providers in the marketing management for mobile phone networks. The Service providers ought to focus their strategies on the three important factors in the mobile phone industry of Tanzania. It is recommended that service providers need to understand the assessment of their customers in order to eliminate the service quality gaps which emanate from variations in assessment of service quality of service providers compared to customers.
Assessment of the role of social capital in the adoption of agriculture innovation among smallholder farmers: a case of tissue culture banana in Kenya
(2012-11-29) Njuguna, Macharia Michael; Geoffrey M. Muluvi; Charles Ombuki
Despite the recognition of social capital as an important factor of production, research has devoted minimal attention to investigating its influence on the adoption of agricultural biotechnological innovations. As a consequence, relatively little is known about the specific influence of social capital on adoption of technology. This study uses the case of adoption of tissue culture (TC) banana technology by smallholder farmers in the Maragua and Muranga Districts of Central Kenya to gain a better understanding of this topic. Three research objectives were used and qualitative and quantitative data captured to answer them. From the target population of 1,200 adopters 182 respondents were selected in a three stage sampling design. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire, observation recording form, key informant interviews and focus group discussion. Secondary data were obtained from organizations that had participated in the TC project implementation. To measure the independent variables, constructs were developed after a literature review, focus group and key informants discussion. Through regression analysis, the study showed that social capital significantly increased TC adoption. Using correlation and regression analyses, the study identified three key determinants of social capital among the TC adopters, namely network density, trust and group leadership. Each indicator had significant influence on TC adoption. The study showed that network density indicator was mobilized through extension agents, third party introduction, group leaders, individuals, inheritance, media, exhibitions, field days and agricultural shows and influenced adoption by increasing access to resources, removing the barrier to information, reducing the time for decision making and creating opportunity for referral to partners who could provide additional resources. Trust was cultivated through regular face-to-face meetings and joint activities. It served as a lubricant to the relationship between the TC adopters and their network partners and was an important component in building and maintaining the ties. Group leaders were elected through a democratic process and provided vision, encouragement, and forged links with external partners. The other social capital indicators considered in this study which included, network depth, joint activities, group decision-making, cohesion/solidarity, rules, norms and group meeting attendance had no significant relationship with TC adoption. The study assessed the 'Entrepreneurial Orientation' (EO) of the adopters using a construct that evaluates three traits; proactiveness, risk taking and innovativeness. Majority of the TC adopters had high EO confirming that they were entrepreneurs. The analysis further confirmed a positive correlation between EO and TC adoption. The study established that the TC technology had most of the properties of an innovation that can be adopted or applied quickly. There was a positive correlation between perception of TC and adoption. However, for TC adoption to proceed at a faster rate the high initial cost of adoption will need to be addressed. The study recommends that smallholder adopters of agricultural innovations in groups should be treated as entrepreneurs who should be supported to build networks founded on trust with strong leadership. In addition, the study recommends the use of the framework for further conceptual and empirical evaluations to assess if the three indicators are applicable in the adoption of other technologies, taking into account the fact that some aspects of these studies were techno logy-specific. The study concludes that it is essential to pay attention to the multidimensional nature of social capital and their different impact to the adoption of agricultural innovations. The implication of this study extends beyond filling in a significant lacuna in the existing scholarship; it has the potential to improve development programme designs that seek to mobilize and exploit social capital in the adoption of agricultural innovation.
Bank Characteristics, Macroeconomic Variables and Lending Rates Among Commercial Banks In Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-10) Mokaya, Maubi Andrew
The banking system is considered a key component in provision of funds for economic development through financing capital accumulation, technological innovations, productivity growth and enhancing other sustainable economic growth rates and consumption. Pricing of funds through lending rates and efficient banking systems are essential for acceleration of economic growth. This would spur economic growth and enhance the financial sector development. Lending rates in Kenya have been high for a long time and various efforts have been made to arrest the situation over time notably: Introduction of the KBRR by the CBK, attempts to cap lending rates in 2010 by the Kenya National Assembly and finally the enactment of the banking amendment Act of 2016. However, the lending rates still remain high despite capping. Research done on effect of various variables on lending rates has assumed direct relationship and has produced mixed results. This study sought to investigate the effect of bank characteristics and macroeconomic variables on lending rates among commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically the study sought to: establish the effect of bank size, credit risk, and liquidity risk, operating costs, Gross Domestic Product growth rate and inflation rate on lending rates among commercial banks in Kenya. The study further sought to establish the moderating effect of political risk on the relationship between bank characteristics and lending rates among commercial banks in Kenya and to determine the moderation effect of political risk on the relationship between macroeconomic variables and lending rates among commercial banks in Kenya. The research philosophy for this research was positivism. Explanatory non-experimental research design was employed. The target population was thirty nine (39) commercial banks from whom secondary data was collected by way of census since these are the banks from which complete information could be obtained for meaningful analysis for the study period 2006-2015. Descriptive Statistics including Mean and Standard deviation and inferential statistics: Panel regression analysis and Correlation analysis were carried out. Data analysis was run on the Stata 13 package and findings presented in figures, tables, graphs and charts while deriving conclusions and recommendations from the findings of the study. The study found that operating costs, credit risk and inflation had positive effects and were significant determinants of lending rates. However the effect of GDP growth rate and bank size was found to be negative and significant. Political risk was found to have insignificant moderating effect on the relationship between bank characteristics, macroeconomic variables and lending rates among commercial banks in Kenya. Based on the findings, the study concluded that bank size, credit risk, operating costs, GDP and inflation play a significant role in determining the lending rates of commercial banks. The study recommends that government pays attention to macroeconomic variables while controlling the domestic lending rates. The study further recommends that policy initiatives that will help to keep the lending rates at a low level take into consideration the need to enhance economic growth and reduce inflation. The study recommends in conclusion that commercial banks that wish to adjust their lending rates focus on their internal factors such as bank size, credit risk and their operational cost and that the government considers deregulation on lending.
