MST-Department of Recreation Management & Exercise Science

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Aerobic capacity among the rugby union players in 2005 kenya League
(2011-11-28) Kamenju, Janet Wanjira
The capacity to replenish the energy required for endurance activities is one of the important factors that determine an individual's ability to exercise for a long time without fatigue. For an individual to attain the best performance, V02 max improvement is one aspect of training that should not be ignored (Seiler, 2005). This study assessed the aerobic capacity of selected male players taking part in 2005 Kenya Cup Rugby League. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 90 male players from Impala, Harlequins and Nakuru RFC. The selection was based on the 2004 final league standings. Quasi-experimental research design was used. A pre-test using the multistage shuttle run test was administered to estimate the endurance capacity of the subjects at the beginning of the competitive season. A post-test was conducted eight weeks after commencement of competition to assess any changes in V02 max levels. Prediction of players' maximum oxygen uptake was based on their performance on the Multi-stage fitness test validated by Brewer et al (1998). The computer software package (SPSS) was used to process the data. The descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. A t-test was used to assess the differences between pretest and posttest, while ANOVA was used to analyse the differences in V02 max among the three clubs as well as between playing positions. The significant F-ratio was further analysed using Tukey HSD test. The results of the study were presented using graphs and tables. The findings of the study were as follows; there was no significant difference in players' aerobic capacity between pre-test and post-test. Players' V02 max at pre-test was 43.14m1/kg/min and 42.62m1/kg/min at post-test. Similarly, there was no significant difference in aerobic capacity amongst players of different age groups. The findings also indicated that there were significant differences in aerobic capacity among the top (44.5m1/kg/min), middle (40.2ml/kg/min) and the bottom (42.2ml/kg/min) ranked teams. The Tukey HSD test showed significant differences between Impala RFC and Harlequins RFC (5.47*) and also between Nakuru RFC and Harlequins RFC (4.16*) at pre-test. There was also significant difference between Impala and Harlequins (4.23*) at post-test.
An analysis of offensive patterns of play of Kenyan male handball teams in national tournaments
(2012-02-27) Odero, Martin Ngesa; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Goodwin, Y.
The objective of every handball team in competition is to advance the ball as fast as possible to the opponents' goalmouth and attempt to make a score without opposition. The wish of every handball coach is therefore, to train a team in offensive patterns of play that could be used to advance the ball to the opponent’s goalmouth and make a score. This study analysed and established such offensive patterns of play by Kenyan Male Handball teams during the 1998 National Tournaments. Twenty matches sampled from five tournaments in Kenya were used. At the end of the matches, there were groups of winners and losers. The performances of these groups were analysed under counter attack and positional play patterns of attack. The performances of these groups were analysed under counter attack and positional play patterns of attack. The data was collected by observing pre-recorded videotapes. The collected data was descriptively analysed using tables and charts to obtain the frequencies, percentages, means, variances and standard deviations of the outcomes. Inferentially, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the offensive performance between and within the two groups. The results showed significant differences between the successful and unsuccessful rates of counter attack and positional play patterns in winners, losers, between winners and losers and in overall performance in offensive patterns of play. The level of significance was p0.05. The findings revealed that teams used both counter and positional play patterns. However, the use of positional play (82.17%) was more than counter attack (17.83%). Though more goals were scored from positional play (529) compared to counter attack goals (212), the study revealed that the counter attack success rate was higher (37%) compared to positional play (20%). It is therefore recommended that Kenyan Handball Coaches should exploit the counter attack patterns and vary their positional play patterns so as to improve in their scoring ability. Further studies in the same area with female teams, normal duration and larger samples are also necessary. The scientific approach to training and competition should also not be overlooked by coaches and trainers, in order to fully exploit and improve individual and team performance.
Assesment of Slum Tourism Product:The case of Kibera in Nairobi,Kenya
(2013-03-20) Chege, penina wanjiku
Thestudy was conducted in Kibera slum in Nairobi. It focused on assessing slum tourism as a viable tourism option. The objectives were to: determine the main tourism attraction in Kibera slum, establish the perceptions of Kibera's slum dwellers, Kenya Tourism Boardand Victoria Safaris towards slum tourism, determine the benefits of slum tourism to Kibera slum dwellers, establish measures to be taken to promote slum tourism in Kibera and to determine the viability of slum tourism as a tourism product. The exploratoryand descriptive survey research design was used. The target population of the study was 800,000 residents of Kibera slum who live in a total of 12 villages, 160 employeesof Kenya 1:d.urism Board (KTB) and 38 employees of Victoria Safaris. The samplesize was 472 respondents, 384 from Kibera, 50 from KTB and 38 from Victoria Safaris.Simple random sampling was used to select 6 (50%) villages in Kibera. Snowball samplingmethod was then used to select respondents in those six villages. The initial subjectswere identified using purposive technique. The subjects from the KTB were selected using convenient sampling method while all subjects from Victoria Safaris participated.Data was collected by the use of questionnaire. A pilot study was run in KisumuNdogo slum village. Reliability of the instrument was determined during the pilot study using test re-test technique. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)was used to analyze data. Data was then presented in tables and figures. The resultsof the study showed that slum tourism is a viable tourism product as majority of the respondents, 435 (92.2%), affirmed this. There was a strong liking for slum tourism acrossall categories as majority, 396 (83.9%), view it as beneficial to the slum residents in improving their living conditions. Poor understanding of slum tourism concept and lackof involvement of residents was the major challenge while lack of policy was the secondmajor challenge. Observing=residents' life style and taking photographs were identifiedas major tourist activities" in Kibera slum while improvement of security and involvementof residents in tourism activities were identified as key ways for promoting slum tourism. The 'study recommends that there should be a deeper participation of residents in running and making decisions on slum tours to increase benefits to the residents.There is also need for government to develop a policy whose aim is to guide on waysof conducting slum tours. There is also need for Ministry of Tourism to educate the residentson how to take advantage of the venture and open up businesses like tour firms andhowto provide other services in order to reap the benefits of slum tourism.
