PHD-School of Applied Human Sciences

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This collections contains bibliographic information and abstracts of PHD theses and dissertation in the School of Applied Human Sciences held in Kenyatta University Library

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Adequacy of University Student-Teacher Preparation Programme towards Achieving Inclusion of Learners with Disabilities in Practical Physical Education Lessons in Ghana
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Darko, Regina Akuffo; Jane Mwangi; Lucy Joy Wachira
Teacher preparation programmes are where prospective teachers gain a foundation of knowledge about subject matter, pedagogy and early exposure to practical experiences in all class settings. Inclusive pedagogy requires on-going development and evaluation at the pre-service stage. However, the university programme that prepares physical education (PE) teachers to teach in an inclusive practical setting is viewed as an important contributor to the quality of instruction received by students with disabilities (SWDs) in inclusive lessons. This study evaluated the adequacy of the university student-teachers preparation programmes (pedagogical skill knowledge, training methods, experiences, intentions and concerns) towards achieving the inclusion of SWDs in practical PE lessons in Ghana. The sequential mixed-method design was employed utilizing questionnaires and focus group discussion protocols in data collection. In total, one hundred and seventy-two 2018/2019 level 300 male and female student-teachers and 15 practical course lecturers of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (HPER-UCC)-University of Cape Coast and University of Education, Winneba (HPERS-UEW) in Ghana were selected using census and purposive sampling techniques respectively. Quantitative data analysis was done using descriptive statistics of means, standard deviation and percentages. Inferential statistics of Independent sample t-test was used to test between-group differences of pedagogy and intention towards inclusion among the student-teachers. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The qualitative data were transcribed into themes for analysis. Quantitative findings indicated that student-teachers from both universities had intentions to include SWDs in their practical PE classes, however, they entertained fear due to lack of practical experience in an inclusive setting. Significant difference was found to exist between the pedagogical knowledge of the student-teachers in the two universities (t (-6.010 at df (30), p < 0.05). Qualitative findings from both student-teachers and practical course lecturers of UCC established a concern for the introduction of an Adapted Physical Education (APE) course as part of the preparation programme. Student-teachers also advocated for the inclusion of hands-on experiences as part of the OCTP course. In conclusion, opinions were polarised for pedagogical skills in the PE preparation programme in the universities while hands-on experience was perceived to be inadequate. Concerns such as pedagogy, practical exposure and addition of disability related courses needs to be addressed. This is necessary to help improve the programme in the universities for quality development of the 21st century PE teachers for inclusive practical PE teaching. The study recommended that UCC should introduce the course APE as part of their preparation programme. Secondly, it was recommended that UEW should re-examine the course content of the student-teachers’ preparation programme for Adapted PE and incorporate the practicum aspect into it. The Quality assurance divisions in the universities should ensure that subject specific content of the departmental programmes reflects the demands of policy for inclusion.
Adoption of the Kenya National Dress as a Basis for Developing a Decision-Making Model for the Local Industry: A Case of Nairobi, Kenya
(2014-02-22) Imo, Beatrice Elung’ata; Mburugu, K. G.; Tuigong’, D. R.
Endurance of many national dresses for centuries may be attributed to the high value traditionally attached to them and that they can be used either as daily or ceremonial wear. In an effort to brand the Kenyan identity, some fashion designers and the Kenya government came up with the concept of the Kenya National Dress (KND) in 2004. Unfortunately, this dress did not take root among Kenyans. Why has the general public not enthusiastically embraced the Kenya National Dress? The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing adoption of the KND and form a basis for developing a decision-making model to enhance future adoption of local designs. Literature focussed on the development of the KND and its relevance to Kenyans. Purposive, snowballing and random sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 339 respondents comprising local fabric or apparel manufacturers, KND critiques, designers, custom tailors, traders in locally produced apparel and consumers to participate in the study by answering questionnaires. Data was analyzed and the results presented using frequencies and percentages obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Chi-square was used to establish whether or not the respondents‟ socio-economic and business characteristics influenced their adoption of the KND. All the respondents were aware of the KND‟s existence mostly from television, magazines and newspapers. Though the KND design was found to be related to Kenyan communities‟ traditional dresses, the respondents suggested that the KND fashion models should be of darker skin colour, wear natural or braided hair and local sandals to present an authentic Kenyan image. Most respondents agreed that the KND outfits could be improved by using various local fabrics in the Kenyan flag colours while incorporating beadwork. From the Chi-square analysis (p<0.05), the factors that strongly influenced the respondents‟ adoption of the KND included the designers or custom tailors‟ designation or position and fashion design or construction training, the consumers‟ gender and highest education level. The decision-making model emphasized that the interaction between consumers, designers and custom tailors was key to increasing adoption of the KND. All the respondents agreed that Kenya needed a national dress for identification; were proud to have a national dress and were willing to make, sell and or wear the KND as pictured. In conclusion, respondents‟ willingness to adopt the KND was a significant sign of their loyalty to Kenya. Therefore, fabric/ apparel manufacturers, traders, and designers/ custom tailors should put into account the views of consumers when making new designs to promote the local industry.
The African running phenomenon: the role of genetics, nutrition and demographic factors in explaining the success of East African runners in international distance running
(Kenyatta University, 2006) Onywera, V.O.