Bank-specific characteristics and financial distress of commercial banks in kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Githinji, Mary Wangechi
Empirical evidence on the banking industry in Kenya indicates that local banks have been prone to financial distress. Commercial banks in Kenya have been experiencing cycles in Financial Distress and though such cycles have been precipitated by Bank-Specific Characteristics in other countries. It is still a challenge for empirical investigation as to know whether Bank-Specific Characteristics significantly affect Financial Distress in Kenya’s banking industry. Subsequently, the basis of this research was to evaluate the connection between Bank-Specific Characteristics and Financial Distress of commercial banks in Kenya. Explicitly, the research was informed by the following: to determine the connection between Bank Size, Deposit Mobilization, Profitability Growth and Income Diversification on Financial Distress of commercial banks in Kenya; further, the research aimed to determine the moderating effect of bank concentration on the connection between bank-specific characteristics and financial distress of commercial banks in Kenya. The Gambler’s ruin theory, Gibrat law theory, Financial Intermediation theory, Wrecker’s theory, Agency theory, Modern portfolio theory and Institutional theory provided theoretical anchorage to the research. Positivism research philosophy and causal research design were adopted for the study. The research was a census of all the 36 fully operational commercial banks in Kenya for the period 2011 through 2019. Secondary data was utilized in this study. Data sources included: websites of the Central Bank of Kenya and individual Commercial Banks, audited financial statements and Annual supervision reports. Data analysis entailed use of descriptive and inferential statistics where the latter involved dynamic panel logistic regression analysis. Diagnostic tests undertaken in the study included: model specification, stationarity, autocorrelation, and multicollinearity tests. Hypotheses were tested at a significance level of 0.05. Data was displayed through frequency tables and graphs. Based on the dynamic panel Logistic regression analysis, the research revealed that Bank size had no significant effect on Financial Distress based on Bankometer Score (p= 0.062) and Zmijewski (p= 0.938). The study findings also suggested that Deposit Mobilization had an insignificant effect on Bankometer Score (p=0.761) and positive significant effect on Zmijewski Score (p= 0.019). Profitability Growth had an insignificant effect on both Bankometer Score (p=0.963) and negative insignificant effect on Zmijewski Score (p=0.445). Income Diversification had a significant effect on Bankometer Score (p=0.002) and negative insignificant effect on Zmijewski Score (p=0.137) on commercial banks in Kenya. Bank Concentration had a significant moderating effect on the connection between Bank Characteristics and Bankometer Score with (p=0.0000) Bank Concentration also had a significant moderating effect on the connection between Bank Characteristics and Zmijewski Score (p=0.0003). The study recommended that banks ought to embrace proactive measures to increase their deposit base by developing attractive deposit products and engaging in aggressive marketing, also engage in effective risk management practices that increases operational efficiency The study further recommends banks to diversifying their revenue streams into new business areas and markets while considering risks and capabilities
Basel Accord Requirements and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Wanjiru, Mathina Ruth; Ambrose Jagongo; Lucy Wamugo
An efficient, stable and well-functioning banking system contributes to the economic growth of a country. However, the decline in financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya based on average return on assets is of high concern among various stakeholders, that is, the average return on assets was reducing over the period of study, 4.7% in 2013, 3.4% in 2014, 2.9% in 2015, 3.3% in 2016, 2.7% in 2017, 2.7% in 2018, 2.6% in 2019 and 1.7% in 2020 despite the introduction of banking regulations in regard to capital, supervision and market discipline by the central bank of Kenya. Basel II is the second Basel accord requirements and is based on three main pillars including capital, supervisory review and market discipline. It is therefore vital for banking institutions to understand the linkage between Basel accord requirements and financial performance in order to enhance financial performance in the long run. The general objective of the study was to investigate the effect of Basel accord requirements on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the effect of capital, supervisory review and market discipline on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study further sought to establish the moderating effect of market share on the relationship between Basel accord requirements and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study was founded on asymmetry information theory, buffer theory of capital, relative market power hypothesis and agency theory. Positivism research philosophy and casual research design were employed. The target population comprised of forty-three commercial banks from which a sample of thirty-eight commercial banks was obtained. Commercial banks which were actively operating and not under statutory management during the period of study were selected. Thus, the study used purposive sampling technique. Data for the period between 2013-2020 was extracted from the bank supervision annual reports and individual bank’s published annual reports using document review guide (Appendix I). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (maximum and minimum values, standard deviation and mean) and inferential analysis (panel regression and correlation analysis). The study conducted panel unit root test, multicollinearity test, normality test, heteroscedasticity test and autocorrelation test to avoid spurious results. The 5% significance level was used to test the research hypotheses. Correlation results show that supervisory review, market discipline and market share were positively and significantly correlated with financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya while capital had a positive insignificant correlation with financial performance. The panel regression findings showed that market discipline had a positive insignificant effect on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya as measured by return on assets while capital and supervisory review had a positive significant effect on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Market share had a negative significant moderating effect on the relationship between capital and return on assets of commercial banks in Kenya. Market share had a negative insignificant moderating effect on the relationship between supervisory review, market discipline and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The conclusion of the study was that Basel accord requirements including capital, supervisory review and market discipline jointly explains the variation in financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Further, increase in capital and supervisory review enhances financial performance. The study thus recommends that the central bank of Kenya and other regulatory bodies like capital market authority should design banking policies for implementing Basel accord requirements and enhancing financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya.