Assessment of crowd management strategies used for football events in government-owned sports Stadia in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-02) Mandu, Agnes Wanjiku
Spectator violence in stadiums is part of a larger set of problems related to misbehaviour in football and it has resulted into deaths and injuries during football events, especially where rival football clubs are playing. This is especially exacerbated where fans seating arrangement is not properly demarcated. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess crowd management strategies applied by the management of government-owned sports stadia in Nairobi County, Kenya. The management strategies the study sought to assess were mainly on security arrangements in terms of the pre-event, event and post-event preparations and arrangements. The target population for the study comprised of 64 staff working at Moi International Sports Centre (MISC) and Nyayo National Stadium (NNS), 24 Football Kenya Federation (FKF) officials at National and Nairobi County levels, 304 police officers stationed at Kasarani Police division, Ngomongo Police Post, Langata Police division and Nyayo National Stadium Police Post. Sample size for football fans was calculated at 384 using Fishers’ formula since the total population for both MISC (60,000) and NNS (30,000) was estimated at 90,000. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents, to ensure a fair representation of all the target groups. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collected was summarized into descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages. Data presentation was carried out using graphs, barcharts, tables and pie-charts. The null hypotheses were tested using chi-square at p < 0.05 level of association/agreement using SPSS version 20. Findings revealed there was a level of agreement between the security/safety service personnel and football fans on the adequacy of stadia safety features where a higher proportion of both were of the opinion that the safety features were partially adequate. On pre-event strategies the findings revealed that the strategies used were viewed by a high proportion of the respondents as partially effective, with a departure on facility maintenance which was viewed as effective and advertising of penalties for misbehaviour while in the stadium which was indicated as ineffective. The stadia security/safety service personnel and the football fans generally agreed that the strategies used to manage crowds during football matches in the two sports stadia were partially effective. For the post-event strategies security/safety personnel and football fans were of the opinion that the strategies used to control crowds after a football match were generally partially effective. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the management of the two sports stadia should improve on all the strategies used to manage crowds during football matches. Further studies on crowd management strategies for football events need to be carried out in other government- owned and non-government owned sports stadia in Kenya.
Assessment of Health Related Physical Fitness and Motor Skill Ability of 9-11 Year Old School Children in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016) Odindo, Francis Okinda
Physical activity (PA) is recognized as an important determinant for chronic lifestyle diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) PA is one of the major underlying causes of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) leading to significant global burden of death, disease and disability among children and adults. There are many factors that influence PA among school children, including physical fitness and motor skill development. Health-related physical fitness includes cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and body composition. Motor skills include elements of locomotor and object-control movements. The aim of the study was to assess health-related physical fitness components and motor skill ability among 9-11 year old school children in Nairobi County, Kenya. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. A total of 199 (106 female and 93 male) school children were tested. The following variables were measured using standardized procedures, children’s height and weight, low back flexibility, muscular strength, static abdominal muscular endurance, aerobic fitness and motor skill ability. These factors are thought to influence the quantity and quality of PA thus justifying their inclusion. The study targeted school children in both public (n=104) and private schools (n=95). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Kenyatta University Ethics Review Board. Research permits were obtained from the Ministry of Education and Nairobi City Council. Consent was sought from the parents of children who took part in the study, the children also provided assent to participate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics using SPSS version 17.0. Independent T-tests were used to compare differences in the means of variables. Chi-square tests were used to establish the relationship between categorical variables. BMI cut-offs were based on the recommended 2010 WHO international cut-offs. The results have been presented in tables. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. The average age was 9.9 years. Aerobic endurance was significantly associated with sex (p=0.004 [χ 2 = 13.396]) with boys performing better than girls. Flexibility was significantly associated with sex p<0.0001 (χ 2 = 25.33), girls were more flexible than boys. Children with good motor skill ability were the more physically fit compared to their counterparts. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 24.2%. Males showed a better motor performance than females. Regarding motor skills, 28.6% of the children were at the beginning level, 55.3% progressing, only 4% and 3% were achieving and excelling respectively. 38.2% had very low cardiovascular fitness, 31.7% progressing, 11.6% were achieving and 9.5% excelled, 46.2% had low torso muscular endurance while only 2.5% were excelling. Overall, the children had average scores in motor skill ability, aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition. Their performance in flexibility was above average. Improving children's motor skill ability may be a good target for increasing PA in youth. A longitudinal study exploring the relationship between changes in health-related fitness and motor skill ability should be carried out so as to establish the effect of time on the variables. Also, a similar study targeting rural children and peri-urban kids could also be interesting.
Assessment of Participation of Secondary School Female Teachers in Leisure and Recreation in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Muthoni, M. J.
