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Item Absorptive Capacity and Performance of Insurance Companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kinyua, Jeremiah Kamau; Anne Muchemi; David KiiruThe insurance companies constitute a fundamental building block of the global financial system that provides opportunities for hedging against an assortment of risks and as well serve as institutional investors thus promoting sustainability and growth of national economies. Despite the significant role played by the insurance industry in supporting the national economy, there has been a notable decrease in insurance penetration trend. Similarly, the insurance industry has registered an increase in the number of complaints lodged by customers in relation to delayed settlement, erroneous deductions, and unsatisfactory offers. This study therefore sought to investigate the effect of absorptive capacity on performance of insurance companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. In particular, the study sought to establish the effect of acquisition capacity, assimilation capacity, transformation capacity, and exploitation capacity on performance of insurance companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Furthermore, the study also sought to establish the mediating and moderating role of organizational agility and organizational learning culture respectively on the relationship between absorptive capacity and organizational performance. The study was grounded on systems theory, dynamic capabilities theory, Denison model of organizational culture, and the balanced scorecard model. Positivism research paradigm and explanatory research design were adopted in this study. The target population of this study comprised of 59 insurance companies operating in Nairobi City County. Cross-sectional data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from 216 heads of functional areas in 27 insurance companies which were selected using proportionate stratified random and simple random sampling. Face, construct and content validity of the research instrument were confirmed accordingly. A pilot study was conducted to aid in the statistical test of reliability using Cronbach alpha index of at least 0.7. Administration of the questionnaire was done using drop-and-pick later method. The study had a response rate of 81 percent. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis involved the use of frequency count, percentages, sample mean, sample standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Test of assumptions of linear regression analysis was performed. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the population parameters and facilitate testing of hypotheses at 95 percent level of confidence. Results of data analysis were presented in tabular form as well as using figures. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The study found out that acquisition capacity, assimilation capacity, transformation capacity and exploitation capacity had positive effect on organizational performance. Similarly, organizational agility was found to partially mediate the effect of absorptive capacity on organizational performance. Furthermore, the findings of the study confirmed that organizational learning culture moderates the effect of absorptive capacity on organizational performance. The financial manager should develop a policy framework that would avail more resources for benchmarking, industrial workshops and seminars, insurance fairs and exhibitions, and productive collaboration with academia. Management of insurance companies should promote practices that enhance optimization of informational resources. The manager in charge of research and development should enact a policy that would strengthen practices that buttress the ability to inspect and monitor events and changes in the business environment.Item An Assesment of Financial Practice as a Determinant of Growth of Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies Wealth in Kenya:The case of Meru County(2013-03-21) Olando, Clement ookoSavings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOs) in Kenya have been investing over the years with the objective of maximizing their wealth. As is the case with all investments, wealth maximization is a key objective whenever SACCOs have chosen an investment avenue from a universe of possible investment vehicles. Studies have shown that lack of sufficient Growth of SACCOs' Wealth has made it difficult for them to absorb their operational losses, which has threatened their sustainability. This has led to the losses being absorbed by members' savings and share capital, hence lose of members' savings. While the purpose of SACCOs is to mobilize m'~hJ:bers'funds and grant credit for the members' development, this has made it difficult for the SACCOs to grow their wealth, achieve this objective and contribute favorably to National Domestic Savings. This failure to build enough SACCOs' wealth, through accumulation of institutional capital, is attributable to weak financial stewardship, inappropriate capital structure and imprudent funds allocation strategy. It is against this background that this study assesses the financial practice as a determinant of growth of wealth of SACCOs with a view of ameliorating the situation for socio-economic development. The specific objectives were to; establish the association of financial stewardship and the growth of SACCOs' wealth, establish the association of capital structure and the growth of SACCOs' wealth, and establish the association of funds allocation strategy and the growth of SACCOs' Wealth. This study used descriptive design in soliciting information on the determinants of growth of SACCOs' wealth. Data was collected from the census of 44 SACCCOs in Meru county using a questionnaire and document review-tool, .and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings indicatedthat Growth of SACCOs wealth depended on Financial stewardship, Capital structure and Funds allocation strategy, The study further found that SACCOs inadequately complied with their by-laws; incomes from investments did not adequately cover their costs, The study recommends that SACCO should; continuously review credit policies, establish irrecoverable loan provision policies, develop staff recruitment policies, use appropriate financing mix. Other recommendation is that the Government should review legal framework to ensure that institutional capital is used to grow SACCOs wealth, This study will empower SACCOs with knowledge to ensure their sustainability from within, hence support vision 2030 by widening financial inclusion.Item Assessment of mobile phone service quality by customers and service providers: the case of St. Augustine and Mzumbe universities and network providers in Tanzania.(2013-08-01) Elisante, GabrielThis study is about the effects of service quality on customers’ satisfaction in the mobile phone industry of Tanzania as assessed by customers and service providers. The research problem is that with different expectations and perceptions, customers and service providers might assess quality factors differently in predicting customers’ satisfaction level. The main objective of this study is to find out to what extent service quality factors can be used to predict the level of satisfaction by customers compared to service providers. There were four specific objectives for this study. Firstly, to establish the quality factors that influence the assessment of mobile service quality by customers. Secondly, to determine how service providers assess themselves regarding customers’ satisfaction. Thirdly, to compare the assessment mobile phones service quality by customers and service providers. Fourthly, to determine the effect of location on the assessment of quality factors by customers. The study was designed to be descriptive. The study population consisted of 10,990 university students from two selected universities. A sample of 468 university students was drawn to represent customers. Out of 468 questionnaires distributed, 420 were collected hence a response rate of 90 percent. A linear regression analysis model was used to determine the factors that are important in predicting satisfaction. A t-test was used to compare the results from customers’ assessment with that of service providers. It was found that three quality factors (reliability, responsiveness and empathy) are important in determining the overall customers’ satisfaction of the mobile phones network industry. It was further found that the important factors in predicting satisfaction are different from one location to another. The quality assessment by customers is found to be different from that of service providers. This is because the t-value obtained through a T-Test, was found to be statistically significant. It is therefore concluded that the factors of service quality