Branchless banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-03) Dzombo, Gift Kimonge
ABSTRACT The Banking sector acts as the life blood of modern trade and economic development. Banks do influence, facilitate and integrate the economic activities like resources mobilization, poverty elimination, production, and distribution of public finance. The financial performance of commercial banks has great implications in the financial sector and the country at large, and will still remain an important subject of concern by all the stakeholders in the banking industry. In order to improve financial performance, commercial banks both globally and locally have invested heavily in technology based modes of banking like branchless banking which involves the use of agency banking and electronic banking channels in the distribution of banking product and services. However, despite this massive investment, it is still difficult to ascertain the payoffs associated with these technology based modes of banking. The early adopters of branchless banking in Kenya had to rely on studies from South America whose geographical and social context was different from Kenya. Moreover the available literature in the Kenyan context has either considered branchless banking channels in isolation, used research designs and models that limit generalization of findings and have not considered the effect of financial inclusion and government policy in the relationship between branchless banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. This study was heavily anchored on the financial intermediation theory. The study purpose was to evaluate the effect of branchless banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to analyse the effect of agency banking and electronic banking channels on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study also aimed at determining the mediating effect of financial inclusion and also the moderating effect of government policy on the relationship between branchless banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted an exploratory non experimental research design. A survey of all the 42 licensed commercial banks in Kenya was done. Both primary and secondary data on branchless banking and financial performance of banks was obtained from the individual commercial banks and Central Bank of Kenya Banking annual supervision reports respectively. Return on Assets (ROA) was used as the main indicator of financial performance of commercial banks and was obtained from CBK annual supervision reports. The amount of investment in agency and electronic banking was used as indicators for agency and electronic banking. Deposit Market Share, Branchless banking accounts and value of transactions were used as indicators of financial Inclusion. This data was obtained from the respective commercial banks through a questionnaire. Statistical data analysis was done using SPSS and STATA statistical software. Descriptive statistics, diagnostic tests and tests of hypothesis were done. Data was presented using tables and charts. Study findings indicated that when used in isolation; both agency and electronic banking had a significant negative effect on financial performance. However when agency and electronic banking channels were used together as a multichannel strategy, they had a significant positive effect on financial performance at 5% significance level. Study findings also point to the direction that the strength of the relationship between branchless banking and financial performance in Kenya depends on financial inclusion. Findings also indicate that government policy partially moderates the relationship between agency and electronic banking and financial performance and the effect is significant at 5 percent significance level. The study recommends that for positive returns, commercial banks should invest in both agency and electronic banking as a multichannel strategy since these channels are complimentary to each other. Secondly, the government should come up with policies to foster financial inclusion within the banking industry in order for the industry to achieve maximum returns from branchless banking. Lastly, the government should review the policies around branchless banking in order to make them more effective in addressing the risks and opportunities associated with the branchless banking model of banking in Kenya.
Brand personality and customer purchase of smartphone by masters' students in selected public university campuses in Nairobi central business district, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-11) Mutinda, John N.
Brand personality is an emerging modern marketing differentiation marketing strategy which enhances business competitiveness. The general objective of this study was to investigate the influence of brand personality on customer purchase decision of Smartphone in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to; establish the influence of brand personality sincerity on customers purchase decision, determine the influence of brand personality excitement on customer purchase decision, assess the influence of brand personality competence on customers purchase decision, establish the influence of brand personality sophistication on customers purchase decision and determine the influence of brand personality ruggedness on customers purchase decision. The study further investigated the influence of product involvement as moderating variable on the relationship between brand personality and customer purchase decision. This study was underpinned by three theories and one model; Personality trait theory, Self concept theory, Involvement theory and brand personality model. The study used mixed design of descriptive and explanatory research design. The target population for study was students pursuing various Masters Degrees from three selected public university campuses in Nairobi CBD, Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to select the three public university campuses from the nine public Universities accredited to operate within Nairobi CBD, Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used to select 310 students pursuing various master degrees from 1380 master students from the three schools in the three universities Campuses. The study used primary data which was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. A Binary Logistic Regression analysis was also conducted to test how well the brand personality influences customers purchase decision. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The study findings showed that the four brand personality dimensions (sincerity, excitement, competence and sophistication) had a positive significant influence on customer purchase decision, therefore the study concluded that the four brand personality variables have influences on customer purchase decision of Smartphone. Brand personality ruggedness had negative insignificant value, therefore does not influence customer purchase decision. Product involvement does not moderate the relationship between brand personality and customer purchase decision since it had negative and insignificant value. The study recommends that Smartphone marketers to incorporate brand personality strategy in their marketing differentiating strategies. They also need to hire branding professionals to inculcate brand personality traits into Smartphone products. Smartphone companies through Communication Authority need to engage the government to formulate strict policies to curb business malpractices which are detrimental to application of this strategy. The study recommends future researchers to use longitudinal survey and study product involvement as predictor variable of customer purchase decision. This study contributes to empirical literature by revealing that brand personality has a positive significant relationship with customer purchase decision.