The study evaluated the extent of participation in leisure and recreation by female teachers in Nairobi. The study assessed the influence of demographic characteristics; age, marital status, number of children, and level of education of the female teachers in Nairobi County on their leisure and recreation participation. It also assessed the influence of other social factors like; teaching workload, domestic chores, availability and access to facilities, cost of leisure gender discrimination, time spent in commuting and type of class taught in leisure and recreation participation of the female teachers in Nairobi County. The study also sought to determine the most preferred choice of leisure and recreation activities of female teachers in Nairobi County. In addition, the study also sought to find out if the type of school had any significant influence in leisure and recreation participation. Data were gathered from 291 respondents who included teachers from public and private schools from Nairobi. Questionnaires were used to gather data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while hypotheses were tested using chi-square and One Sample T- test. The results indicated that most of the female teachers were aged between 36 -45 years, married and had children. The largest proportion of teachers was bachelor degree holders. The most popular leisure and recreation activity was watching television. Amongst the teachers, teaching work load was rated as the most important factor in influencing leisure and recreation participation while gender discrimination emerged as extremely unimportant factor. A larger proportion of teachers rated their participation in leisure and recreation as frequent, enjoyable and fun. This is despite the various factors that influenced their leisure and recreation participation. Age yielded X2 = 18.36 (P<0.05), an indication that age had a significant influence on leisure and recreation participation by the female teachers in Nairobi County. Marital status yielded X2 =3.6 (P< 0.05), an indication that it also had a significant influence on leisure and recreation participation. Number of children, level of education and school taught did not have significant influence on leisure and recreation. It was, therefore, recommended that leisure and recreation providers to increase opportunities for all teachers by providing variety of activities, facilities and also have friendlier programmes and facilities for the aged in order to cater for the aging teachers. The proprietors and managers of schools need to provide crèche facilities and programmes to cater for the female teachers with young children. The government should employ more teachers to minimize teachers‟ workload.
Assessment of the physical education learning resources in selected secondary schools in Uasin Gishu District.
(Kenyatta University, 1990) Simiyu, Wyclif!e W. Njororai
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the provision of physical education learning resources and each of the following variables, namely school location, sponsorship, gender, nature, sch901•~.age, enrollment financial allocation to physical education activities and the level of emphasis on physical educarion in the school. Forty secondary schools were randomly selected on a stratified basis from all the secondary school in Uasin Gishu District of the Rift Valley province of Kenya. There were representative samples of the school categories in terms of location, gender, sponsorship and school nature. A Questionnaire was used in the data collection for the sample schools selected. In each school, the Heaq of physical education department, or in his absence the Games Master filled the first part of the Questionnaire. The Head Teacher or the deputy filled the second part. The data collected was analysed using computer following the Statistical Package mor Social Sciences (SPSS) programme. The type of computer used was International Computer Limited (ICL) 75402 system. Three stages were fol~owed in the analysis. A descriptive analysis of the raw data was carried out. A Chi-square test was then used to test the foru1ated hypotheses. A contigence coefficient was calculated to test the magnitude of the re1ation~hips. The over-all research design was expost factor. The findings revealed that the factors of location, financial allocation, schooi enrollment, and level of emphasis on physical education in the school had significant relationship with the availability of a wider variety of outdoor facilities, equipment and maintenance of the outdoor facilities. Schoo1'sponsorship, gender, and nature of the school revealed no significant relationships with resource provision. The school age factor revealed only one significant re1a1ionship with equipment availability otherwise, it had no significant relationship with other resources namely reading materials and facilities. Indoor facilities and the reading materials were significantly inadequate in the majority of the sample schools. The level of significance at which the stated hypothesis were rejected or not rejected was P«.05. The recommendations based on the findings of this study were that:- the Ministry of Education should inspect and confirm that physical education is actually taught; assist in providing facilities, equipment and reading materials; school management boards to raise funds for acquisition of the resources and that the Kenya Institute of Education should distribute the reading materials they have developed for physical education to the schools at affordable price.
Assets and modes of identification and development of talented student-athletes in selected sport disciplines in Kenyan Universities
(2014) Abisai, Jacob
A major factor that influences all performers in their sporting careers is the quality and appropriateness of the sport talent identification and development environment. The purpose of this study was to assess assets and modes of talent identification and development in selected sport disciplines in Kenyan universities. The research design used in this study was descriptive survey. The target populations for the study were student-athletes and games tutors in the seven public universities established by Acts of Parliament and fourteen chartered private universities in Kenya. The target respondents included; 210 basketball players, 252 volleyball players and 504 track and field athletes, comprising of both male and female student-athletes. Therefore, the total target population was 966 student-athletes and 42 games tutors. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 4 (57%) public and 7 (50%) private universities. Talent identification and development questionnaires examining assets and modes of talent identification and development in universities in Kenya were used to collect data. Validity of the questionnaire was determined by a field test and review of the instrument. Internal consistency was used to determine the reliability. A value of correlation of 0.923 was considered satisfactory. The data derived from the subjects was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Percentages and frequency of responses to the survey were compiled and presented in frequency tables. The null hypotheses were tested using chi-square. The results of this study indicated that identification of talented student-athletes was based on the observation of the coaches, done during intramural competitions and there was no application of scientific methods in identification process. Additionally, the results revealed that talent identification was hindered by limited financial support, lack of scholarships, absence of talent identification structures and modalities, equipment to facilitate talent identification and knowledgeable coaches on talent identification. In addition to that, the results revealed that there were opportunities for student-athletes to participate in competitions. Furthermore, the results indicated that there were inadequate sport facilities that were not well maintained, equipment, coaches and time for training. Finally, the results of this study indicated that student-athletes were motivated to participate in sport by allowances, passion for the sport, competitive outlets, rewards, sport facilities, desire to improve their performance, gain fitness and trips. These results show that current Kenyan universities environment is inappropriate for talent identification and development of talented student-athletes. For effective identification and development of talented student-athletes to elite level, universities should create programs for identifying and admitting students with potential to become elite athletes in future and provide appropriate environment to nurture them to elite level.