affect the level of customers’ satisfaction in the mobile phone industry differently. The results of this study can be used by service providers in the marketing management for mobile phone networks. The Service providers ought to focus their strategies on the three important factors in the mobile phone industry of Tanzania. It is recommended that service providers need to understand the assessment of their customers in order to eliminate the service quality gaps which emanate from variations in assessment of service quality of service providers compared to customers.Item Assessment of the role of social capital in the adoption of agriculture innovation among smallholder farmers: a case of tissue culture banana in Kenya(2012-11-29) Njuguna, Macharia Michael; Geoffrey M. Muluvi; Charles OmbukiDespite the recognition of social capital as an important factor of production, research has devoted minimal attention to investigating its influence on the adoption of agricultural biotechnological innovations. As a consequence, relatively little is known about the specific influence of social capital on adoption of technology. This study uses the case of adoption of tissue culture (TC) banana technology by smallholder farmers in the Maragua and Muranga Districts of Central Kenya to gain a better understanding of this topic. Three research objectives were used and qualitative and quantitative data captured to answer them. From the target population of 1,200 adopters 182 respondents were selected in a three stage sampling design. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire, observation recording form, key informant interviews and focus group discussion. Secondary data were obtained from organizations that had participated in the TC project implementation. To measure the independent variables, constructs were developed after a literature review, focus group and key informants discussion. Through regression analysis, the study showed that social capital significantly increased TC adoption. Using correlation and regression analyses, the study identified three key determinants of social capital among the TC adopters, namely network density, trust and group leadership. Each indicator had significant influence on TC adoption. The study showed that network density indicator was mobilized through extension agents, third party introduction, group leaders, individuals, inheritance, media, exhibitions, field days and agricultural shows and influenced adoption by increasing access to resources, removing the barrier to information, reducing the time for decision making and creating opportunity for referral to partners who could provide additional resources. Trust was cultivated through regular face-to-face meetings and joint activities. It served as a lubricant to the relationship between the TC adopters and their network partners and was an important component in building and maintaining the ties. Group leaders were elected through a democratic process and provided vision, encouragement, and forged links with external partners. The other social capital indicators considered in this study which included, network depth, joint activities, group decision-making, cohesion/solidarity, rules, norms and group meeting attendance had no significant relationship with TC adoption. The study assessed the 'Entrepreneurial Orientation' (EO) of the adopters using a construct that evaluates three traits; proactiveness, risk taking and innovativeness. Majority of the TC adopters had high EO confirming that they were entrepreneurs. The analysis further confirmed a positive correlation between EO and TC adoption. The study established that the TC technology had most of the properties of an innovation that can be adopted or applied quickly. There was a positive correlation between perception of TC and adoption. However, for TC adoption to proceed at a faster rate the high initial cost of adoption will need to be addressed. The study recommends that smallholder adopters of agricultural innovations in groups should be treated as entrepreneurs who should be supported to build networks founded on trust with strong leadership. In addition, the study recommends the use of the framework for further conceptual and empirical evaluations to assess if the three indicators are applicable in the adoption of other technologies, taking into account the fact that some aspects of these studies were techno logy-specific. The study concludes that it is essential to pay attention to the multidimensional nature of social capital and their different impact to the adoption of agricultural innovations. The implication of this study extends beyond filling in a significant lacuna in the existing scholarship; it has the potential to improve development programme designs that seek to mobilize and exploit social capital in the adoption of agricultural innovation.Item Branchless banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2018-03) Dzombo, Gift KimongeABSTRACT The Banking sector acts as the life blood of modern trade and economic development. Banks do influence, facilitate and integrate the economic activities like resources mobilization, poverty elimination, production, and distribution of public finance. The financial performance of commercial banks has great implications in the financial sector and the country at large, and will still remain an important subject of concern by all the stakeholders in the banking industry. In order to improve financial performance, commercial banks both globally and locally have invested heavily in technology based modes of banking like branchless banking which involves the use of agency banking and electronic banking channels in the distribution of banking product and services. However, despite this massive investment, it is still difficult to ascertain the payoffs associated with these technology based modes of banking. The early adopters of branchless banking in Kenya had to rely on studies from South America whose geographical and social context was different from Kenya. Moreover the available literature in the Kenyan context has either considered branchless banking channels in isolation, used research designs and models that limit generalization of findings and have not considered the effect of financial inclusion and government policy in the relationship between branchless banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. This study was heavily anchored on the financial intermediation theory. The study purpose was to evaluate the effect of branchless banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to analyse the effect of agency banking and electronic banking channels on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study also aimed at determining the mediating effect of financial inclusion and also the moderating effect of government policy on the relationship between branchless banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted an exploratory non experimental research design. A survey of all the 42 licensed commercial banks in Kenya was done. Both primary and secondary data on branchless banking and financial performance of banks was obtained from the individual commercial banks and Central Bank of Kenya Banking annual supervision reports respectively. Return on Assets (ROA) was used as the main indicator of financial performance of commercial banks and was obtained from CBK annual supervision reports. The amount of investment in agency and electronic banking was used as indicators for agency and electronic banking. Deposit Market Share, Branchless banking accounts and value of transactions were used as indicators of financial Inclusion. This data was obtained from the respective commercial banks through a questionnaire. Statistical data analysis was done using SPSS and STATA statistical software. Descriptive statistics, diagnostic tests and tests of hypothesis were done. Data was presented using tables and charts. Study findings indicated that when used in isolation; both agency and electronic banking had a significant negative effect on financial performance. However when agency and electronic banking channels were used together as a multichannel strategy, they had a significant positive effect on financial performance at 5% significance level. Study findings also point to the direction that the strength of the relationship between branchless banking and financial performance in Kenya depends on financial inclusion. Findings also indicate that government policy partially moderates the relationship between agency and electronic banking and financial performance and the effect is significant at 5 percent significance level. The study recommends that for positive returns, commercial banks should invest in both agency and electronic banking as a multichannel strategy since these channels are complimentary to each other. Secondly, the government should come up with policies to foster financial