Brand Relationship and Loyalty among Household Consumers of Laundry Detergents in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Gitonga, Patrick Kirimi; Reuben Kinyuru Njuguna; John Kuria Thuo
Over the past two decades, several empirical studies have reported a decline in loyalty for fast moving consumer products which has been caused by proliferation of brands and entry of more companies enter into an increasingly competitive, saturated and globalised market. Among the different product categories which have shown a decline in loyalty in studies is laundry detergent. This decline has also been experienced in Kenya as the laundry detergent market has become increasingly saturated with brands and competitors, with the entry of both local and foreign companies. To address this challenge, brand relationships have been identified as a way of increasing loyalty through the development of strong consumer-brand bonds. Therefore, this study sought to determine the influence of brand relationship on loyalty among household consumers of laundry detergents in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific study objectives were: determine the influence of brand trust, brand communication and emotional connection on loyalty; establish the mediating influence consumer satisfaction has on the relationship between brand relationship and loyalty; and determine the moderating effect of demographic characteristics on the relationship between brand relationship and loyalty. This study was anchored on the social exchange theory which was supported by the attachment theory, expectation-confirmation theory and Lavidge and Steiner’s hierarchy of effects theory which explained the role brand relationship in building loyalty. Positivistic philosophy and explanatory research design were adopted in conducting the study. A population of 607,212 households in 11 sub-counties in Nairobi City County constituted the target population. Two-stage cluster sampling was used in sample selection, where 11 sub-counties were randomly selected from the 17 sub-counties in Nairobi City County using the probability proportional to size sampling method, and then 400 households were selected from the 11 sub-counties using simple random sampling from basic household lists developed in the study. At the household level, the KISH grid was utilised in selecting one consumer per household. Primary data was gathered through the use of self-administered questionnaires and interview schedules. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires was established before they were administered on the respondents. Descriptive statistics consisting of means and percentages summarised the sampled data’s properties, while inferential statistics involved the use of regression analysis in testing the research hypotheses and drawing conclusions. The quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS 25.0 and the results presented in tables, while qualitative data was analysed through content analysis and the results presented in terms of themes. The study determined that brand trust, brand communication and emotional attachment have a significant influence on loyalty; customer satisfaction has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between brand relationship and loyalty; and demographic characteristics have no moderating effect on the hypothesised relationship. Thus, the study concluded that brand trust, brand communication and emotional attachment have a significant effect on the loyalty; customer satisfaction and demographic characteristics have a partial mediating effect and no moderating effect on the brand relationship-loyalty link, respectively. On the basis of these conclusions, this study recommends that manufacturers of laundry detergents can increase loyalty by, enhancing trust and emotional bonds through enabling memorable experiences and feelings of affection and fulfilment; increasing consumer-brand communication exchanges that are informative, relevant and up to date; and exceeding customers’ brand expectations. Finally, the study recommends longitudinal studies be undertaken to track loyalty in the FMGC industry be done from a Kenyan context and Africa in general.
Business Intelligence Capability and Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Wamai, Muiga John; Rosemary James; Joshua W. Tumuti
The banking sector in Kenya has continuously invested in business intelligence capability for growth, improved efficiency and financial performance. During the last seven years, returns on assets of commercial banks has been diminishing despite the adoption of business intelligence capability. In reference to this context, the study intended to evaluate the effect of business intelligence capability on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated how infrastructure, data integration and organisational capabilities influence the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study further assessed how competitive advantage mediates the association between business intelligence capability and performance of commercial banks. The main theory anchoring the study was resource-based view supported by DeLone and McLean‟s model and dynamic capability view theory. An explanatory non-experimental design was employed to conduct a census involving the 43 commercial banks in Kenya. The respondents were 129, made up of the heads of information technology, operations managers and credit managers drawn from the commercial banks. Both primary and secondary data were applied. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data on business intelligence capability whereas secondary data on bank performance was gathered from audited financial statements using data collection sheet. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were affirmed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for analysis. Means, standard deviation and frequencies were used. Ordinary list squares model was also used in analysis. Diagnostic tests of normality, linearity, autocorrelation, homoscedasticity and multicollinearity were conducted to ascertain conformance with assumptions of linear regression. The main beneficiaries of the study were the commercial banks management, academia and policy makers. The main results of the study revealed that commercial banks in Kenya had various business intelligence capabilities such as infrastructure, data integration and organization capabilities which positively and significantly affect performance. The study also found that competitive advantage does not mediate the association between business intelligence capabilities and performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study concluded that commercial banks in Kenya had business intelligence capabilities which included infrastructure, data integration and organization capabilities which have an effect on commercial banks performance. It was recommended that the leadership of commercial banks and other stakeholders should embrace business intelligence capability as it is an effective performance management strategy.