Kenyan athletes have dominated international distance running in recent years. Explanations for their success include favourable physiological characteristics, which may include favourable genetic endowment and advantageous environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyse the genetic, nutritional and demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Questionnaires were administered to elite Kenyan runners specializing in distances ranging from the 800 m to the marathon and Kenyan control subjects (C)(n=87). The questionnaires sought information on place of birth, language, motivation for becoming athletes, distance and method of travel to school. Diet logbooks were used to assess the athletes' dietary habits during training. The training regime of the runners was monitored using a training diary. Athletes were separated into two groups according to athletic success: International level athletes (I)(n=97) and national level athletes (N)(n=307). DNA samples were collected from the subjects using buccal swabs. Both qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in this study. Data were presented in bar charts, pie charts, line graphs and tables. Chisquares were used to establish any significant differences within and between the groups. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Athletes differed from controls in regional distribution, language, and distance and method of travel to school; athletes also differed from each other with the exception of method of travel to school. Most national and international athletes came from the Rift Valley province (C: 20 %, N: 65 %, I: 82 %) (C: n=17: N: n=200: I: n=80), of those who belonged to the Kalenjin ethnic group (C: 8 %, N: 49 %, I: 76 %) (C: n=7: N: n=150:l: n=74) and Nandi sub-tribe (C: 5 %, N: 25 %, I: 45 %) (C: n=4: N: n=77: I: n=44) and who spoke languages of Nil otic origin (C: 20 %, N: 59 %, I: 80 %) (C: n=17: N: n=181: I: n=78). A higher proportion of all athletes ran to school each day (C: 22 %, N: 73 %, I: 83 %) and covered greater distances. Kenyan runners are from a distinctive environmental background in terms of geographical distribution, ethnicity, and also having travelled further to school, mostly by running. Estimated energy intake (El: 2987 ±293 kcal; mean ±standard deviation) was lower than energy expenditure (EE: 3605 ±119 kcal; p <0.001) and body mass (BM: 58.9 ±2.7 kg vs.58.3 ±2.6 kg; P <0.001) was reduced over the 7-d intense training period. Diet was high in carbohydrate (76.5%, 10.4 g/kg BM per day) and low in fat (13.4%). Protein intake (10.1%; 1.3 g/kg BM per day) matched recommendations for protein intake. Fluid intake was modest and mainly in the form of water (1113 ±269 mL;O. 34 ±0.16 ml/kcal) and tea (1243 ±348 ml). Although the diet met most recommendations for endurance athletes for macronutrient intake, it remains to be determined if modifying energy balance and fluid intake will enhance the performance of elite Kenyan runners. IID genotype was not associated with elite endurance athlete status (df= 4, i=3.5, P = 0.47) with no over-representation of the I allele among N (0.42) or I (0.39) athletes relative to controls (0.38). The absence of an association between the IID polymorphism with elite Kenyan athlete status suggests that the ACE gene does not contribute significantly to the phenomenal success of Kenyan endurance runners in international distance running. These results do not support the hypothesis that ACE gene variation is associated with elite endurance performance.
The African running phenomenon: the role of genetism, nutrition and demographic factors in explaining the success of East African runners in international distance running
(2011-12-15) Onywera, V.O.
Kenyan athletes have dominated international distance running in recent years. Explanations for their success include favourable physiological characteristics, which may include favourable genetic endowment and advantageous environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyse the genetic, nutritional and demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Questionnaires were administered to elite Kenyan runners specializing in distances ranging from the 800 m to the marathon and Kenyan control subjects (C)(n=87). The questionnaires sought information on place of birth, language, motivation for becoming athletes, distance and method of travel to school. Diet logbooks were used to assess the athletes' dietary habits during training. The training regime of the runners was monitored using a training diary. Athletes were separated into two groups according to athletic success: International level athletes (l)(n=97) and national level athletes (N)(n=307). DNA samples were collected from the subjects using buccal swabs. Both qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in this study. Data were presented in bar charts, pie charts, line graphs and tables. Chisquares were used to establish any significant differences within and between the groups. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Athletes differed from controls in regional distribution, language, and distance and method of travel to school; athletes also differed from each other with the exception of method of travel to school. Most national and international athletes came from the Rift Valley province (C: 20 %, N: 65 %, I: 82 %) (C: n=17: N: n=200: I: n=80), of those who belonged to the Kalenjin ethnic group (C: 8 %, N: 49 %, I: 76 %) (C: n=7: N: n=150:1: n=74) and Nandi sub-tribe (C: 5 %, N: 25 %, I: 45 %) (C: n=4: N: n=77:1: n=44) and who spoke languages of Nilotic origin (C: 20 %, N: 59 %, I: 80 %) (C: n=17: N: n=181: I: n=78). A higher proportion of all athletes ran to school each day (C: 22 %, N: 73 %, 1: 83 %) and covered greater distances. Kenyan runners are from a distinctive environmental background in terms of geographical distribution, ethnicity, and also having travelled further to school, mostly by running. Estimated energy intake (EI: 2987 ±293 kcal; mean ±standard deviation) was lower than energy expenditure (EE: 3605 ±119 kcal; p <0.001) and body mass (BM: 58.9 ±2.7 kg vs.58.3 ±2.6 kg; p <0.001) was reduced over the 7-d intense training period. Diet was high in carbohydrate (76.5%, 10.4 g/kg BM per day) and low in fat (13.4%). Protein intake (10.1%; 1.3 g/kg BM per day) matched recommendations for protein intake. Fluid intake was modest and mainly in the form of water (1113 ±269 mL;O. 34 ±0.16 ml/kcal) and tea (1243 ±348 ml). Although the diet met most recommendations for endurance athletes for macronutrient intake, it remains to be determined if modifying energy balance and fluid intake will enhance the performance of elite Kenyan runners. I/D genotype was not associated with elite endurance athlete status (df = 4, )?= 3.5, p = 0.47) with no over-representation of the I allele among N (0.42) or I (0.39) athletes relative to controls (0.38). The absence of an association between the I/D polymorphism with elite Kenyan athlete status suggests that the ACE gene does not contribute significantly to the phenomenal success of Kenyan endurance runners in international distance running. These results do not support the hypothesis that ACE gene variation is associated with elite endurance performance.
Analysis of democratic factors affecting achievement goal orientation and satisfaction among Kenya Volleyball league players
(2011-07-21) Bulinda, Mugalla H.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.
This study sought to investigate relationship between demographic factors, goal orientation and satisfaction of Kenya's volleyball league players. It was guided by the hypothesis that demographic factors of Kenya volleyball league players have no significant difference on goal orientation and satisfaction. Demographic factors under study-included age, gender, participation status, level, and experience. Demographic questionnaire, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ and the Athletic Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) were the instruments for data collection. A total of 134 volleyball players from twelve National Volleyball League division one and two teams participated in the study. The players were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-ratios and Chi square test of independence (x2) (p,.05). Findings of the study showed that 72(53.7%) of Kenya volleyball league players were below 25 years of age. It was also found that task oriented players were more satisfied than ego oriented players. Additionally, the study found that younger players were more satisfied than older players despite both categories being task oriented (x2=1.925>.165), while female players were found to be more task oriented (x2=1.925>.165) and satisfied than their male counterparts. Division 1 and 2 players were found to be task oriented (x2=1.424>.233) with division 2 players being more satisfied. Starters and non-starters were both found to be task oriented (x2= 0.508>.476) with non-starters being more satisfied on all satisfaction components on the ASQ. Lastly, experienced and non-experienced players were both found to be task oriented (x2=0.560>.454), with inexperienced players being more satisfied. The study showed that task oriented players were more satisfied than ego oriented players with majority of the players being task oriented. Also, it was found that apart from gender, other demographic factors under study do not influence players' goal orientation. However, it was found that goal orientation and demographic factors influence players' satisfaction. The study recommended goal orientation assessment on players to help determine satisfaction components to be enhanced, separate training tactics and techniques for men and women, emphasis on non-starters' role on the team, increase of provisions to division one teams and recruitment of players to the teams to include both younger and older players. Talent spotting of players was also recommended to commence at a youthful age. Also, more attention needs to be laid on experienced players to help them raise their low satisfaction levels. It was further recommended that studies on goal orientation and satisfaction using different levels of players participation from those used in this study be carried out. Also, a study on goal orientation and cultural differences was recommended.