Athlete Identity and Satisfaction of Student-Athletes in Selected Universities in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kurui, Ishmael Kiprono; Francis M.Mwangi; Agnes W. Kamau
Athletic Identity and Satisfaction are important aspects that form part of how a student-athlete perceives himself or herself and how they are viewed by society. Satisfied student-athletes perform better in sports and can feel more integrated into their teams. It remains unclear how athlete identity and satisfaction are influenced by student-athletes demographic characteristics of level of competition, year of study, age, and gender due to sparse literature, particularly in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to examine the status of selected Kenya University student-athletes identity and satisfaction. The specific objectives were to determine the status of athlete identity and satisfaction in relation to gender, age, year of study, and level of competition among selected Kenya University student-athletes, to examine the relationship between athlete identity and athletic satisfaction among selected Kenya University student-athletes, and to determine whether level of competition, age category, gender, and year of study have a significant influence on athlete identity and satisfaction among selected Kenya University student-athletes. Using an analytical cross-sectional design, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale-Plus (AIMS-Plus), and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), a total of 309 (52.4% males and 47.6% females) Kenya University student-athletes participated in the study. Results showed that female student-athletes had a slightly stronger athlete identity (4.00 ± 0.478) compared to males (3.93 ± 0.503), but Pearson correlation showed no statistically significant relationship between athlete identity and gender (r (308) = -0.064, p =.264). Female student-athletes had stronger athlete satisfaction (4.24 ± 0.443) than males (4.09 ± 0.576), and Pearson correlation revealed a statistically significant relationship based on gender of student-athletes (r (308) = -0.135, p =.017). Pearson correlation indicated a negative and statistically significant relationship between student-athlete self-identity and gender (r (308) = -0.171, p =.003). A linear multiple regression revealed that selected demographic characteristics such as level of competition, age category, gender, and year of study collectively explained a small proportion of change (3.5%) in student athlete identity (R2 adjusted =.035, F (4, 263) = 3.391, p =.010) and (3.2%) in athlete satisfaction (R2 adjusted =.032, F (4, 263) = 3.210, p =.013). It was concluded that the athlete identity of selected Kenya University student athletes is strong and similar between males and females. It was also concluded that Kenya University student-athletes have high levels of athlete satisfaction, which vary by gender. Furthermore, Kenya University student-athletes have a low perception of themselves as athletes (self-identity), which significantly varies by gender, where male student-athletes show a relatively weaker self-identity than their female counterparts. It was also noted that respondent demographic characteristics such as level of competition, year of study, age, and gender have a weak influence (3.2%) on athlete satisfaction among Kenya University student-athletes, where only level of competition and gender predicted athlete satisfaction. It was recommended that Kenya universities sports departments and sports practitioners, in collaboration with coaches, should design programs (such as student-athlete mentorship) to help student-athletes navigate rigorous training and competition schedules that affect their identity. Further studies are needed to investigate athlete identity and satisfaction beyond demographic characteristics, such as examining variables like coach leadership, education goals, and injuries, to present robust and comprehensive information and contribute to the sparse literature on the subject.
Attitude and practice of primary school pupils, teachers and head teachers in physical education in Kiambu county, Kenya
(2017-11) Kariuki, Maingi Patrick
Physical Education provides pupils with necessary attitude, knowledge and skills so as to perform a variety of physical activities and maintain physical fitness. This study aimed at assessing the attitude (Cognitive and Affective domains) and practice of primary school pupils, teachers and head teachers in Physical Education (PE) in Kiambu County. Independent variables for the study were: teachers, pupils, private and public primary schools while the dependent variable was attitude (cognitive and affective). The study hypothesized that there is no significant difference between primary school boys and girls on cognitive and affective domains of attitude towards learning of physical education in Kiambu County. It further hypothesized that there is no significant difference between pupils, teachers and head teachers in public and private schools on cognitive and affective domains of attitude towards learning physical education in Kiambu County. A Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Stratified sampling was used to get 12 sub-counties, class 7 and 8 pupils of the sampled schools, each class 16 pupils; of 8 boys and 8 girls from private and public schools making a total of 384 pupils as respondents. A similar procedure was used to pick 48 teachers, two school; a male and a female where it was possible while purposive sampling was used to get 24 head teachers, a total of 456 respondents. Questionnaires from Wear’s Attitude for Teachers and Adam’s Attitude for Pupils were used to collect data. Data was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Mann Whitney U test was used to analyze attitude of boys and girls, male and female teachers and head teachers while Kruskal- Wallis test was used to analyze attitude of pupils, teachers and head teachers towards PE at a significant difference of 0.05. Kruskal Wallis and Man Whitney U Tests were used to find the relationship of pupils, teachers and head teachers and their attitude towards Physical Education. Descriptive findings showed that physical education is taught in very few schools with very low percentages in public schools. The attitude of pupils and teachers towards physical education were also established to be very low. Hypotheses testing showed no significant difference on cognitive and affective domains of attitude between boys and girls in private and public schools towards learning of physical education. Also, teachers and head teachers in both private and public schools showed no significant difference on cognitive and affective domains of attitude towards learning of physical education in primary schools in Kiambu County. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the Quality Assurance and Standards office ensure PE lessons are taught as recommended by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MOEST).The study recommended further study on quality assurance officers in physical education, benefits of physical education to the learners and a study on attitude of lower primary school pupils towards physical education
Body Mass Index and its Association with Energy Intake and Expenditure among University Students in Nairobi County
(Kenyatta University, 2015-01-15) Karugu, Francis Njeru
Overweight and obesity in all populations are now realised as worldwide epidemic health problems. The aetiology of these conditions suggests a disruption in regulation of energy at the population level, leading to a positive energy balance and excess adiposity among others.Overweight and obesity can be defined in terms of Body Mass Index (BMI), which is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2).The aim of this study was, therefore, to measure the BMI and find out its association with physical activity and energy intake among university students in Nairobi County, Kenya. The target population comprised full-time students in selected public and private universities in Nairobi County.The population data was divided into two strata: public universities and private universities with a sample of 384 respondents obtained through stratified random sampling. Data management and analyses were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 17.0. BMI was categorised into underweight, normal, overweight and obese. The association among energy intake and expenditure and BMI was determined by Spearman’s rho and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were presented in tables and figures. The findings of this study indicated that overweight and obesity status was 6.5% and 1.0% respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among public university students was 3.8% and 0.7% respectively compared to the private university students (2.7% and 0.3% respectively). In the study, 91.2% of the males’ energy intake was less than the recommended daily allowances (RDAs), and 8.8% had an energy intake above the RDAs s compared to 93.4% of females who had energy intake below RDAs and 6.6% above RDAs. Correlation analysis of the association between energy intake through dieting and BMI score of the university students was significant (P<.01). The study findings also indicated that 40.5% of the students had a high score of participation in physical activity while 8.6% had a low physical activity level. However, the analysis of the association between physical activity and BMI of the university students was not significant (P = .608).