Business Process Outsourcing and Organisational Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-02) Gituma, Isaiah Murithi
The overarching objective of any going-concern business entity is performance sustainability. However, performance sustainability challenges continue to persist in the banking industry despite appropriation of different performance management strategies. This challenge obtains in commercial banks in Kenya as evidenced by the recent assumption of cost rationalisation measures, increasing volumes of non-performing loans, acquisitions, liquidation, and statutory management of some banks due to liquidity problems. Thus, this study sought to establish the efficacy of business process outsourcing strategy in addressing performance challenges of commercial banks. Specifically, the study sought to establish the effect of outsourcing information technology, human resource management, marketing, and security processes on performance of commercial banks in Kenya; the mediating effect of competitive advantage and the moderating effect of organisational characteristics on the relationship between BPO and performance of commercial banks. The philosophical foundation of the study was positivism. The study employed descriptive and explanatory research designs and was longitudinal in nature. The target population was thirty two commercial banks. Four managers from each commercial bank at the headquarters (Information Technology, Human Resource Management, Marketing and Operations departments) were targeted thus yielding a sample size of one hundred and twenty eight respondents. Primary data were collected using self-administered questionnaires based on the 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were computed to describe the characteristics of the study variables while multiple linear regression analysis was used to establish the nature and magnitude of the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. All statistical tests were subjected to 95 per cent level of significance (p=≤0.05). The study established that outsourcing information technology, human resource management, marketing, and security processes, all had statistically significant positive effect on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Competitive advantage was found to fully mediate the relationship between BPO and bank performance while bank size was found to moderate the relationship between BPO and bank performance. Owing to the empirical findings, commercial banks in Kenya should wholly embrace BPO as an effective performance management strategy and widen the bracket of the range of businesses processes to be outsourced. Extant literature shows that most commercial banks mainly outsource non-critical non-core business processes. Positive results of this study that focused mainly on critical non-core business processes should motivate and give more confidence to the top management in outsourcing more critical processes and gradually core business processes as is the case in developed countries. Management of commercial banks should give more attention to outsourcing of marketing processes as well as software development as they were highly correlated with bank performance. Whereas, outsourcing training was highly supported by respondents, outsourcing recruitment and performance management were not. Therefore, vendors should exercise due diligence in understanding specific requirements for different industries. Commercial banks should be more creative in managing their security processes as their outsourcing was the least correlated with performance. With the modern trend of housing banking halls under the same roof with other business entities especially in shopping malls, managing physical security can be collaboratively done in order to save on costs. The study findings are instrumental in informing the Central Bank of Kenya decisions when reviewing policies relating to business process outsourcing in commercial banks
Business Specific Factors and Credit Rationing Among Registered Small and Medium Enterprises in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-08) Njagi, Gilbert Nyaga
The economic potential of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) have been recognized worldwide. However, the existence of credit rationing has hampered realization of the same. The prevalence of credit rationing has been evidenced by the documented SMEs financing gap which is within the range of 2. 1 to 2. 6 trillion British pounds and the proportion of SMEs financing to total lending in the world, which averages 23.4 percent in any financial year. A similar credit rationing situation is being experienced in Kenyan, such that, on average SMEs are awarded at most 17.4 percent share of amount of loans available in the credit market. Hence, the study sought to establish the effect of business specific factors on credit rationing among registered SMEs in Kiambu County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of business credit history, business repayment capacity, collateral and business size on credit rationing among SMEs in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study adopted positivism research philosophy and utilized explanatory study design. The target population was 41,115 registered and active SMEs located within Kiambu County, Kenya. A sample size of 397 SMEs was randomly selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria:-that is having applied for credit once during the period of study (2013-2017) and denied or awarded less amounts than the amount applied. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data relating to business specific factors and credit rationing, while data on inflation was collected from Central Bank website by use of data collection sheet. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics got by undertaking logistic regression analysis. The results of correlation analysis indicated that the business specific factors were sufficiently different measures of separate variables, and consequently, this study utilized all the variables in undertaking logit regression analysis. In regard to logit regression analysis, the study found that: credit history, repayment capacity and size of business have statistical significance effect on credit rationing. However, collateral have statistical insignificance effect on credit rationing. The findings from the testing of moderating effect of inflation on the relationship between business specific factors and credit rationing indicated that there exists statistically significant moderating effect of inflation on the relationship between business specific factors and credit rationing. Guided by the findings, a number of recommendations were made. First, SMEs should comply on timely credit repayment as well as repayment of the required credit installment in order to improve their future credit evaluation. Secondly, SMEs should improve on the repayment capacity by managing their sales and expenses in a manner to improve on their net profits. In addition, the proprietors of SMEs should diversify on other sources of income which may increase the repayment capacity. Thirdly, the SMEs should improve on their sizes as reflected by capital employed and sales turnover. With regards to capital employed, the proprietors can enhance the policy of maintaining retained earnings, while the government can introduce seed capital to any new coming proprietors. Lastly, the existence of moderating effect of inflation implies that the government should institute monetary policies geared to maintaining inflation to a levels which should not adversely affect the borrower and the lender