inclusion within the banking industry in order for the industry to achieve maximum returns from branchless banking. Lastly, the government should review the policies around branchless banking in order to make them more effective in addressing the risks and opportunities associated with the branchless banking model of banking in Kenya.Item Brand personality and customer purchase of smartphone by masters' students in selected public university campuses in Nairobi central business district, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2016-11) Mutinda, John N.Brand personality is an emerging modern marketing differentiation marketing strategy which enhances business competitiveness. The general objective of this study was to investigate the influence of brand personality on customer purchase decision of Smartphone in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to; establish the influence of brand personality sincerity on customers purchase decision, determine the influence of brand personality excitement on customer purchase decision, assess the influence of brand personality competence on customers purchase decision, establish the influence of brand personality sophistication on customers purchase decision and determine the influence of brand personality ruggedness on customers purchase decision. The study further investigated the influence of product involvement as moderating variable on the relationship between brand personality and customer purchase decision. This study was underpinned by three theories and one model; Personality trait theory, Self concept theory, Involvement theory and brand personality model. The study used mixed design of descriptive and explanatory research design. The target population for study was students pursuing various Masters Degrees from three selected public university campuses in Nairobi CBD, Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to select the three public university campuses from the nine public Universities accredited to operate within Nairobi CBD, Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used to select 310 students pursuing various master degrees from 1380 master students from the three schools in the three universities Campuses. The study used primary data which was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. A Binary Logistic Regression analysis was also conducted to test how well the brand personality influences customers purchase decision. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The study findings showed that the four brand personality dimensions (sincerity, excitement, competence and sophistication) had a positive significant influence on customer purchase decision, therefore the study concluded that the four brand personality variables have influences on customer purchase decision of Smartphone. Brand personality ruggedness had negative insignificant value, therefore does not influence customer purchase decision. Product involvement does not moderate the relationship between brand personality and customer purchase decision since it had negative and insignificant value. The study recommends that Smartphone marketers to incorporate brand personality strategy in their marketing differentiating strategies. They also need to hire branding professionals to inculcate brand personality traits into Smartphone products. Smartphone companies through Communication Authority need to engage the government to formulate strict policies to curb business malpractices which are detrimental to application of this strategy. The study recommends future researchers to use longitudinal survey and study product involvement as predictor variable of customer purchase decision. This study contributes to empirical literature by revealing that brand personality has a positive significant relationship with customer purchase decision.Item Brand Relationship and Loyalty among Household Consumers of Laundry Detergents in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Gitonga, Patrick Kirimi; Reuben Kinyuru Njuguna; John Kuria ThuoOver the past two decades, several empirical studies have reported a decline in loyalty for fast moving consumer products which has been caused by proliferation of brands and entry of more companies enter into an increasingly competitive, saturated and globalised market. Among the different product categories which have shown a decline in loyalty in studies is laundry detergent. This decline has also been experienced in Kenya as the laundry detergent market has become increasingly saturated with brands and competitors, with the entry of both local and foreign companies. To address this challenge, brand relationships have been identified as a way of increasing loyalty through the development of strong consumer-brand bonds. Therefore, this study sought to determine the influence of brand relationship on loyalty among household consumers of laundry detergents in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific study objectives were: determine the influence of brand trust, brand communication and emotional connection on loyalty; establish the mediating influence consumer satisfaction has on the relationship between brand relationship and loyalty; and determine the moderating effect of demographic characteristics on the relationship between brand relationship and loyalty. This study was anchored on the social exchange theory which was supported by the attachment theory, expectation-confirmation theory and Lavidge and Steiner’s hierarchy of effects theory which explained the role brand relationship in building loyalty. Positivistic philosophy and explanatory research design were adopted in conducting the study. A population of 607,212 households in 11 sub-counties in Nairobi City County constituted the target population. Two-stage cluster sampling was used in sample selection, where 11 sub-counties were randomly selected from the 17 sub-counties in Nairobi City County using the probability proportional to size sampling method, and then 400 households were selected from the 11 sub-counties using simple random sampling from basic household lists developed in the study. At the household level, the KISH grid was utilised in selecting one consumer per household. Primary data was gathered through the use of self-administered questionnaires and interview schedules. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires was established before they were administered on the respondents. Descriptive statistics consisting of means and percentages summarised the sampled data’s properties, while inferential statistics involved the use of regression analysis in testing the research hypotheses and drawing conclusions. The quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS 25.0 and the results presented in tables, while qualitative data was analysed through content analysis and the results presented in terms of themes. The study determined that brand trust, brand communication and emotional attachment have a significant influence on loyalty; customer satisfaction has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between brand relationship and loyalty; and demographic characteristics have no moderating effect on the hypothesised relationship. Thus, the study concluded that brand trust, brand communication and emotional attachment have a significant effect on the loyalty; customer satisfaction and demographic characteristics have a partial mediating effect and no moderating effect on the brand relationship-loyalty link, respectively. On the basis of these conclusions, this study recommends that manufacturers of laundry detergents can increase loyalty by, enhancing trust and emotional bonds through enabling memorable experiences and feelings of affection and fulfilment; increasing consumer-brand communication exchanges that are informative, relevant and up to date; and exceeding customers’ brand expectations. Finally, the study recommends longitudinal studies be undertaken to track loyalty in the FMGC industry be done from a Kenyan context and Africa in general.Item Business Process Outsourcing and Organisational Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2019-02) Gituma, Isaiah MurithiThe overarching objective of any going-concern business entity is performance sustainability. However, performance sustainability challenges continue to persist in the banking industry despite appropriation of different performance management strategies. This challenge obtains in commercial banks in Kenya as evidenced by the recent assumption of cost rationalisation measures, increasing volumes of non-performing loans, acquisitions, liquidation, and statutory management of some banks due to liquidity problems. Thus, this study sought to establish the efficacy of business process outsourcing strategy in addressing performance challenges of commercial banks. Specifically, the study sought to establish the effect of outsourcing information