A case study on the outcome of outdoor leadership course offered by Mt. Kenya School of adventure and leadership
(2012-12-03) Mwangi, John Kimani
Outdoor experiential education has been described as an integrated approach to all learning. It involves social development and the acquisition of skills associated with living and journeying in the outdoors. This study explored the effects of outdoor experiential education on leadership development training to senior administrative officers from the Ministry of State for Provincial Administration and Internal Security in Kenya. The study was designed to determine the effects of experiential education based leadership course on participants' selected leadership attributes of decision-making, planning, resource allocation, control, delegation, communication, initiative, interpersonal skills and risk-taking. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design. A self-report questionnaire was used to evaluate the outcomes of the effects of outdoor experiential education on leadership development training, midway the ten days' course and after the course. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and analysis of variance techniques at p=0.05 level of significance. Findings after applying a t-test showed that participants' leadership attributes were significantly improved by the course to the following mean scores; communication 4.42, decision-making 4.36, planning 4.39, delegation 4.36, resource allocation 4.25, control 4.36, risk- taking 5, initiative 4, and 3.92 for interpersonal, on a likert scale where 5 was strongly agree and 1 was strongly disagree. There were no significant differences across gender in terms of leadership attributes outcomes after the course. Only three leadership attributes were improved between the fifth and the tenth day of the course. These included risk-taking, initiative, and interpersonal skills. It was observed that the first five days of the course led to more impact on leadership attributes compared to the last five days of the ten- day's experiential education leadership course. It is therefore, recommended that institutions and organizations seek experiential-based leadership courses to enhance their leadership attributes. Mt Kenya School of Adventure and Leadership should organize five to ten days outdoor Leadership courses that target both gender and participants of various age categories since they would all benefit from the programmes.
Coaching-efficacy and motivation of special Olympics’ Volunteer-coaches in community and school-based programmes in Nairobi, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-05) Njenga, Daniel Gaita
Special Olympics Kenya (SOK) offers physical activity programs for persons with intellectual disabilities (PWIDs) in Kenya and depends on volunteer-coaches to run these programs. Coaches-specific factors are critical determinants of coaches' effectiveness. This study assessed coaching-efficacy and motivation for volunteering. Coaching-efficacy and motivation have been shown to directly impact on athletes' performance. Special Olympics is run on volunteering, and so the need to understand volunteers' motivation. It is difficult to recruit and retain Volunteer coaches. There is dearth of knowledge on coaching-efficacy for volunteer coaches and how it relates to motivation. Using a descriptive survey design to collect information from coaches from SOK clubs and school programs in Nairobi County (N=92). CE was assessed using Coaching Efficacy Scale. While motivation for volunteering was measured using the Coaches' Motivation Questionnaire. Results showed that volunteer-coaches had highest efficacy index in character building efficacy (mean=4.31±0.59) and motivation efficacy (ME) (mean=4.22±0.57), and .had lowest in technical efficacy (TE) (4.07±0.67) and game strategy efficacy (GSE) (3.99±0.63). Findings also indicated that the coaches also showed to be driven more by intrinsic than the external needs. They had the highest scores in intrinsic regulations (4.49±0.39) and least external regulations (2.91±0.92). T-test results showed that males had higher TE than females (p=0.018). The males also had higher scores in introjected regulations than females. Other dimension of motivation were not influenced by gender. Coaches' training status influenced TE as shown by ANOVA results F (3, 78) =5.440, p=0.006 with higher TE for trained coaches than untrained coaches. However, coach training did not have an effect on motivation. Community-based coaches had a higher ME than school-based coaches (p=0.015). There were significantly higher scores from community-based coaches for intrinsic regulations (p=0.003), integrated (p<0.001) and identified regulations (p=0.025). Regression models indicated that their coaching-efficacy predicated for intrinsic, identified and integrated regulations. Implications were drawn from the results especially on the need for coach education in order to enhance coaching-efficacy, and subsequently coach motivation. Given that the majority of the coaches had less than 1 year experience yet SOK programs have been running for many years, it is imperative that programs be put in place to sustain volunteering behavior. A response to the coach-athlete ratio is required in order to address high variance between the number of athletes and of coaches in a program. SOK needs to put in place robust volunteer recruitment programs that interest new volunteers in programs.