Capital Market Reforms and Microstructure Performance of the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Owino, Jennifer A.; Ambrose Jagongo; Perez A. Onono
The late nineties and early 2000s was an era of extensive restructurings which saw a series of reforms taking place in most emerging markets. The Kenyan Government in a bid to match the efforts of other emerging economies embarked on revitalizing the financial sector with the aim of promoting the growth of the capital market. The huge investment in reforms aimed at improving the microstructure performance of the securities market and to consequently eliminate the problems facing the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Despite undertaking the reforms, the stock market still experiences a number of challenges such as low listing, stock prices volatility, illiquid stock market, among others. This study aimed at establishing how capital market reforms have affected the microstructure performance of the Nairobi Securities Exchange, in terms of efficiency, volatility, and liquidity, specifically to investigate the effect of entry of foreign investors, demutualization of the stock market, and dematerialization of securities on the microstructure performance of the stock market, likewise to establish the moderating effect of market size and time on the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. From existing literature, it is not clear whether undertaking reforms in the capital markets were beneficial or not. Different studies have produced mixed results with some stock markets reporting positive results and others negative. Furthermore, some of the most recently undertaken reforms in the Nairobi Securities Exchange have not been explored and therefore had to be given adequate attention. This study which employed an explanatory research design was anchored on capital market efficiency theory, market microstructure theory, liquidity and agency theories. A census of all the 63 listed companies was used. Annual Gross Domestic Product values, number of Central Depository System accounts opened, weekly closing of share prices and the market index for the period 2004-2017 were used as the data for the study. Abnormal returns, standard deviation, turnover ratio as well as market capitalization ratio were also determined. A multiple regression analysis was performed to establish how reforms have affected the microstructure performance of the securities exchange. The study found that entry of foreign investors into the Nairobi Securities Exchange did not have a significant effect on microstructure performance of the securities market. The study also established that demutualization of the Nairobi Securities Exchange influenced stock market liquidity, efficiency, and the overall market microstructure performance. However, the two measures of demutualization were found to influence the performance in opposite directions. Whereas an increase in ownership concentration improved liquidity, efficiency and the overall market microstructure of the NSE. An increase in ownership composition led to a decrease in the performance of the NSE. Dematerialization of securities achieved its desired results as it improved liquidity, volatility, efficiency as well as the overall microstructure performance of the bourse. The study also found that although the size of the market had no significant effect on the relationship between capital market reforms and microstructure performance of the Nairobi Securities Exchange the passage of time was important as it influenced the relationship between the study variables. The study therefore recommends that the Capital Market Authority should relax listing requirements to encourage more firms to be listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange as well as encourage public participation in the stock market. Additionally, since dematerialization is just a precursor to automation, the securities exchanges that are not fully automated should ensure that they go the full course to achieve the desired results
Capital Structure and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Buganda Region, Uganda
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Mugisha, Henry; Job Omagwa; James Kilika
Small and Medium Scale Enterprises are known to be drivers of economic growth in Uganda. According to Uganda Investment Authority, the projected 5.5% economic growth by 2030 was dependent on a sustained performance trend of SMEs. However, SMEs in Uganda have witnessed a persistent performance decline of up to 70 % business failure rate in 2018 from 50% in 2004, a problem attributed to persistently low levels of profitability of the SMEs. Empirical literature on the capital structure-financial performance relationship has remained contradictory in both the developed and emerging economies alike. Hence, the study sought to determine the effect of short-term debt, long-term debt, and equity capital on the financial performance of SMEs in the Buganda region, Uganda as well as the moderating and mediating effects of market conditions and financial capacity respectively on the capital structure-financial performance relationship of SMEs in Buganda region, Uganda. The study was anchored on tradeoff, pecking order, stakeholder, as well as the free cash flow theories. Positivist research philosophy was adopted as well as the analytical cross-sectional research design. Using stratified random and purposive sampling techniques, a sample of 453 respondents was selected from a target population of 133,454 SMEs. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation as well as multiple regressions analyses (using STATA version 14). Hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance. Normality, multicollinearity, and heteroskedasticity tests were conducted preceding multiple regression analysis. Research ethical issues were adhered to accordingly. The study found that short-term debt had a negative and significant effect on financial performance; long-term debt had a negative and insignificant effect on financial performance while Equity capital had a positive and significant effect on financial performance. Market conditions had a positive and significant moderating effect, while financial capacity indicated a significant and partial mediation effect in the relationship between capital structure and financial performance. The study recommends that SMEs should employ less amounts of debt and adopt more of own funds in their capital structure to improve profitability. Policymakers should design policies that promote mobilization of own capital for SMEs to discourage borrowing as well as enhancing their access to the equity markets. SMEs should assess the market conditions as well as maintain adequate liquidity and solvency levels in the process of deciding the capital structure mix of their operations to optimize the output of their financial investment.