technology, human resource management, marketing, and security processes on performance of commercial banks in Kenya; the mediating effect of competitive advantage and the moderating effect of organisational characteristics on the relationship between BPO and performance of commercial banks. The philosophical foundation of the study was positivism. The study employed descriptive and explanatory research designs and was longitudinal in nature. The target population was thirty two commercial banks. Four managers from each commercial bank at the headquarters (Information Technology, Human Resource Management, Marketing and Operations departments) were targeted thus yielding a sample size of one hundred and twenty eight respondents. Primary data were collected using self-administered questionnaires based on the 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were computed to describe the characteristics of the study variables while multiple linear regression analysis was used to establish the nature and magnitude of the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. All statistical tests were subjected to 95 per cent level of significance (p=≤0.05). The study established that outsourcing information technology, human resource management, marketing, and security processes, all had statistically significant positive effect on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Competitive advantage was found to fully mediate the relationship between BPO and bank performance while bank size was found to moderate the relationship between BPO and bank performance. Owing to the empirical findings, commercial banks in Kenya should wholly embrace BPO as an effective performance management strategy and widen the bracket of the range of businesses processes to be outsourced. Extant literature shows that most commercial banks mainly outsource non-critical non-core business processes. Positive results of this study that focused mainly on critical non-core business processes should motivate and give more confidence to the top management in outsourcing more critical processes and gradually core business processes as is the case in developed countries. Management of commercial banks should give more attention to outsourcing of marketing processes as well as software development as they were highly correlated with bank performance. Whereas, outsourcing training was highly supported by respondents, outsourcing recruitment and performance management were not. Therefore, vendors should exercise due diligence in understanding specific requirements for different industries. Commercial banks should be more creative in managing their security processes as their outsourcing was the least correlated with performance. With the modern trend of housing banking halls under the same roof with other business entities especially in shopping malls, managing physical security can be collaboratively done in order to save on costs. The study findings are instrumental in informing the Central Bank of Kenya decisions when reviewing policies relating to business process outsourcing in commercial banksItem Competitive Intelligence Practices and Performance of Firms Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2015-12) Waithaka, Paul; Bula, Hannah; Kimencu, LindaPerformance is critical for every listed firm, as it enhances shareholder's value and capability to generate earnings from invested capital. Some of the firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) have been performing poorly as indicated by the rising number of firms issuing profit warnings. The competitive business environment is continuously working to drive down the rate of return on invested capital. To counter these competitive forces, firms have resorted to gathering information at their disposal and converting it into competitive intelligence through analysis and human judgment. This study sought to determine the effect of competitive intelligence practices on performance of firms listed on the NSE. The specific objectives of the study were: to determine how strategy-oriented, tactics-oriented, technology-oriented and target oriented competitive intelligence practices affect the performance of firms listed on the NSE. Firm performance was evaluated using both financial and non-financial measures. The non-financial measures used in the study were goal achievement and customer satisfaction, while Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) were the financial measures used. Both descriptive and explanatory survey research designs were used in this study, they allow the researcher to capture a population's characteristics and test hypothesis. The study was guided by a positivism research philosophy. The target population was the sixty firms listed on the Nairobi securities exchange. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire; while secondary data was obtained from the firm's published annual reports available at the NSE using a document review guide. Quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. In descriptive statistics, data was summarized using percentages, means and standard deviations, while in inferential statistics; multiple regression analysis was done using SPSS. The findings indicate that competitive intelligence practices have a positive and a statistically significant effect on the non-financial performance of firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The intelligence practices were found to have a positive but statistically insignificant effect on the financial performance of listed firms. Organizational factors were found to be an explanatory variable in the relationship between the competitive intelligence practices and performance of firms listed on the NSE. Managers of listed firms should raise the utilization level of competitive "intelligence practices to enable the firms to make accurate predictions on changes in the business environment, compete better in the marketplace against rivals, improve on innovation and automation, track competitors' activities and improve the competitiveness of their firms by identifying threats and opportunities before they become obvious. The study suggests that future researches should focus on extending knowledge on competitive intelligence practices to non-listed corporate sector firms to support the generalization of the findings to all sectors in the economy.Item Competitive Intelligence Strategy and Performance of Regulated Microfinance Banks in Nairobi City County(Kenyatta University, 2022) Ouma, Paul; Godfrey Kinyua; Anne MuchemiThe concept of performance is pertinent to organizations as it gauges how well organization utilizes its resources to make income over given period of time. Central bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks have been performing poorly as illustrated by huge losses declared by MFBs in their full year financial statements. Competitive corporate environment is incessantly operating to reduce rate of return on investment. To mitigate these competitive forces, organizations have resolved to collecting data at their disposal and transforming it into competitive intelligence through assessment and judgment. Thus, the current research sought to investigate influence of competitive intelligence strategy on performance of Central Bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks. Specific objectives of research sought to establish effect of technological intelligence strategy, marketing intelligence strategy, competitor intelligence strategy, regulating and intervening effects of regulatory framework and competitive advantage on performance of Central Bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks in Nairobi City County. Research was grounded on balanced scorecard model, RBV theory, Porter’s five forces model, institutional theory and adopted positivism paradigm. The study utilized cross-sectional research design comprising descriptive and explanatory research methods. Target population was 13 Central Bank of Kenya regulated microfinance banks. Sample of 344 participants was nominated using combination of sampling methods. Primary data was gathered using of open and closed-ended questionnaire. Reliability was be determined by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.7 and above was considered adequate. Validity was established by use of face, content and construct validity. Quantifiable information was evaluated by both descriptive and inferential indicators while qualitative information was examined through content analysis. Outcomes of the research found out that competitive intelligence strategy absolutely impact performance. Market intelligence strategy and competitor intelligence strategy were found to be statistically significant while technological intelligence strategy was not statistically significant. Competitive advantage was established to partly intervene the connection between competitive