Analysis of demographic factors affecting achievement goal orientation and satisfaction among Kenya volleyball league players
(Kenyatta University, 2008-11) Mugalla, Hannington Bulinda
This study sought to investigate relationship between demographic factors, goal orientation and satisfaction of Kenya's volleyball league players. It was guided by the hypothesis that demographic factors of Kenya volleyball league players have no significant difference on goal orientation and satisfaction. Demographic factors under study-included age, gender, participation status, level, and experience. Demographic questionnaire, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Athletic Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) were the instruments for data collection. A total of 134 volleyball players from twelve National Volleyball League division one and two teams participated in the study. The players were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-ratios and Chi square test of independence (X2) (p,.05). Findings of the study showed that 72(53.7%) of Kenya volleyball league players were below 25 years of age. It was also found that task oriented players were more satisfied than ego oriented players. Additionally, the study found that younger players were more satisfied than older players despite both categories being task oriented (X2=1.925>.165), while female players were found to be more task oriented (X2=1.925>.165) and satisfied than their male counterparts. Division 1 and 2 players were found to be task oriented (X2=1.424>.233) with division 2 players being more satisfied. Starters and non-starters were both found to be task oriented (X2= 0.508>.476) with non-starters being more satisfied on all satisfaction components on the ASQ. Lastly, experienced and non-experienced players were both found to be task oriented (X2=0.560>.454), with inexperienced players being more satisfied. The study showed that task oriented players were more satisfied than ego oriented players with majority of the players being task oriented. Also, it was found that apart from gender, other demographic factors under study do not influence players' goal orientation. However, it was found that goal orientation and demographic factors influence players' satisfaction. The study recommended goal orientation assessment on players to help determine satisfaction components to be enhanced, separate training tactics and techniques for men and women, emphasis on non-starters' role on the team, increase of provisions to division one teams and recruitment of players to the teams to include both younger and older players. Talent spotting of players was also recommended to commence at a youthful age. Also, more attention needs to be laid on experienced players to help them raise their low satisfaction levels. It was further recommended that studies on goal orientation and satisfaction using different levels of players participation from those used in this study be carried out. Also, a study on goal orientation and cultural differences was recommended.
Analysis of intimate partner violence among women survivors in shelter homes in Kenya
(2014-09-01) Kabaria-Muriithi, Joan
Intimate partner violence (lPV) is a form of gender based violence that involves the range of sexual, psychological, economic and physically coercive acts used against men and women by their current or former intimate partners. Women are more vulnerable to IPY. However, not much is understood about the vice and the associated patterns of risk. The purpose of the study was to analyze the predisposing factors associated with IPV and to assess the severity of IPV on women survivors in shelter homes in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the survivors' perception of predisposing factors that make women susceptible to IPV; establish the levels of severity of IPV on women survivors in shelter homes in Kenya; investigate the relationship between predisposing factors and severity of IPV from women seeking support services from shelters available in Kenya and to identify the coping strategies for women survivors of IPV. The Feminist theory by Dobash & Dobash and walker (1979) was used to conceptualize various risk factors that predispose women to IPV. The study was conducted in Nairobi and Nakuru which had the only two available women shelter homes in Kenya providing support services for IPV survivors. A survey design was employed. The study sample comprised 230 women survivors who had visited the shelters homes. Primary data was collected with the use of interview schedules for IPV survivors and key informant interview guide for service providers as well as Focus Group Discussion guides for Community Health Workers. Secondary data was also generated using records in the shelter homes. Data analysis for quantitative data was done using the Statistical Package for . Social Sciences (SPSS) while the qualitative data was sorted and analyzed mathematically based on the objectives. Chi-square results revealed a significant relationship between severity of IPV and women survivors' education (p=0.003), Number of children (p=0.005), marital status (p=0.006) witnessing of inter-parental violence (p=0.05), perpetrators' upbringing (p=0.040), perpetrators' occupation (p=0.007), use of alcohol (p=0•.002), use of other substances and drugs (p=O.OOO), experience of violence in childhood (p=O.O13) and perpetrators' education level (p=0.012). On multivariate analysis, the strongest predisposing factors to severity of IPV were found to be the number of children born to the women survivors (p=O.OOl), perpetrator level of education (p=0.054) and perpetrator use of alcohol (p=O.OO1). The study concluded that IPV is a serious social and economic vice that requires a proactive role of state, non-state actors, community members and active participation of both the survivors and perpetrators in order to address it. The study recommended that there was need to enforce the existing National Policy Framework on Gender Based Violence, which provides an important structure for the management of severity of IPV. There was also need for strengthening of the collaboration between the relevant government departments, shelter homes, religious leaders and community leaders in the management of IPV. The result of this would be reduction in the occurrence and severity of TPV.
An analysis of technical and tactical performance of national soccer teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina
(2012-02-14) Njororai, W.W.S.