A comparative study of a proposed physical fitness programme as depicted in the fitness levels of fiteen and sixteen year olds in a Kenyan secondary school
(2012-05-31) Wasonga, T.A.
The Kenyan secondary schools' physical education syllabus shows an omission of physical fitness programmes. The contents are skill activities namely gymnastics, games, athletics, swimming and dance. This was a comparative study of fitness levels between secondary school students of Ruiru High school, Kiambu District who took part in the regular physical education lessons and students who took part in a proposed physical fitness programme. The research design involved pretest, treatment, and post-tests on eighty (80) students, forty (40) boys and forty (40) girls randomly selected and assigned to a study group and the normal group. Each group consisted of twenty (20) girls and twenty (20) boys. A test battery was constructed consisting of 1.5 mile run, sum of skinfold, 60 seconds sit-ups sit and reach test and pull-ups (boys) and flexed arm hang (girls). The selected fitness components, the dependent variables evaluated were cardio respiratory endurance, skinfold fat, abdominal muscle endurance, lower back and hamstring flexion, and arm and shoulder girdle strength. Fitness levels before and after treatment was measured. The results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference between the study group and normal pre-tests on all the dependent variables tested. There was no significant difference between the study group's pre-tests and post-tests results in cardio respiratory endurances, skinfold fat and in boys, lower back and hamstring flexion. However, the 't'-test results indicated a significance of difference at the .05 level results in abdominal muscular endurance, arm and should girdle strength though girls were better in lower back and hamstring flexion. In terms of percentage, there was approximately the same amount of change in boys and girls in all the dependent variables except strength. The results of this study indicate that a physical fitness programme enhances physical fitness levels of students. Children will fail to realize their physical potential in case of lack of physical fitness. A programme that improves physical fitness levels should be encouraged and incorporated in the physical education curriculum. These findings indicate that more studies on fitness levels in Kenya to establish standards and norms for Kenyan population need to be undertaken.
A Comparative Study on Participation Motives and Psychological Wellbeing of Female University Student-Athletes in Kenya and Turkey
(DergiPack Academic, 2024-03-17) Yıldız, Kadir; Güler, Hakan; Balaban, Şahan; Muthomı, Nkatha; Njenga, Daniel; Gıtau, Florence; Ajowı, Carolyne Achieng; Rotich, Jonathan
In this study, it was aimed to examine the motivation to participate, psychological well-being, harmony in life, and contentment with life assessment of female university student athletes in Kenya and Turkey. The study was designed with the descriptive and relational survey model as a quantitative research method. Motivation to Participate in Sport Scale (Gill et al., 1983), Psychological Well-being Scale (Diener et al., 2010), Harmony in Life Scale (Kjell et al., 2016) and Contentment with Life Assessment Scale (Lavallee et al., 2007) were used as data collection tools. The research group consisted of 379 students representing female university athletes in Turkey (224 athletes) and Kenya (155 athletes), and the participants were selected through convenience sampling among non-random sampling methods. As a result of the findings of the study, a significant difference was found in favor of Turkey in female athlete university students' motives for participation in sports and harmony in life. Psychological well-being levels of female athlete university students showed a significant difference in favor of Kenya. There was a significant difference between individual athletes and team athletes studying in Turkey in motivation to participate in sports and this difference was in favor of team athletes. As a result, female athlete university students' motives for participation in sports and adaptation in life were in favor of Turkey, but their psychological well-being levels were against Turkey. Although the psychological well-being levels of female athlete university students are in favor of Kenya, their motives for sports participation and harmony in life are against Kenya. In this case, it shows that there are issues that both countries should pay attention to in order for female university students to be better and more successful.
Constraints to Exercise Adherence and Negotiation Strategies among Clients at Selected Fitness Centres in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018) Kinuthia, Stanley Kagunda
The positive association between taking part in regular exercise activities and enhanced health benefits have been widely illustrated and documented and depend on continued participation. Despite this, most people are deficiently active or totally latent, with over a half of the individuals who begin an exercise routine dropping out within the initial six months. While various factors hinder adherence to exercise programmes, strategies to overcome these hindrances are of great importance in promoting sustained participation in exercise. This study assessed the constraints to exercise adherence and negotiation strategies among clients of selected fitness centres in Nairobi County, Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical quantitative research design was used where information was collected from clients enrolled at selected fitness centres across the County (N = 382). Constraints were assessed using Constraints Scale while negotiation strategies were measured using the Negotiation Scale Questionnaire. The conformity rate was 299 (78.3%), males were 160 (41.9%) and females 139 (36.4%). A majority of those conforming were in the age groups of 31-40 (22.8%), 21-30 (22.5%) and 41-50 (19.9%). The findings indicated that there was a positive correlation between conformity status and gender (rs = .10, df =381, p = .043), with males associated with more conformity to recommended exercise for general health. Spearman’s correlation further indicated significant relationships between: interpersonal constraints and gender (rs = .13, df =381, p = .011) and both structural (rs = .12, df =381, p = .025) and intrapersonal (rs = .10, df =381, p = .047) constraints and level of education. Interpersonal coordination had a significant inverse relationship with gender (rs = -.13, df =381, p = .015) and level of education (rs = -.11, df =381, p = .030) respectively. Mann-Whitney U test results showed significant differences between gender for both conformity status (Mdn = 1, U = 16679, Z = -2.020, p =.043, r = .10) and interpersonal constraints (Mdn = 3.67, U = 15500, Z = -2.545, p =.011, r = .13). Results also showed that males utilized interpersonal coordination negotiation strategies more than females (Mdn = 3.00, U = 15615.5, Z = -2.43, p = .015, r = .12). Further, Kruskal-Wallis H test results showed significant differences between conformity status and both age (H (5) = 65.66, p < 0.001) and level of education (H (4) = 14.99, p = .005) categories. Structural (H (4) = 12.54, p = .014) and interpersonal (H (4) = 13.92, p = .008) constraints also had significant differences across levels of education. Besides, the findings indicated significant differences for interpersonal coordination (H (5) = 23.761, p <0.001), financial resources (H (5) = 13.083, p = .023) and skills acquisition (H (5) = 23.310, p < 0.001) negotiation strategies across age groups. In addition, there were significant differences for interpersonal coordination across levels of education (H (4) = 14.798, p = .005). Indications were drawn from the results on the need for proprietors, managers and supervisors, fitness instructors, administrators and potential entrepreneurs to review their training programmes, activities and activity areas to help eliminate perceived constraints by their clients to foster adherence. Further, clients’ education is important in enhancing their awareness to negotiate and overcome exercise constraints.