intelligence strategy and performance. In addition, the outcomes also had shown regulatory framework regulates the connection between competitive intelligence strategy and performance regulated microfinance bank. Management of regulated microfinance banks ought to increase application level of competitive intelligence strategy to allow organizations create precise expectations on variations in the business environment, contest better in the marketplace, advance on invention and computerization, monitor contestants' undertakings and expand on effectiveness of their organizations by detecting threats and prospects before they become observable. The research recommends that prospective studies ought to concentrate on advancing information on competitive intelligence strategy to other sectors of the economy to aid in simplification of outcomes to all segments in the economy.Item Constraints to Savings Mobilization for Growth of Selected Women-Owned Mses in Kisumu and Kakamega Districts in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2015-02-16) Ouma, Jagongo AmbroseThis study examined factors that affect savings mobilization for growth of women- owned MSEs who have received financial assistance from WEDCO for business operations in Kisumu and Kakamega districts. It was based on the socio - economic cognitive entrepreneurial predisposition, aimed at discerning the complexities between the women entrepreneurship potentials and environmental constraints with savings for growth of the MSEs. Savings mobilization is an apparent phenomenon in this study having been a proven alternative to MSEs financing methodology today. Many women- owned MSEs have received financial and other assistance from various donors to start their business, but their inability to reduce reliance on external sources to grow had remained unexplained. The study hypothesized that the main constraints to savings mobilization for growth of women owned MSEs arose from internal and external factors to the firm, the utilization of derived profits, and the characteristics of the woman entrepreneurs. The target population consisted of women entrepreneurs who had received assistance from the WEDCO project (3,030), in Kisumu and Kakamega districts in western Kenya region. The sample size was determined through a multistage sampling process, which culminated into 300 individual women participants. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were used to collect primary data. Data analysis was done by use of Pearson coefficient of correlation, chi-square tests of independence, analysis of variance, Pair wise ranking and the measures of central tendencies. The ascertained different measures for women entrepreneurial competencies provided a strong basis for explaining the deviations in the dependent variables. However in all, the major findings of the study were that the number of dependants; education level; cultural and religious attachments; endowed management skills; age and marital status had a significant relationship with the savings propensity amongst the women entrepreneurs. It was also revealed that environmental factors such as level of market competition; number and quality of employees, pricing of supplies; proximity to banking facilities; accessibility to information; economic inflation and physical infrastructures bore significant weight on the women's ability to save for growth of their enterprises. The legal and regulatory framework from both the central government and the local authorities significantly impeded savings ability for women entrepreneurship growth. This study concludes that the aforementioned internal and external factors as well as regulatory framework require to be addressed, business development services should be enhanced, and the women entrepreneurial competencies be improved in a bid to encourage a culture of savings for financing the operations and growth of women-owned enterprises.Item Constraints to savings mobilization for growth of selected women-owned MSEs in Kisumu and Kakamega districts in Kenya(2011-07-20) Ouma, Jagongo AmbroseThis study examined factors that affect savings mobilization for growth of women- owned MSEs who have received financial assistance from WEDCO fo business operations in Kisumu and Kakamega districts. It was based on the socio - economic cognitive entrepreneurial predisposition, aimed at discerning the complexities between the women entrepreneurship potentials and environmental constraints with savings for growth of the MSEs. Savings mobilization is an apparent phenomenon in this study having been a proven alternative to MSEs financing methodology today. Many women- owned MSEs have received financial and other assistance from various donors to star, their business, but their inability to reduce reliance on external sources to grow had remained unexplained. The study hypothesized that the main constraints to savings mobilization for growth of women owned MSEs arose from internal and external factors to the firm, the utili,,ation of derived profits, and the characteristics of the woman entrepreneurs. The target ,)opulation consisted of women entrepreneurs who had received assistance from the WEDCO project (3,030), in Kisumu and Kakamega districts in western Kenya region. The sample size was determined through a multistage sampling process, which culminated into 300 individual women participants. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were used to collect primary data. Data analysis was done by use of Pearson coefficient of correlation, chi-square tests of independence, analysis of variance, Pair wise ranking and the measures of central tendencies. The ascertained different measures for women entrepreneurial competencies provided a strong basis for explaining the deviations in the dependent variables. However in all, the major findings of the study were that the number of dependants; education level; cultural and religious attachments; endowed management skills; age and marital status had a significant relationship with the savings propensity amongst the women entrepreneurs. It was also revealed that environmental factors such as level of market competition; number and quality of employees, pricing of supplies; proximity to banking facilities; accessibility to information; economic inflation and physical infrastructures bore significant weight on the women's ability to save for growth of their enterprises. The legal and regulatory framework from both the central government and the local authorities significantly impeded savings ability for women entrepreneurship growth. This study concludes that the aforementioned internal and external factors as well as regulatory framework rcquire to be addressed, business development services should be enhanced, and the women entrepreneurial competencies be improved in a bid to encourage a culture of savings for financing the operations and growth of women-owned enterprises.Item Contextual Factors Affecting Gender Mainstreaming in the Public Sector: Ministry of Education, Eastern Province, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2012) Kirima, Lucy KarimiGender mainstreaming as a key strategy for promoting equality was adopted as an international policy in the Fourth World Conference at Beijing, 1995. Many studies show' that in the decade following Beijing, a great deal of energy and resources were put into gender mainstreaming implementation. Despite the tremendous progress in policy development and abundance of information available on gender mainstreaming, reviews and evaluations show a huge gap between policy commitments at Beijing and actual implementation. The purpose of the study was to establish the contextual factors affecting gender mainstreaming implementation in the public sector. A descriptive survey research design was used in the study. The target population consisted of the provincial and districts gender coordinators and the heads of public secondary schools in Eastern province. Eastern province was selected purposively among other provinces in Kenya because of low transition rate from primary to secondary schools. A total of 211 respond~nts were sampled through purposive and random sampling techniques. A questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to collect primary data. Descriptive. statistics were used to summarize the properties ofthe mass data that were collected from the respondents. Factor analysis was used to determine the factors that were used in the study namely; strength of strategies, gender mainstreaming strategies, gender policy in education, gender disparities in education and understanding of the policy which were used in logistic regression analysis. Logit regression was used to determine the effect of the factors on gender mainstreaming. Among the five factors, only one factor (gender disparities in education) affected gender mainstrearning negatively. All other predictor