This study set out to identify the differences in technical and tactical performance of the national soccer in matches involving Germany, Argentina and Kenya at International level. Additionally, the study sought to identify the variables that characterize the respective winning and losing teams and to establish the level of accuracy of each of the technical and tactical variables in matches. A total of 27 unedited and pre-recorded matches were observed on a play back video machine. The matches involved were nine for Kenya, nine for Argentina and nine for Germany. The matches were selected on a stratified random sampling basis. The data obtained were analysed both descriptively and inferentially. The statistical analysis techniques used included the one-way analysis of variance and the independent t-test, where the rejection of the null the hypothesis was set at p<. 05. A post hoc comparison Newmankeuls test was used to confirm significant findings on the F ratio. The ANOVA findings revealed that whereas there was a significant difference in the performance of the off sides, corner kicks, throw-ins, headings, free kicks, and goal kicks, in the matches involving the national soccer teams of Germany, Argentina and Kenya, that on passes, goals, shots at goal, crosses, tackles, attacking movements, fouls and injuries was not significant. It was also established that the winners tended to have more passes, free kicks, offside, fewer corners, more throw-ins, more shots at goal, more headings, goal kicks and fewer fouls. However, differences existed between the matches involving Kenya, Germany and Argentina pertaining to the throw ins, crosses, fouls and attacking play. Regarding the effectiveness in the execution of the technical variables, Kenya had a higher ratio of unsuccessful throw ins, shots at goal, free kicks, crosses, corners and passes. However, Kenya had a higher ratio of successful headings and goal kicks compared to Germany and Argentina. Argentina players were the most effective in tackling. It was recommended that efforts be initiated to start a research studies focusing on management of Kenyan national soccer teams; conduct similar studies using the Kenya premier league teams, and in comparing the different regions of Africa.
Analysis of the Mental Skills Status of Volleyball and Field Hockey Players in National League Clubs in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-11) Muasya, Vincent
Mental skills as applied in sports are psychological profiles/attributes that athletes use to achieve excellent performance in sports. Mental and physical agility combine forces to enhance athletic performance. The purpose of the study was to assess the mental skills status of volleyball and field hockey players in national league clubs in Kenya. The study sought to determine the relationship between gender, type of sport, level of participation and mental skills status of the respondents. The study used a survey research design and targeted a total of 159 volleyball and 171 field hockey players using the Ottawa Mental skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3). The mental skills included foundation mental skills (that is goal-setting, self-confidence and commitment), psychomotor mental skills (that is fear control, relaxation control, activation control and stress reaction) and cognitive mental skills (that is focusing attention, refocusing attention, imagery ability, mental practice ability and competition planning). Simple random sampling was used to get a sample of 330 athletes; 207 (62.7%) males and 123 (37.3%) females playing in the Kenyan national leagues of volleyball and field hockey. Independent t-test and one way ANOVA were used to compare differences in the means of the variables. Significance was set at p<.05. Results indicated that there were more male volleyball and field hockey players than female players participating in the national league. A higher percentage of participants were aged between 19 and 21 years (33.3%) while the elite population of participants formed the largest sample of the study (45.2%). T-test results revealed that the mean differences between volleyball and hockey players were significant in foundation (t=7.85, df=2, p<.001) and psychomotor mental skills (t= -4.99, df=2, p<.001) and not significant in cognitive mental skills (t=-0.3.87, df=2, p=0.699). There was no significant difference between males and females in foundation and cognitive mental skills. However, there was significant differences between male and female players in psychomotor mental skills in relaxation control (t=-4.21, df=328, p<.001). Based on composite means, male and female players’ mental skills status was found to significantly differ (t=-4.4, df=328, p<.001) in favour of male athletes. Elite players had the highest mean score (3.43±.51) in all the twelve mental skills. However, there was no significant difference in the means between elite, pre-elite and non-elite volleyball and field hockey players (F=1.69, df=2, p<-0.19). Conclusions drawn on foundation, psychomotor and cognitive mental skills among Kenyan volleyball and field hockey players show that foundation mental skills are the basic skills that form the base for other mental skills and volleyball players had a better grounding than their field hockey counterparts. Secondly, mental skill status does not differ based on level of competition and exposure of volleyball and field hockey players in national league clubs in Kenya. This shows that Mental Skills Training (MST) is not prioritised in training. The study recommends that Kenya Hockey Union (KHU) and Kenya Volleyball Federation (KVF) should champion the recruitment and inclusion of more female teams in order to bridge the participation gap that currently exists. Attention could be given to expanding the league so that there are more non-elite and pre-elite players. The finding that foundation mental skills were the most developed can be used by KVF and KHU to prioritise equipping volleyball and field hockey players through offering MST that is geared towards enhancing goal setting, self-confidence and commitment. More studies comparing the mental skills of elite and non-elite athletes in different sports and the influence of gender on mental skills in varying sport disciplines are recommended.
Assesment on the Usage of ‘Real’ Fabric Draping for Design in Public Institutions of Higher Learning and by Fashion Designers in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-01-21) Isika, Juliet Kaindi
„Real‟ fabric draping involves use of sample textile, fabric or cloth to make patterns or garments on a model or dress form stands manually. Final material used to produce garments has similar characteristic to one used to drape. Technique is suitable for ready to wear and couture garment designs with numerous advantages. These are such as satisfaction with garment fit, accurate proportions of fabric division and reduced time waste as pattern making technique. Numerous studies in Kenya have been carried out to investigate Home science. However, there is limited ongoing research or documentation on „real‟ fabric draping for design in Kenya. These demands for a study to assess the usage in „real‟ fabric draping for design in public institutions of higher learning and fashion designers in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specific objectives included: Identifying competencies of fashion design teachers, determine the usage of „real‟ fabric draping for design in public institutions of higher learning and among fashion designers, establish the influence of learning resources. Determine the relationship between use of „real‟ fabric draping for design and teachers‟ area of training, source of curriculum, garment categories created, pattern development taught and student‟s attitude. The study was guided by the Activity theory and pedagogic activity system structure. A cross-sectional survey research design was employed. Five public institutions of higher learning were purposively selected in Nairobi County namely: Kenyatta University, Technical University of Kenya, Kenya Technical Teachers College, Kenya Textile Training Institute and Nairobi Technical Training Institute. The sample size comprised of five heads of department, 32 teachers, 266 students and 30 fashion designers. The data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Both qualitative and quantitative data analyses were used. The results revealed that very few public institutions of higher learning using „real‟ fabric draping for design. Majority of the teachers (respondents) in this study were not trained in the area of fashion design. Most of the fashion designers used „real‟ fabric draping for design and recommended all fashion design students to be taught. The absence of body forms, draping manuals posed a challenge learning „real‟ fabric draping for design. Chi-square results yielded a fairly strong relationship between use of „real‟ fabric draping for design and pattern development technique taught (V= 0 .646; p < 0.0001*), sources of curriculum (V= 0.623; p < 0.0001*). Use of „real‟ fabric draping for design had a weak association with teachers‟ area of training (V = 0. 018; p < 0.006. It was concluded that pattern development technique taught, sources of curriculum and teachers‟ area of training are issues associated with the use of „real‟ fabric draping for design in public institutions of higher learning. On the contrary availability of learning resources and students‟ attitude were issues not associated with the use of „real‟ fabric draping for design. It was recommended that a need assessment research should be carried out in institutions teaching fashion design courses. This would establish the technological gaps in fashion design curricula in Kenya hence would reduce the inconsistency in skills acquisition.