Competitive Intelligence Practices and Performance of Firms Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-12) Waithaka, Paul; Bula, Hannah; Kimencu, Linda
Performance is critical for every listed firm, as it enhances shareholder's value and capability to generate earnings from invested capital. Some of the firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) have been performing poorly as indicated by the rising number of firms issuing profit warnings. The competitive business environment is continuously working to drive down the rate of return on invested capital. To counter these competitive forces, firms have resorted to gathering information at their disposal and converting it into competitive intelligence through analysis and human judgment. This study sought to determine the effect of competitive intelligence practices on performance of firms listed on the NSE. The specific objectives of the study were: to determine how strategy-oriented, tactics-oriented, technology-oriented and target oriented competitive intelligence practices affect the performance of firms listed on the NSE. Firm performance was evaluated using both financial and non-financial measures. The non-financial measures used in the study were goal achievement and customer satisfaction, while Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) were the financial measures used. Both descriptive and explanatory survey research designs were used in this study, they allow the researcher to capture a population's characteristics and test hypothesis. The study was guided by a positivism research philosophy. The target population was the sixty firms listed on the Nairobi securities exchange. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire; while secondary data was obtained from the firm's published annual reports available at the NSE using a document review guide. Quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. In descriptive statistics, data was summarized using percentages, means and standard deviations, while in inferential statistics; multiple regression analysis was done using SPSS. The findings indicate that competitive intelligence practices have a positive and a statistically significant effect on the non-financial performance of firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The intelligence practices were found to have a positive but statistically insignificant effect on the financial performance of listed firms. Organizational factors were found to be an explanatory variable in the relationship between the competitive intelligence practices and performance of firms listed on the NSE. Managers of listed firms should raise the utilization level of competitive "intelligence practices to enable the firms to make accurate predictions on changes in the business environment, compete better in the marketplace against rivals, improve on innovation and automation, track competitors' activities and improve the competitiveness of their firms by identifying threats and opportunities before they become obvious. The study suggests that future researches should focus on extending knowledge on competitive intelligence practices to non-listed corporate sector firms to support the generalization of the findings to all sectors in the economy.
Competitive Intelligence Strategy and Performance of Regulated Microfinance Banks in Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Ouma, Paul; Godfrey Kinyua; Anne Muchemi
The concept of performance is pertinent to organizations as it gauges how well organization utilizes its resources to make income over given period of time. Central bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks have been performing poorly as illustrated by huge losses declared by MFBs in their full year financial statements. Competitive corporate environment is incessantly operating to reduce rate of return on investment. To mitigate these competitive forces, organizations have resolved to collecting data at their disposal and transforming it into competitive intelligence through assessment and judgment. Thus, the current research sought to investigate influence of competitive intelligence strategy on performance of Central Bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks. Specific objectives of research sought to establish effect of technological intelligence strategy, marketing intelligence strategy, competitor intelligence strategy, regulating and intervening effects of regulatory framework and competitive advantage on performance of Central Bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks in Nairobi City County. Research was grounded on balanced scorecard model, RBV theory, Porter’s five forces model, institutional theory and adopted positivism paradigm. The study utilized cross-sectional research design comprising descriptive and explanatory research methods. Target population was 13 Central Bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks. Sample of 344 participants was nominated using combination of sampling methods. Primary data was gathered using of open and closed-ended questionnaire. Reliability was be determined by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.7 and above was considered adequate. Validity was established by use of face, content and construct validity. Quantifiable information was evaluated by both descriptive and inferential indicators while qualitative information was examined through content analysis. Outcomes of the research found out that competitive intelligence strategy absolutely impact performance. Market intelligence strategy and competitor intelligence strategy were found to be statistically significant while technological intelligence strategy was not statistically significant. Competitive advantage was established to partly intervene the connection between competitive intelligence strategy and performance. In addition, the outcomes also had shown regulatory framework regulates the connection between competitive intelligence strategy and performance regulated microfinance bank. Management of regulated microfinance banks ought to increase application level of competitive intelligence strategy to allow organizations create precise expectations on variations in the business environment, contest better in the marketplace, advance on invention and computerization, monitor contestants' undertakings and expand on effectiveness of their organizations by detecting threats and prospects before they become observable. The research recommends that prospective studies ought to concentrate on advancing information on competitive intelligence strategy to other sectors of the economy to aid in simplification of outcomes to all segments in the economy.
Constraints to Savings Mobilization for Growth of Selected Women-Owned Mses in Kisumu and Kakamega Districts in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-02-16) Ouma, Jagongo Ambrose
This study examined factors that affect savings mobilization for growth of women- owned MSEs who have received financial assistance from WEDCO for business operations in Kisumu and Kakamega districts. It was based on the socio - economic cognitive entrepreneurial predisposition, aimed at discerning the complexities between the women entrepreneurship potentials and environmental constraints with savings for growth of the MSEs. Savings mobilization is an apparent phenomenon in this study having been a proven alternative to MSEs financing methodology today. Many women- owned MSEs have received financial and other assistance from various donors to start their business, but their inability to reduce reliance on external sources to grow had remained unexplained. The study hypothesized that the main constraints to savings mobilization for growth of women owned MSEs arose from internal and external factors to the firm, the utilization of derived profits, and the characteristics of the woman entrepreneurs. The target population consisted of women entrepreneurs who had received assistance from the WEDCO project (3,030), in Kisumu and Kakamega districts in western Kenya region. The sample size was determined through a multistage sampling process, which culminated into 300 individual women participants. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were used to collect primary data. Data analysis was done by use of Pearson coefficient of correlation, chi-square tests of independence, analysis of variance, Pair wise ranking and the measures of central tendencies. The ascertained different measures for women entrepreneurial competencies provided a strong basis for explaining the deviations in the dependent variables. However in all, the major findings of the study were that the number of dependants; education level; cultural and religious attachments; endowed management skills; age and marital status had a significant relationship with the savings propensity amongst the women entrepreneurs. It was also revealed that environmental factors such as level of market competition; number and quality of employees, pricing of supplies; proximity to banking facilities; accessibility to information; economic inflation and physical infrastructures bore significant weight on the women's ability to save for growth of their enterprises. The legal and regulatory framework from both the central government and the local authorities significantly impeded savings ability for women entrepreneurship growth. This study concludes that the aforementioned internal and external factors as well as regulatory framework require to be addressed, business development services should be enhanced, and the women entrepreneurial competencies be improved in a bid to encourage a culture of savings for financing the operations and growth of women-owned enterprises.