Determinants of Participation in Physical Activity in On-Site Fitness Centres: the Case of Employees at Kenyatta University and Africa Nazarene University, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2018-11) Mukaro, Matilda
Many institutions have invested in health and fitness facilities with the aim of promoting productivity and reducing escalating healthcare cost associated with conditions that result from physical inactivity amongst employees. However, the reported uptake of these services is quite low. This study analysed the determinants of participation in physical activity in on-site fitness centres among employees of Kenyatta University and Africa Nazarene University in Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical design was used to guide the study that targeted 3516 members of staff employed on a permanent or contract basis in the two institutions. A sample of 537 respondents was calculated using Krejcie and Morgan‟s formula and 10% was added to cater for attrition and unforeseen response. The two institutions were purposively selected to represent institutions with well-equipped fitness centres which render services to their staff members, students and the surrounding communities, as well as to represent public and private institutions. Stratified random sampling was used to come up with three strata (management, teaching staff and non-teaching staff) since the population did not constitute a homogeneous group. Systematic sampling was used to sample the participants in the different strata. A closed-ended questionnaire, an interview guide and observation checklist were used for data collection. The content validity of the questionnaire was validated by the experts from the department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science of Kenyatta University. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for data coding and analysis. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance were used to analyse data at.05 level of significance. Kruskal Wallis Post hoc test was used to test any significant differences after significant H-tests. The study found that some university employees (25%) were physically active and 75% were less physically active (M = 38.20). There was a significant difference in the status of participation in PA between the two universities (p < 0.001). The Mann–Whitney U test results showed that there were significant differences in the psychological (p <.001), environmental (p <.001), health (p =.001), employment (p =.001) and operational (p <.001) determinants of participation in PA in on-site fitness centres in the two universities. The Kruskal Wallis test showed significant differences in the emotional (p = .023), psychological (p = .021), environmental (p = .004) and operational (p = .001) determinants of participation in PA in on-site fitness centres across different job categories. The Binary Logistics Regression analysis showed the self-rating (p = .001), health (p = .001) and the operational (p = .007) determinants to be the significant predictor variables. Based on the study findings, this study concluded that majority of employees are not physically active in the on-site fitness centres and that self-rating , health and operational determinants made a significant contribution in predicting participation in PA. It was, therefore, recommended that the on-site fitness centres should have a system of compensating for unused days one would have paid for but missed. The university employees should be educated to be concerned about their wellbeing and the need of spending some time engaging in physical activity, and that fitness packages should be equally available for all employees.
Determinants of women’s participation in recreational activities in Kibera informal settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-07) Mureithi, Purity Kagwiria
Both leisure and recreation are crucial components of a balanced and healthy lifestyle. This study assessed the determinants of recreation participation for women in Kibera Informal Settlement. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design to obtain information that describes the existing phenomena about available recreation opportunities and the factors that determine the frequency and level of participation. The study was carried out in Kibera Informal Settlement, Lang‟ata Sub-County, Nairobi County where a sample size of 384 female respondents was selected using random sampling technique. Self-administered structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions were administered to sampled women residing in Kibera informal settlement. Data were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and the results were organized, tabulated and presented in frequencies and percentages. Chi-square (x2) test of independence at a significance level of 0.05 was used to test the null hypotheses. The study showed that most families had family sizes of 1 to 2 children, 223 (58.o7%) of the respondents had attained only primary education, 165(43.0%) of the respondents were not employed, 183(47.66%) reported as self-employed earning less than Ksh.10, 000 per month. The most popular indoor and outdoor activities were listening to music and walking respectively. Majority of the respondents reported availability of time and age as determinants of frequency of participation in both indoor and outdoor recreational activities while education level was reported as determinant of frequency of participation in indoor recreational activities. User charges, family size, income level, awareness, distance and transport to recreation opportunities do not determine frequency of participation in both indoor and outdoor recreational activities. Education level was not a determinant of frequency of participation in the outdoor recreational activities. The study recommends that the county government should set aside land for developing various recreational facilities within the informal settlement areas to be accessed by all residents to mitigate time constraints, for example, construction of swimming pools since swimming is reported as the least popular outdoor activity, the ministries of Health and Sports, Culture and the Arts to educate the members of the public within the informal settlement on the health benefits of recreation and good time management so as to encourage more people including those with higher levels of education to take part in various recreation activities since level of education emerged as one of the demographic factors influencing frequency of participation in indoor recreational activities, the city planning department to give greater emphasis on creation of streetscapes within and outside the informal settlement areas that enhances walking for recreation, Recreation service providers to avail affordable and pleasanter recreational facilities and programme catering for all ages since age arose as one of the demographic factors influencing frequency of participation in recreational activities among women in Kibera informal settlement.