Assessement of employees' awareness of exercise ergonomics in banking institutions in Nairobi, Kenya
(2011-11-02) Waiganjo, Luka Boro
Most companies and institutions world over have embraced the use of computers at their places of work as a means of improving efficiency and productivity. The banking institutions have not been left out in this regard. As such, most of banking office work involves computer operations that are characterized by fast and frequently repetitive movement of the eyes, arms, fingers and the head. These movements involve repetitive muscular activity which could lead to the development of physiological stress manifested as fatigue due to lack of avenues to burst it out as it forms. Accumulation of fatigue may lead to the development of musculoskeletal injuries among the employees which can cause reduction in comfort, efficiency and hence production. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate into Kenyan bank employees' awareness of the work-related risk factors that might expose them to musculoskeletal injury in the course of their duties, if they had suffered any musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses, and whether they usually perform stretching exercises in the course of their work. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences according to gender and position of work in relation to the above mentioned factors. The subjects for the study included tellers, secretaries, clerks, and officers in banking institutions in Nairobi. For this purpose, 5 banks (National bank, Cooperative bank, Equity bank, Kenya Commercial bank and Family Finance) consisting of 1,500 employees were purposively selected. Stratified random sampling was used to sample 17 bank branches. 450 employees were then selected randomly for the study. Questionnaires were administered to the bank employees to collect information related to the employees' awareness of the work-related risk factors, work-related injuries and illnesses and the use of exercise to alleviate such injuries. Both qualitative and Quantitative methods of data analysis were utilized to analyze the data. Chi-square at p <_ 0.05 was computed to test the research hypothesis. The findings of the study showed that a majority of the bank employees (51.40%) were not aware of the work-related risk factors, (47.98%) of the employees were not aware of the applicability of ergonomic exercises in the banking institutions, 128 (39.88%) were not aware of the role of ergonomic exercises in alleviating MSI, while more than (63.86%) suffered from various musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses. The male (43.61%) were significantly (X2 =74.83, p=0.01) more aware of the risk factors than the female (39.50%) bank employees. The female (41.32%) were significantly (X2= 54.02, p=0.01) more aware of the applicability of ergonomic exercises at the work places as well as their role in preventing MSI (67; 40.11%, X2=15.76, p=0.01) than the male. The various cadres of employees differed significantly in awareness of work-related risk-factors (X2=36.98, p=0.05), the applicability of exercises in work places (X2=16.90, p=0.194), and the efficacy of exercise in alleviating MS, (X2=16.43, p=0.01). In addition they differed in prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries (X2=124, p=0.01).
Assessment of Pulmonary Function of Kenyan Elite Distance Runners during Rest, Sub-Maximal and Maximal Endurance Exercise
(2014-02-22) Mwangi, Francis Mundia; Onywera, V.O.; Boit, Michael K.; Sheel, W.
Kenyan middle and long distance runners have performed extraordinarily well, dominating the world over the past four decades. The factors that contribute to their prowess in endurance races are not yet determined. Pulmonary limitations to endurance performance have been reported among non-Kenyan runners but the extent Kenyan runners experience or overcome these limitations had not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess pulmonary function parameters of Kenyan elite runners in relation to endurance exercise performance and compare with predicted values. Fifteen (10 male, 5 female) purposively selected elite Kenyan runners were instrumented in baseline spirometry and an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion at a moderate altitude (1,600 m.a.s.l.). Spirometric variables measured included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in one second as a proportion of forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) and maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP). Respiratory measures obtained during treadmill test included tidal volume (Vt), breathing frequency (Fb), minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Arterial blood gases (ABG) data; arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), alveolar to arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (A-aDO2) and acidosis (pH) were obtained from blood samples taken from radial artery at the end of every exercise stage via indwelling cannula. Repeated measures ANOVA and t tests were run to examine the various measurements at different exercise intensities using statistical package for social sciences. One sample t test on participants’ spirometric variables’ percentage of predicted values showed that they were not significantly different from commonly used predicted values (p >.05). Absolute VO2 peak values for males (3.50±.26) and females (2.26±.26) [L/min] were significantly higher than the predicted values (p = .001). Relative VO2 max formales (64.4±4.9) and females (48.1±4.9) [ml/kg/min] rated superior and excellent respectively on cardio-respiratory fitness classification norms. ABG data showed that the runners experienced only moderate levels of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) (SaO2 = 89.4±4.6%[male], 91.5±2.2%[female], 89.9±4.1[total]% and A-aDO2 = 24.5±4.7[male], 20.1±10.7[female], 23.39±6.39[total] mmHg) at maximal endurance exercise. Respiratory compensation (partial) for metabolic acidosis was evident (PaCO2 = 34.15±3.44 mmHg, pH = 7.30±.08[total]). Bicarbonate ions (HCO3) recorded the most consistent decline and highest effect size (Eta sqd = .724) while change in oxygen content in the blood (CaO2) recoded the least (Eta sqd = .072). Stepwise regression showed that VE was the most significant predictor of VO2 and speed at sub-maximal exercise level. The study concluded that most Kenyan distance runners’ baseline pulmonary function values are comparable to commonly used reference values. However, the runners’ respiratory system is able to cope with demands of superior oxygen consumption during endurance running. The runners experience moderate level hypoxemia during sub-maximal and maximal endurance exercise. Strategies to alleviate excessive acidosis are recommended for improving performance during endurance training and competitions. Further investigations are needed to determine the source of the differences in pulmonary function among distance runners, and the effects on endurance race performances.