variables: strength of strategies; gender mainstreaming strategies; gender policy in education and understanding of gender policy in education affected gender mainstreaming positively. From the fmdings, it is evident that Gender policy in education is not being implemented effectively in the public secondary schools and there are several external and internal factors affecting gender mainstreaming in the education sector which includes; inadequate commitment from top-down to the institution, lack of understanding of the gender concept, inadequate training and awareness for teachers, gender imbalance and inadequate training for Board of Governors and Parents Teachers Association, inadequate resources and socio-cultural factors. The study concluded that the school. heads, teachers and management were ill-prepared for the policy implementation, there is inadequate support, ,training and awareness, poor system of monitoring and evaluation, and that the policies and strategies outlined for secondary schools are appropriate and satisfactory but requires balancing between boys and girls.Item The contribution of entrepreneurship education to the developement of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intentions among university students in Uganda(2012-03-26) Lalango, Jacob Oyugi; Ofafa, G. A.; Wilson Muyinda MandeThis study was set up to analyse the contribution of entrepreneurship education to the development of self efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions among final year university students in Uganda. The study was important because of the on going debate that entrepreneurship cannot be taught, yet others say it is necessary and should be taught at all levels including universities. Consequently, doubts about the contribution of formal entrepreneurship education in Ugandan universities continue to arise especially when students presumed to have acquired entrepreneurial skills still come out of the universities as job seekers and less ready for self-employment. The study design was an analytical crosssectional survey since the data was collected from a cross section of selected university students and management at one point in time. Primary data was collected mainly through self-administered questionnaire techniques, focus group discussion and in-depth interviews. A net total of 255 students out of 2,223 students who did entrepreneurship course by end of their final year, were selected from three universities in Uganda, through simple random sampling, and were used in this study as respondents. The target population also included entrepreneurship lecturers (28), Heads of Department (3), Deans of faculties or schools (3) offering entrepreneurship education as well as Deputy Vice Chancellors in charge of Academic Affairs (3) and Academic Registrars (3) totalling to 40 respondents. The quantitative data obtained was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 17.0 computer package. The qualitative data was analysed using thematic approach (spreadsheet package). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to present a variety of statistical information and to test the hypotheses. Findings revealed that content accounts for 18.3% variation in entrepreneurial intentions; objectives account for 17.6% of the variation in entrepreneurial intention while 17.4% of the variation was accounted for by the methods of teaching entrepreneurship education. The correlation results indicated a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurship education and intentions r (255) = 0.464, pItem The contribution of legislation to ethical performance of local government administrators: a case of Wakiso District in Uganda(2013-07-23) Regis, Zombeire KamaduukaThe current study sought to thoroughly analyse the contribution of legislation on the ethical performance of Local Government Administrators in the District of Wakiso, Uganda. This study was premised on the fact that there were intense complaints about unethical behaviours among Local Government Administrators in the District. The unethical behaviour abound in spite of the numerous laws that were enacted to guide and control the official conduct of Local Government Administrators in the country. The study design was a cross-sectional survey since the data were collected from a cross section of selected Local Government Administrators at one point in time. A total of 226 Local Government Administrators who participated in the study were selected through a stratified sampling. Several methods were used to collect data: the self-administered questionnaires; interviews; review of primary document and secondary literature. Findings revealed that: awareness of legislation accounts for 21.9% variation in methods of implementing legislation; it was found out that awareness of legislation had a moderate positive significant relationship with methods of implementation. The methods for implementation contribute 8% to the promotion of moral virtues among Local Government Administrators; there was a low positive significant relationship between methods of implementing legislation and moral virtues of Local Government Administrators. The moral virtues of Local Government Administrators account for 27.4% variation in ethical performance. It was found that moral virtues had a moderate positive significant relationship with ethical performance. Legislation accounts for 39.5% variation in ethical performance. The test indicates a moderate positive relationship between legislation and ethical performance. In a hypothesised model the overall total effect of legislation on ethical performance is 70% which is high, leaving effect of other factors to be 30%. The major contribution of this study is that it has established that legislation contributes greatly (70%) to ethical performance of Local Government Administrators in the District. In conclusion, legislation is relevant to the performance of Local Government Administrators. However, the ethical performance of the Local Government Administrators is based on fear of the law which means that the Local Government Administrators do not perform ethically as required by the laws. The study went ahead to make the following recommendations based on objectives: that there should be continuous emphasise on awareness of legislation by supervisors from the time the civil servant joins the organisation up to the time of leaving, with emphasise on improved methods of implementation of legislation especially by Chief Administrative Officer. Secondly, there is need to revisit the methods of implementing legislation by respective heads of department especially by clear follow up on the circulars and press releases. Besides, prosecution should be improved by making it more objective and embedded as part of mission statement in every work place at the district by Inspector General of Government. Thirdly there is need to sensitise and empower Local Government Administrators through training by consultancy firms, to enable them make a formal commitment to demonstrate ethics, integrity and responsibility in all that they do. This study recommends training in moral virtues which can help the Local Government Administrators to acquire and retain some of the moral virtues like full accountability, transparency and integrity. Specific methods are recommended for the training: lectures, case studies, role play, simulation and group discussionItem Cost Leadership Strategy and Performance of Milk Processing Firms in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kimiti, Paul G; Stephen Muathe; Elishiba MurigiPerformance of milk processing firms in Kenya continues to be impended by cost related performance challenges. It is hypothesized that cost leadership strategy could address these challenges through economies of scale, economies of scope and operational efficiency. However, available literature does not adequately address how the milk processors employ this strategy due to lack of focus on cost management and its effect on performance. Studies done in other sectors have arrived at contradicting conclusions in regard to the effect of drivers of cost leadership. This study was therefore an investigation of the effect that cost leadership strategy has on performance of milk processing firms in Kenya. The specific objectives included to assess the effect of economies of scale, economies of scope and operational efficiency on performance of milk processing firms in Kenya; to establish the mediating effect of competitive advantage and the moderating effect of macroeconomic environment on the relationship between cost leadership strategy and performance of milk processing firms in Kenya. The study was anchored on the resource based view supported by dynamic capability theory, the balanced scorecard model, contingency theory and stakeholder theory. The study adopted a positivist approach and used descriptive and explanatory research designs. The study’s population encompassed all the 29 milk processing firms that were in operation between June 2016 and June 2019 and registered with Kenya Dairy Board. A census survey was conducted where the unit of analysis was milk processing firm and unit of observation was the functional area in the processors. Five functional areas comprising of executive, operations, production, finance and marketing were identified for each milk processor from which 194 respondents were drawn. Both primary and secondary data was used in the study. Primary data was obtained using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires whereas secondary data was collected through review of reports on cost of debt financing and inflation levels from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and Central Bank of Kenya. Face and content validity was ensured through improvements following the pilot test while construct validity was guaranteed through review of relevant literature and suggestions from experts. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data in terms of percentages, means and standard deviations. Multiple regression analysis was used to test hypothesis and draw conclusions. The results were summarized in narratives and tables. The findings indicated that economies of scale, economies of scope and operational efficiency had positive and statistically significant effect on performance of the milk processing firms. Competitive advantage was a partial mediator while macroeconomic environment did not moderate the direct relationship. The study concluded that for firms in the milk processing industry to perform better, they need to pursue relevant approaches to lower costs. It thus has both practical and theoretical value and recommends that milk processors pursue bulk production and invest in related businesses, adopt robust promotional efforts, encourage bulk purchases and innovate to support broader operations. The government as well as other regulatory bodies should implement support programs for large scale operations, facilitate licensing, patent innovations by milk processors, ensure conducive climate for dairy farming and implement credible livestock disease fighting programs. It recommends that further studies include small home-based milk processors not registered with KDB, examine other factors besides cost leadership strategy that affect performance of milk processors and consider other indicators of macro-economic environment like exchange rate and GDP growth that might moderate the direct relationship.Item Customer relationship management and satisfaction of commercial banks’ account holders in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2018-02) Mwirigi, Rael NkathaABSTRACT Customer satisfaction is a dynamic parameter for measuring business success. As a modern measure for service quality, it ensures investment in development of customer centred management strategies such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Globally, CRM has been applied in the banking sector to enhance service quality and the resultant customer satisfaction which increases competitiveness, customer retention and profitability. Despite implementation of CRM programmes by commercial banks to increase satisfaction of account holders, customers continue to be dissatisfied with banking services. This study aimed at establishing the effect of CRM on satisfaction of commercial banks‟ account holders in Nairobi City County in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the effect of value based CRM, customer centred organizational configuration and technology based CRM on satisfaction of commercial banks' account holders and to assess the moderating effect of demographic characteristics and mediating effect of service quality on the relationship between CRM and satisfaction of commercial banks account holders. The study was anchored on CRM theory and was guided by positivism philosophy. It utilized a cross-sectional research design involving descriptive and explanatory research techniques. The target population was 34,649,583 account holders from commercial banks in Kenya. A sample of 400 respondents was selected using mixed sampling techniques. Primary data was collected using a 5 point likert scale using both open and closed-ended questionnaire guided by the researcher. Reliability of the research instrument was determined by conducting a pilot test which yielded Cronbach‟s Alpha coefficient of 0.9. Construct validity was determined by use of confirmatory factor analysis while content and face validity was done by experts. Quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis with the aid of SPSS version 19. Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency distribution and standard deviation were used to describe the characteristics of the variables. Diagnostic tests for normality, outliers, linearity, multicolinearity and homogeneity of variance were carried out to ensure multiple linear regression assumptions were met. Simple linear and multiple linear regression were conducted to assess the relationships between independent, mediating, moderating and dependent variables. The hypotheses were tested using a P-value <0.05 to assess statistical significance while value of adjusted R2 measured amount of variation in customer satisfaction that was explained by CRM variables. The relationship between value based CRM, Customer centred organizational configuration, technology based CRM and satisfaction of commercial banks account holders in Nairobi County was found to be statistically significant at 5% significance level. In addition, demographic variables; age, gender and income had a moderating effect on the relationship between CRM and satisfaction while service quality had a statistically significant mediating effect on the relationship between CRM and satisfaction of commercial banks account holders at 95% confidence level. The study concluded that CRM has a positive and statistically significant effect on satisfaction of commercial banks account holders in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The findings of the study reveal that commercial banks management should invest more in customer centred organizational configuration and technology based CRM because they have a significant effect on account holder satisfaction with commercial banking services. The CBK and the government can use the findings of this study to formulate CRM related policies that enhance satisfaction of account holders with commercial banks services. This study also contributes to the pool of knowledge and further research in terms of the interplay between CRM, service quality, demographic characteristics and satisfaction of account holders in commercial banks. The study suggests that similar studies be carried out in other service industries.Item Customers’ Perceptions and Usage of Online Retailing Services in Nairobi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2015) Mwencha, Peter M.In spite of the huge increase in internet usage in Kenya over the past years, the usage of online retailing services in Kenya is still very low, thereby posing an existential threat to the service providers. To induce more initial users to continue using these services, there is need to establish what affects their continued usage. Individual factors, in particular customer perceptions, have been shown by both the information systems (IS) as well as the marketing fields to have significant effect on sustained use of online retailing services. This study therefore sought to establish the effect of customer perceptions on the usage of online retailing services in Nairobi County, Kenya. Its objectives were to establish whether there is a relationship between perceived attributes and usage of online retailing services, to determine whether there is a relationship between perceived risk and usage of online retailing services, to analyse whether there is a relationship between perceived value and usage of online retailing services, to evaluate whether customer satisfaction has a mediating effect on the relationship between customer perceptions and usage of online retailing services and to establish whether customer demographics have a moderating effect on the relationship between customer perceptions and usage of online retailing services. The study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional, survey design and explanatory design. The target population was 6 online retailing firms and the respondents for this study were the 18,147 registered users of these six online retailing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. A sample of 391 respondents was selected using multi-stage sampling methods including purposive, stratified and simple random sampling. Primary data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire and an interview guide, while secondary data was collected through