Constraints to savings mobilization for growth of selected women-owned MSEs in Kisumu and Kakamega districts in Kenya
(2011-07-20) Ouma, Jagongo Ambrose
This study examined factors that affect savings mobilization for growth of women- owned MSEs who have received financial assistance from WEDCO fo business operations in Kisumu and Kakamega districts. It was based on the socio - economic cognitive entrepreneurial predisposition, aimed at discerning the complexities between the women entrepreneurship potentials and environmental constraints with savings for growth of the MSEs. Savings mobilization is an apparent phenomenon in this study having been a proven alternative to MSEs financing methodology today. Many women- owned MSEs have received financial and other assistance from various donors to star, their business, but their inability to reduce reliance on external sources to grow had remained unexplained. The study hypothesized that the main constraints to savings mobilization for growth of women owned MSEs arose from internal and external factors to the firm, the utili,,ation of derived profits, and the characteristics of the woman entrepreneurs. The target ,)opulation consisted of women entrepreneurs who had received assistance from the WEDCO project (3,030), in Kisumu and Kakamega districts in western Kenya region. The sample size was determined through a multistage sampling process, which culminated into 300 individual women participants. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were used to collect primary data. Data analysis was done by use of Pearson coefficient of correlation, chi-square tests of independence, analysis of variance, Pair wise ranking and the measures of central tendencies. The ascertained different measures for women entrepreneurial competencies provided a strong basis for explaining the deviations in the dependent variables. However in all, the major findings of the study were that the number of dependants; education level; cultural and religious attachments; endowed management skills; age and marital status had a significant relationship with the savings propensity amongst the women entrepreneurs. It was also revealed that environmental factors such as level of market competition; number and quality of employees, pricing of supplies; proximity to banking facilities; accessibility to information; economic inflation and physical infrastructures bore significant weight on the women's ability to save for growth of their enterprises. The legal and regulatory framework from both the central government and the local authorities significantly impeded savings ability for women entrepreneurship growth. This study concludes that the aforementioned internal and external factors as well as regulatory framework rcquire to be addressed, business development services should be enhanced, and the women entrepreneurial competencies be improved in a bid to encourage a culture of savings for financing the operations and growth of women-owned enterprises.
Contextual Factors Affecting Gender Mainstreaming in the Public Sector: Ministry of Education, Eastern Province, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2012) Kirima, Lucy Karimi
Gender mainstreaming as a key strategy for promoting equality was adopted as an international policy in the Fourth World Conference at Beijing, 1995. Many studies show' that in the decade following Beijing, a great deal of energy and resources were put into gender mainstreaming implementation. Despite the tremendous progress in policy development and abundance of information available on gender mainstreaming, reviews and evaluations show a huge gap between policy commitments at Beijing and actual implementation. The purpose of the study was to establish the contextual factors affecting gender mainstreaming implementation in the public sector. A descriptive survey research design was used in the study. The target population consisted of the provincial and districts gender coordinators and the heads of public secondary schools in Eastern province. Eastern province was selected purposively among other provinces in Kenya because of low transition rate from primary to secondary schools. A total of 211 respond~nts were sampled through purposive and random sampling techniques. A questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to collect primary data. Descriptive. statistics were used to summarize the properties ofthe mass data that were collected from the respondents. Factor analysis was used to determine the factors that were used in the study namely; strength of strategies, gender mainstreaming strategies, gender policy in education, gender disparities in education and understanding of the policy which were used in logistic regression analysis. Logit regression was used to determine the effect of the factors on gender mainstreaming. Among the five factors, only one factor (gender disparities in education) affected gender mainstrearning negatively. All other predictor variables: strength of strategies; gender mainstreaming strategies; gender policy in education and understanding of gender policy in education affected gender mainstreaming positively. From the fmdings, it is evident that Gender policy in education is not being implemented effectively in the public secondary schools and there are several external and internal factors affecting gender mainstreaming in the education sector which includes; inadequate commitment from top-down to the institution, lack of understanding of the gender concept, inadequate training and awareness for teachers, gender imbalance and inadequate training for Board of Governors and Parents Teachers Association, inadequate resources and socio-cultural factors. The study concluded that the school. heads, teachers and management were ill-prepared for the policy implementation, there is inadequate support, ,training and awareness, poor system of monitoring and evaluation, and that the policies and strategies outlined for secondary schools are appropriate and satisfactory but requires balancing between boys and girls.

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