Development of sports tourism in selected regions of Kenya: perceptions of tourists and government officials
(2013-10-15) Muhalia, Chumba Janet
The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of tourists and government officials on the development of sports tourism in selected regions of Kenya. A Survey research design was adopted for the study. The independent variables that were assessed included, sports as a pull factor that interest tourist to the Kenyan market, the extend of sports facilities, hosting of international sports event, cultural sporting activities, beach sports, high and low attitudes training centers, sports for sports icons. The study also looked at effectiveness of marketing, the level of security and political stability. A validated self administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The sample size of 776 respondents that were randomly selected for the study included 46 government officials from the Ministry in-charge of Sports and Ministry in-charge of Tourism in the headquarters Nairobi, and 730 both local and international tourists who resided in starred hotels and high altitude training centre within the eight tourism circuit were also visited for data collection. The eight tourism circuits included central Kenya region, Nairobi, coastline, southerri region, eastern region, north rift, south rift and western Kenya. Chisquare was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that sport is a pull factor for the tourists who visit the Kenyan market 564(77.3%) tourists and 37(80.45%) government officials agreed that sports was a significant activity in attracting tourists in the Kenyan market. On average 190(26%) of the tourists were of the view that facilities and infrastructure were not adequate while30( 65%) of the government official were of the same view. 252(34:4%) tourists were of the view that security and political stability was not fully explored for the development of sports tourism in Kenya. 24(52.2%) of the government officials were of the view that Kenya is capable of hosting major international sports events while 221(30.4%) disagreed on the same.14( 30.4%) of the government officials did not agree on the promotion of cultural activities while 290(39.7%) of the tourist were of the view that cultural event was a viable product for the development of sports tourism. 363(46.77%) of both tourists and government officials were of the view that high altitude training centers were fully explored for sports tourism development but when-it come to low altitude 396(51.03%) of both had no opinion. 117(16%) of the tourists 'were of the view that organization of sports for Kenya's sports icons was not fully explored while 16(34.73%) of the government officials were of the view that it was fully explored. Ministries in-charge of Sports and Tourism needs to encourage sports tourism as a package in the Kenyan market. Recreational sporting facilities should be a requirement for starred hotels in Kenya. The Ministry of Youth Affairs Sports and Tourism should market sports tourism as a tourism package. Ministries in-charge of Sports and Tourism should beef up security; create more high and low altitude centers, and stadia to host cultural sporting events. Ministries in-charge of Sports and Tourism through the Ministry in-charge of Sports and Ministry in-charge of Tourism need to expand sports tourism as a package and encourage its growth in Kenya.
Effect of outdoor experiential education on life effectiveness skills and teamwork among selected Kenya army and administration police in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-01) Ndung'u, Mwangi Peter; Muigai, D.; Mwisukha, A.
The purpose of this study was to find out whether Outdoor Experiential Education (OEE) has any beneficial effects on the overall life effectiveness and team skills of Kenya Army and Administration Police based on an 11 days outdoor programme. Life effectiveness skills are a measure of how proficient a person perceives himself or herself to be in areas necessary for success in life. OEE programmes utilize the outdoors and/or activities to accomplish goals that are recreational, educational, health enrichment and enhancement of life effectiveness skills. These programmes encourage active manipulation of the surroundings and the utilization of pro-active survival skills. In the growing field OEE, there exists a need to link valuable programme characteristics to specific outcomes. The study, therefore aimed at finding out whether outdoor education plays any significant role in enhancing one’s life skills and teamwork. The study looked at the effects of outdoor experiential education on individual’s traits like social competence, achievement motivation, intellectual flexibility, task leadership, emotional control, time management, self-confidence, active initiative and teamwork. The study had an in-depth look at the effects of the training based on life effectiveness questionnaire and self-designed questionnaire on teamwork. This was a quasi-experimental research design which focused on determining the effects of outdoor experiential education. A total sample size of 150 respondents comprising males and females from Kenya Army and Administration Police were involved. Both pre-test and post-test were used to determine the effect of the programme. T-test was used to determine the effect of training before and after the programme. A test-retest was used to determine validity and reliability of the questionnaire within Kenya. An analysis of the quantitative data showed that LEQ and team-work scores did increase after the course for both AP and KA. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test and were presented in tables for easier interpretation. After analyzing the data using t test, the following p-value were obtained: KA- Time management (0.017), social competence (0.007), achievement motivation (0.24), intellectual flexibility (0.035), task leadership (0.007), emotional control (0.012) active initiative (0.005) and self confidence (0.031). For the AP, the p-values scores were as follows: Time management (0.047), social competence (0.032), achievement motivation (0.044), intellectual flexibility (0.040), task leadership (0.068), emotional control (0.070) active initiative (0.045) and self-confidence (0.032). Consequently, there was an improvement on teamwork skills after attending the OEE. The mean score for KA on teamwork improved from 4.19 to 4.78 and generated a p-value of 0.003 whereas the AP mean scores improved from 4.33 to 4.63 and generated a p-value of 0.002. From the research findings, it was recommended to have many personnel attend OEE from KA and AP. Also, it was recommended KESAL to modify some of the training activities, especially those that target Task Leadership and Emotional Control.

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