Behavioural Determinants Influencing the Purchase of Imported and Locally Made Apparel among Consumers in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kereth, Gudila Ancelm; Oigo Elizabeth Bosibori; Isika Juliet Kaindi
Behavioural determinants; namely cultural, social, personal, psychological and demographics influence consumers apparel purchase. However, there is scarce information about behavioural determinants and purchase of apparel among consumers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Hence, this study needs to explore the behavioural determinants influencing the purchase of imported and locally made apparel among consumers in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. The objectives of this study were: identifying the consumer demographic determinants that influence purchase of imported and locally made apparel; establishing the consumer purchase of imported and locally made apparel and examining the influence of behavioural determinants on the choice of apparel, choice of shopping outlets, quantity, apparel expenditure, frequency to purchase apparel and a model for behavioural determinants. The study adopted a cross-sectional analytical design. It involved a sampled population of 422 respondents (206 males and 216 females) aged above 18 years. Purposive sampling was used to select shopping outlets, while a systematic random sampling was used to select consumers for interview at the main outlets. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire and an interview schedule. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, logistic regression and multiple linear regression while qualitative data were analysed based on themes and subthemes of the related variables. The results showed that 88.1% of the respondents purchased imported apparel of which 53.3% purchased apparel from second-hand apparel markets. The findings revealed that males were 1.693 less likely to purchase locally made apparel than females (p=0.001). Respondents aged 18-25 (p=0.001), 26-35 (p=0.018) and 36-45 (p=0.004) were less likely to purchase locally made apparel compared to respondents aged above 56 years. Moreover, respondents with Secondary (p=0.004), Certificate and Diploma (p=0.029) education were less likely to purchase imported apparel compared to respondents with Bachelor degrees. The findings also revealed that 45% of behavioural determinants influenced respondents to purchase apparel. Cultural beliefs, social values, ethical and religious values, social status, social media, apparel loyalty, self-concept, perception and respondents’ lifestyle were significant led respondents to purchase apparel. Cultural determinants were significant and less likely influenced respondents to go to shopping malls, second-hand apparel markets, boutiques and apparel shops to purchase apparel. Social, personal and psychological determinants significantly influenced respondents to choose shopping malls, apparel shops and second-hand markets to purchase apparel. Behavioural determinants significantly influenced respondents on the quantity, apparel expenditure and the frequency of purchase of apparel (p<0.05). A model for behavioural determinants was developed based on demographics, cultural, social, personal and psychological variables to provide insight towards the purchase of apparel. The study recommends that retailers should study the apparel market and supply apparel based on consumers’ preferences. It is suggested that the government should set a policy intended to promote locally made apparel to public sectors, parastatal organisations and other NGOs to to wear on every Friday of the working day and on the national public events.
Bioequivalence of Micronutrient Powders to Conventional Fortification on Zinc Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Thika Informal Settlements, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-11) Kiio, Juliana N.
Corn Soy Blend (CSB) is the backbone of supplementation feeding for malnourished children. CSB however, has poor micronutrient bioavailability and may result into poor outcomes during nutrition recovery of the children. Micronutrient powders (MNPs) have a potential to improve micronutrient nutrition. Scientific evidence on the efficacy of MNPs in improving zinc (Zn) status among moderately malnourished children is scarce. This cluster randomized trial was designed to establish the bioequivalence of MNPs formulated as sprinklestm to conventional fortification in improving Zn status of moderately malnourished children aged 6-36 months in Thika informal settlements, Kenya. Secondary objectives were to determine the effect of Zn fortification on growth velocity, appetite and morbidity, to assess the predictors of Zn status at baseline and to establish the in vitro bio-accessibility of Zn. Twelve villages were randomized to four study groups. Three experimental groups received different formulations of MNPs added to CSB; multiple micronutrients (MMN) containing Zn (CSB-sprinkle-MMNZn), MMN without Zn (CSB-sprinkle-MMN) and Zn singly (CSB-sprinkle-Zn). The control group received conventionally Zn-fortified CSB containing MMN. CSB was prepared centrally in each of the participating villages and enrolled children brought there and fed daily on the assigned formulation. Standard tools were used to collect socio-demographic characteristics. Dietary practices were assessed using 24-hour recall and Food Frequency Questionnaires. Enrolled children underwent physical examination and anthropometric measurements. Hair and serum Zn levels were determined pre-post intervention. Daily consumption of CSB was monitored for a period of six months with monthly follow-up on dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and morbidity patterns. Sample size was calculated to show bioequivalence within ±20% limit. A total of 346 children (MUAC ≥11.5 - <12.5cm) were enrolled following informed consent; CSB-sprinkle-MMNZn (N=84), CSB-sprinkle-MMN (N=88), CSB-sprinkle-Zn (N=93) and control group (N=81). Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Strict adherence to assigned groups was observed and groups were similar in loss to follow-up and baseline characteristics except for a few differences. At baseline, 64.2% of the children were Zn deficient, Zn intake was sub-optimal for 95.7% of children. The prevalence of diarrhoea, acute respiratory tract infections and fever was 45.4%, 16.8% and 17.6% respectively. A mixed effects linear regression was used to model pre-post change in serum Zn levels, adjusting for age, sex and socio-economic status. Compared to control group, the change was significantly lower for CSB-sprinkle-MMN (β= -20.0μg/dL; 95% CI: -26.5, -13.5) and significantly higher for CSB-sprinkle-MMNZn (β=5.9 μg/dL; 95% CI: 0.5, 11.3). No significant difference was observed between CSB-sprinkle-ZN and control group (β=-2.1; 95% CI: -8.3; 4.2). Conventional fortification was not bioequivalent to MNPs in improving serum Zn levels (t-tests 95% CI: -2.2; 8.9 p>0.05). Kaplan Meier disease-free survival was not significantly different among study groups (log rank test; p>0.05). Change in appetite scores was not significantly different among study groups (mixed effects linear regression; p>0.05). In vitro Zn bio-accessibility in MNPs (26.05%) was not significantly different from control (24.07%) (t-test; p=0.7). MNPs were more effective in improving Zn status of malnourished children compared to conventional fortification and are therefore recommended for food supplementation programmes targeting urban poor. Further research on processing technologies to improve micronutrient bioavailability in CSB and on optimal home fortification for improved health outcomes is needed.