document review. Questionnaire responses were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which involved both linear and logistic regression analysis. Figures and tables were used to present the data. Data from key informant interviews was analyzed using content analysis technique to complement the quantitative data. The results showed that consumer perceptions have a significant effect on the usage of online retailing services. The study also found that customer satisfaction does have a mediating effect on the customer perception – usage relationship. Furthermore, the research established that demographic factors do not have a significant moderating effect on the customer perception - usage relationship. The findings of this study underscore the importance of customer perceptions and customer satisfaction in enhancing the likelihood of success of online retailing services. Consequently, the study recommends that online retailers should enhance service features/attributes as a way of ensuring success of their services by taking into consideration customer-specific needs by personalizing the website to make it more useful, compatible with customer requirements and easy to use for users. In addition, online retailing service providers need to build trust amongst their users regarding online purchasing. Further, online retailers should design and deliver a unique value proposition that has both functional as well as hedonistic appeals. Online retailers should also have an effective customer satisfaction strategy for purposes of customer retention. Moreover, it is imperative for online retailing firms to have a good understanding of their target customers, since this will not only help in determining the appropriate customer engagement strategies but also how to enhance the long-term usage of their services. On the government‘s part, the study recommends the tackling the barriers to online shopping usage primarily through legislation. Since usage also hinges on trust, the government could license a suitable entity to oversee online consumer protection to address users‘ concerns.Item Determinants of competitive peformance of Kenyan small and medium enterprises in food processing: a study of selected firms from Nairobi(2011-07-25) Onyango, A. MariaCompetitive performance of Kenyan food processing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is important for ensuring that they effectively stabilize agricultural production, create jobs and reduce poverty as the government expects of them. Analysis and establishment of the determinants of their competitive performance would facilitate the provision of cost effective support for making them fulfil their expected roles. Reviewed literature widely cited that formal education and training, enterprise training, inter-firm, linkages/collaborations and policy framework affect competitive performance of SMEs. This study explored the extent to which these factors affected the competitive performance of food processing SMEs selected from three food processing sub-sectors in Nairobi Province. The selected sub-sectors were the horticulture, the dairy and the milling respectively. The study operationalized formal education and training, enterprise training, SMEs linkages and policy framework as independent variables and SMEs competitive performance as the dependent variable. Weak competitive stand of Kenyan food processing SMEs was evidenced from observed rivalry these SMEs face from cheap imported products from regional markets. The study used qualitative and explorative techniques to collect and analyze data from 30 SMEs selected from the already stated food processing sub-sectors. Four hypotheses were tested to verify if (formal education and training, enterprise training, SMEs linkages and policy framework) were significant determinants of competitive performance of SMEs. Multiple regression analysis facilitated the presentation of significant relationships between independent variables and the dependent variable collectively and individually. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results and discussion of the analysis. Estimate results of R2 =72.7% and adjusted value of R2=68.3% indicated that all the independent variables tested were significant determinants of competitive performance of food processing SMEs. The four null hypotheses were rejected and the alternative hypotheses accepted. The t-test was used to establish the magnitude of relationship between individual independent variables and the dependent variable. The study found that formal education and training arc essential for providing basic skills and competencies. Enterprise training is important for quality production but Kenya has many business development services that lack coordination and hence most processing skills are learned through on-the-job training with challenges of standardized quality. The SMEs had limited linkages and collaborations hence limited overall volume turnover. It was further found that imported technologies used lowered the profit margins due to increased unit cost of production. There was lack of sector specific policies to address specific and special needs of food processing SMEs. It was concluded that since all the investigated independent variables were significant determinants of food processing SMEs competitive performance, future interventions should strengthen them with focus on SMEs sector. Future research should use larger samples and explore more variables as means of verification of the findings.Item Determinants of Entrepreneurs Business Innovative Behaviour in Beach Management Units along Lake Victoria, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2018-09) Obere, Eliud E.O.Entrepreneurship is the mainstream of economic development of the county. Progressive economic development is attainable where entrepreneur’s innovative activities create new business or add value to existing businesses. This is not the case in BMUs along Lake Victoria Region as majority of entrepreneurs in this region start business which are duplicates of the existing ones. Entrepreneurs in Business Management Units along Lake Victoria Region are therefore not innovative. The problem of lack of business innovative behavior is that it creates competition and in the process those businesses which are unable to survive competition close down. The new businesses created in the Lake Victoria Region Beach Management Units are either shops, hawking hardware, fish selling or boda-bodas which are similar to the already existing businesses. Studies that have been done in Beach Management Units a long Lake Victoria region to date have not investigated the determinants of entrepreneur’s lack business innovative behavior. This research undertakes to investigate factors influencing lack of entrepreneur’s business innovative behavior in this region. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the influence of subjective norm on entrepreneur’s lack of business innovative behavior; investigate the influence of entrepreneur’s competencies on entrepreneur’s lack of business innovative behavior; establish the influence of entrepreneur’s personality traits on entrepreneurs lack of business innovative behavior; and determine the influence of environmental factors on entrepreneur’s lack of business innovative behavior. The study targeted 1500 entrepreneurs in five Business Management Units in along the Lake region. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify these five BMUS while random sampling was used to select 300 entrepreneurs. The choice of Beach Management Units was guided by the following factors: number of years it has been in existence, accessibility and business activities in place, while the entrepreneurs were randomly selected. The study employed descriptive survey study approach. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. SPSS package was used for data analysis data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Frequency descriptions were used to analyze descriptive statistics. While chi-square and multinomial regression used to analyze inferential statistics. Results were presented using tables. Based on the results, the study found that there was a positive influence of subjective norms, entrepreneur’s competencies, personality traits and environmental factors on entrepreneur’s business innovative behavior. The study recommended that: baseline study to be done to identify potential business opportunities long Beach Management Units, opportunity identification awareness training to be conducted to entrepreneurs along Beach Management Units to help in creation of new business units which are not duplicates, all business activities be registered to make it easy for the Beach Management Units management to regulate the number of businesses. Fourthly, a vetting committee to be appointed to advice the entrepreneurs on business opportunities available.