Chromium supplementation in management of type 2 diabetes among patients attending Thika level 5 hospital, Kenya: a randomized placebo controlled study
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Munga, Judith
Diabetes Mellitus is a condition with common elements of hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance. It is the fourth leading cause of death in high-income countries and evidently epidemic in newly industrialized countries as well as economically developing nations such as Kenya. Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Studies have reported low serum chromium levels in Type 2 diabetics compared to non-diabetic population. Chromium has been reported to potentiate insulin action in muscle cells. Studies show contradictory findings on beneficial effects of chromium on; blood sugar (FBS and HbAlc), blood lipids (LDL, HDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol), adiposity measures (BMI, WC and W/H ratio), fat mass and lean body mass. Consequently similar studies have been recommended to investigate further the benefits of chromium with a view of coming up with conclusive evidence. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate the contribution of chromium supplementation in the management of fasting blood sugar, HbAlc, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, BMI, W/H ratio and WC in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients in Thika level 5 Hospital, Kenya. This was a double blind randomized controlled trial with a sample size of 180 participants on hypoglycaemic drugs. The sample was randomized into two study groups at a ratio of 1:1 (control group and intervention group). Participants in the intervention group received chromium picolinate (500mcg/day) while the control group received placebo for a period of 4 months. Data was collected at baseline, monthly and end of month 4, using semi-structured questionnaires. Information collected included: demographic characteristics, medical history, physical activity and dietary patterns. Additionally, anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist and hip circumferences) were taken. Blood samples were analysed for chromium levels, HbAlc, serum ferritin and serum lipids (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides). Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyze demographic, socioeconomic, blood sugar, blood lipids and anthropometry and nutrient adequacy from 24 hour recall; mode was used to describe the 7 day food frequencies. Principle component analysis was used to determine the wealth index/socioeconomic categories. T-test was used to determine differences in continuous data between the study groups and Chi-square test used to determine associations in categorized variables between the study groups. Wilcoxon test was used to determine differences in food frequencies between the study groups while GPAQ was used to analyze physical activity levels. Multiple regression was used to determine predictors of elevated HbAlc. On the whole, at baseline, the participants had high fasting blood sugar with low serum chromium levels. Chromium supplementation significantly reduced HbAlc (DID: intervention 1.44% versus control -0.79%; p=0.001) and LDL elevation (DID: intervention -0.09 mmol/l versus control -0.91 mmol/l; t-test; p=0.010). Chromium supplementation had no effect on BMI, WC and W/H ratio; no effect on chromium status (t-test; p=0.241), triglycerides (t-test; p=0.648) and HDL (t-test; p=0.648). The predictors for elevated (above 9%) HbAlc were age and fasting blood sugar; the higher the fasting blood sugar and the older the patients, the higher the likelihood of elevated HbAlc. Since chromium supplementation was effective in reducing HbAlc and LDL among Type 2 diabetics in this study; it is recommended that chromium is used in management of blood sugar in Type 2 Diabetes.
Coach Education, Competition Experience and Players’ Perception of Coach Competence as Predictors of Performance in the Kenyan National Leagues
(2022) Mucheke, Charles; Bailasha Nicholas; Waiganjo Luka Boro
Technical and tactical coach education attributes constitutes part of coaching pedagogy. However, research on the technical and tactical aspects of coach education has been scanty. Technical and tactical coach education attributes evaluated on team performance in competition in this study were; coach academic status, professional qualification, past playing and competition experience. Also the players’ perception of coach competence and its influence on team performance in sport competitions was assessed. The study was informed by experiential learning theory and a Cross-Sectional survey design was used. The sample size of the study was 53 coaches and 500 players who were randomly selected. The Leadership Scale for Sport questionnaire (LSS) instrument and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data. Data was expressed in frequencies and percentages and presented in tables and graphs. Chi-Square was used for data analysis and Fisher’s exact test to determine the strength of the outcomes. Findings showed that the coach academic status significantly influenced team performance in soccer (χ2 =30.292 and P = 0.000) and coach academic status significantly influenced team performance in volleyball (χ2 =15.251 and P = 0.018). However, no significant difference was reported on the influence of the coach professional qualification on the team performance in both soccer (χ2 = 25.180and P = 0.120) and volleyball (χ2 =25.180a and P = 0.120) teams. A significant difference was reported on the influence of the coach competition experience and team performance in both soccer (χ2 = 30.292 and P = 0.000) and volleyball (χ2 = 23.910 and P = 0.001) teams. In addition, a significant difference was reported on the influence of the coach playing experience and team performance in both soccer (χ2 =23.910 and P = 0.002) and volleyball (χ2 = 21.695 and P = 0.001) teams. However, no significant difference was reported on the influence of the coach professional qualification on the team performance in both soccer (χ2 = 11.467 and P = 0.489) and volleyball (χ2 =11.897 and P = 0.119) teams. It was however found that the coaches’ gender had no significant influence on team performance. Further, based on the study discoveries, it was also established that perceptions of soccer players on the coaches training, rewarding behaviour, autocratic behaviour and social support predict team performance in the Kenyan national soccer leagues. However, a perception of players on the coaches’ democratic leadership style does not predict team performance in the Kenyan national soccer leagues. Further, based on the study discoveries, it was also established that perceptions of volleyball players on the coaches training, rewarding behaviour and social support predict team performance in the Kenyan national volleyball leagues. However, a perception of players on the coaches democratic does not predict team performance in the Kenyan national volleyball leagues. From the findings, it was concluded that coach education background, competition experience and perception of coach competence by players play important role in the overall team performance of both soccer and volleyball teams. That coach professional qualifications which did not seem to be significant in team performance need to be reconfirmed through another scientific study. It was recommended that team managers, owners and other stake holders in sports need to consider academic status of coaches during recruitment. This was further confirmed by the findings on the perception of players on the coach competence. On recommendation for policy implementation, federations are advised to collaborate with the ministry and the institutions of higher learning to develop a holistic coach education curriculum in Kenya.
Development and utilization of amaranth sorghum Grains product to enhance the Nutritional status of moderately malnourished Children in Thika District
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Okoth, Judith Kanensi
Poor complementary foods are a major cause of undernutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. Thin porridge prepared predominantly from cereals and starchy tubers is a common complementary food. Such porridge is low in energy and nutrient density and may be high in anti nutrients thus not providing the child's requirements. Infants at this stage of rapid development have high requirements of energy and nutrients per unit body weight. There is need therefore to develop nutrient-dense complementary foods that will provide adequate nutrients for the children. The main objective of this study was to develop a nutrient-dense complementary food from amaranth and sorghum grains then determine its effect on the nutritional status of moderately acutely malnourished (MAM) children 6 to 23 months old. Amaranth grain has high biological value proteins and a better amino acid profile than other staples. It is not commonly used as a complementary food in Kenya. Amaranth and sorghum grains were steeped and germinated for various periods to get the optimum steeping and germination time that would result in best nutrient composition and least antinutrients content. Product formulation was done and its nutritional value determined by proximate analysis. The effect of the developed food product in rehabilitating MAM children was tested using a randomized controlled study, at Kiandutu slum, Thika. The study had two arms: control group (CG) in which children received maize-sorghum flour and the treatment group (TG) received the developed flour. The sample size per study group was 73 mother-child pairs. The children in the TG received Kcal 1000 worth of porridge per day while those in the CG received Kcal 266.8. Mothers of children in both groups were given nutrition education at baseline and monthly for six months. Anthropometric measurements, morbidity and food intake data were taken at baseline, then monthly for six months. Product acceptability was determined through focus group discussions and questionnaires administered to the mothers. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population in terms of food security, morbidity, nutrient intake and children's nutritional status. The effect of the developed food product in rehabilitating MAM children was tested by Relative Risk and Mann Whitney U tests. Amaranth grains steeped for 5 hours and germinated for 24 hours had the least dry matter loss and best nutritional quality. Sorghum grains had optimal antinutrient reduction after steeping for 24 hours and germination for 72 hours. The formulation with a ratio of 90 to 10 amaranth to sorghum grains provided jhe highest energy (5 kcal per gram on dry weight basis) content. At baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. On a monthly basis, nutrient intake in the TG was significantly higher for a majority of the nutrients than in the CG. At months 5 (RR=1.35, p=0.03) and 6 (RR=2.23, p
Development and Validation of a Competency-Based Education Model for Strengthening Undergraduate Training in Human Nutrition and Dietetics in Uganda
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kikomeko, Peterson Kato; Sophie Ochola; Irene Ogada; Archileo N. Kaaya
Human Nutrition/Human Nutrition and Dietetics (HN/HND) training in Uganda follows the traditional credit system of education, a system criticized for inadequately equipping graduates with the requisite competencies for health systems performance. Competency-based education (CBE) is advocated to improve the competency of health professionals for health systems performance. However, the competencies expected of HN/HND graduates are undefined in Uganda limiting undertaking CBE for the profession. This study aimed to develop and validate a CBE model suitable for strengthening undergraduate HN/HND training in Uganda under four main objectives: to determine the nutrition/dietetic needs in Uganda; to establish the competencies required of HN/HND graduates for health systems performance in Uganda; to assess the current scope of HN/HND training and practice in Uganda; and to develop and validate a competency-based education model suitable for teaching HN/HND at the undergraduate level in Uganda. This study used a cross-sectional mixed method and was undertaken in two phases from December 2017 to June 2020. The first phase (competency needs assessment) targeted 450 HN/HND graduates, 14 HN/HND academic staff, and 11 HN/HND employers/internship supervisors. Data from graduates were collected using a cross-sectional email-based survey; while that from other participants were through face-to-face interviews. The second phase (model development and content validation) had three stages; validation workshop, focus group discussion, and consensus development undertaken in two modified Delphi rounds. The workshop had 31 participants, the focus group had eight; the first and second modified Delphi rounds had 70 and 55 respectively. Graduates' responses from the first phase were coded in Microsoft Excel Professional Plus version 10, emerging themes and sub-themes were quantitized, and descriptive and multiple response analyses done using IBM Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 20. Other participants‘ responses, coding, and content analysis were done using NVivo 12 Plus software. For data from the modified Delphi study, content analysis and analysis of percentage responses were done in Microsoft Excel Professional Plus version 10 with participant consensus for each statement set at ≥80%. Of the 450 targeted graduates, 132 responded to the needs assessment phase, 64.4% of these, and 64.3% of academic staff were females. 63.6% of the work/internship supervisors were males. Generally, results show that respondents viewed communities as facing multiple nutrition/dietetics challenges; graduates were expected to possess diverse competencies but had competency gaps even in core areas. Undergraduate HN/HND curricula differed across universities; besides accreditation of universities and their curricula, mechanisms for regulation, registration, and certification of HN/HND graduates were slowly established. In the second study phase, a HN/HND competency-based education model framework was developed and validated. It comprised seven domains, 22 subdomains, and 153 competency statements evaluated as both relevant and suitable for undergraduate HN/HND training in Uganda. The study recommends evaluating the extent to which HN/HND curricula in Uganda‘s Universities address the competencies comprised in the developed CBE model; translating the developed CBE model into a standard curriculum that can be taught and evaluated; and assessing Uganda‘s higher education institutional capacity readiness to offer CBE in HN/HND.
Dietary, social, and environmental determinants of obesity in Kenyan women
(2012-03-15) Mbithe, David Dorcus
Diffrerences in cardiovascular disease,biochemical risk markers,physical activity and nutrition between an urban and pastoral sample in Kenya
(2012-04-19) Theuri, G.
The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in blood pressure, cardiovascular disease bio-chemical risk markers, physical activity and nutrition, between an Urban (US) and Pastoral (PS) sample, in the context of the global epidemiological transition taking place globally causing a shift in mortality and morbidity from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases. A total of 133 adults from both samples meeting the inclusion criteria, were randomly recruited from clusters in sub-locations, villages and homesteads from available demographic data available from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) on Kirisia and Kibera divisions in Samburu and Nairobi, in Kenya. Data was collected using questionnaires, venipuncture, blood pressure measurement and anthropometric measurements. Resulting data was stratified and analyzed by locality, gender and age-category using SPSS V 11.5 and computed in terms of percentages and frequencies. Chi-square test was used to test for differences in proportions. Student t-test and ANOV A were used to compare means where applicable and in cases where there were more than two means being compared. The level of significance at 0.05 was used for the statistical tests. In case of significant F-ratio, post-hoc analysis was done using DMRT. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of cardiovascular disease, p-values <0.05 were considered significant. There was no difference in proportions between the two groups. Means for SBP, apoB, apoA, apoB/A ratio, Co-QlO, were significantly different at p<.019, p<.OOl, p<.OOl, p<.OOl and p<.OOl respectively, between these two samples. Means for lifestyle factors: MET mins/week (physical activity), Lymphocytes, BMI and MUAC (nutrition status markers) were significantly different at p<.OOl, p<.027, p<.OOl and p<.OOl respectively. Mean nutrient intake was significantly different at p<.030, p<.039, p<.OOl, p<.009, p<.025, p<.049 and p<.OOl, for protein, carbohydrates, dietary cholesterol, SAF A, MUF A, ORA and Folic acid between the two samples. Mean %B. Fat and WC were significantly different at p<.OOl and p<.OOl in the two samples respectively. MUAC in both samples could be used to predict Systolic BP. Lymphocytes count could be used to predict Co-QlO in the US while derived % B. Fat could be used to predict ApoB/ A ratio in the PS. The Urban sample had a higher CVD risk than the Pastoral sample therefore perhaps at a more advanced stage of the epidemiological transition.

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