PHD-Philosophy and Religious Studies Department

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Addressing impunity in Kenya through a postcolonial reading of ‘authority’ in mark 1:21-28
(2014-09) Kiambi, Julius Kithinji
In Mark’s Gospel, Jesus is presented as the authoritative one in the sense that He exercises power and authority by virtue of His high position and relationship to God the Father. Power and authority are concepts that Mark builds up in his Gospel, with the use of the word, Exousia (e)cousia) to distinguish Jesus’ authority from that of the world. Using postcolonial biblical criticism, this study explores Mark’s usage of exousia in 1:21-28 to argue that imperial ideology is constituted in the gospel’s construction of the concept of authority (exousia). The inquiry on the usage of exousia in Mark’s Gospel comes against a background of an ever growing culture of impunity in a country that is predominantly Christian. Therefore, the key question was; how can we address the prevailing and ever-growing culture of impunity in Kenya through a postcolonial reading of the concept of exousia in Mark 1:21-28? In order to address this and other questions, this study employed the postcolonial framework to argue that Mark is influenced by the imperial setting of his day to provide the images that he does in the concept of exousia. The study’s objectives were to offer an alternative and contextual reading of exousia in Mark’s Gospel, to establish the need for postcolonial biblical criticism in Kenya, to demonstrate that pre-critical reading of the Bible in Kenya has contributed to the culture of impunity, and to develop enabling and emancipatory language in the reduction of impunity in Kenya. Being a qualitative study, and employing the Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM), data was obtained in churches from church-going Christians in Nairobi City, through Contextual Bible Study group discussions and key informant interviews. Samples were decided through simple random sampling, purposive and cluster sampling. Data was analysed using the NuVivo data analysis software, and exegesis. Among other things, the study reveals that though not entirely, impunity as present in Kenya emanates from the empire and partly derives from interactions with Mark’s exousia. Towards this end, this study recommends another hermeneutics for rereading the Bible in order to address impunity. A ‘way’ reminiscent of the ‘way’ in Mark’s Gospel has also been proposed for addressing impunity in Kenya
African Indigenous Pentecostal Christianity in Uganda With Reference to the Deliverance Church in Busoga (1974 – 2012)
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Isabirye, Moses Stephen
This study examines the phenomenon of African Indigenous Pentecostal Christianity (AIPC) in Uganda, using the Deliverance Church (DC) in Busoga as a case. The study aimed at investigating the history, factors and trends that birthed the DC in Uganda in general and Busoga in particular, as a breakaway of mainstream Christianity. It interrogated the theology and practice of the DC and evaluated the DC contributions to spiritual, social and economic developments of Busoga. The study used a cross – sectional survey nonexperimental design employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The data collection methods were questionnaire survey, interview guide, focused group discussions (FGDs), participant observation (PO) and content analysis of sermons and other teachings. The study findings indicate that the DC originated from the COU. The founders started with a quest for an African authentic Church of Christians, Christ- delivered to embody and carry his deliverance by the Spirit of God’s kingdom to the outside world. This marked the origin of the name ‘Deliverance Church’. The first DC leaders having experienced deliverance focused on every member being a Spirit-filled minister, doing mission and evangelism of witnessing for Jesus in the world. The study unveils why these African Pentecostal leaders left mainstream churches, and how the DC and COU developed a relationship of dialogic contextualization, where the DC continued building on the COU Christian foundations, while consolidating the mission character of their church. Evidence of this continuing dialogic contextualization reflects in DC beliefs, practices and projects directly bequeathed from those of the COU. This climax saw a leading founder Dr. Stephen Mungoma, accompanied by other members, cross from the DC back to equal positions of responsibility and accountability in COU. The thesis argues that the DC’s Pentecostal success in mission theology and practice stems from its adoption of the old ‘selfs’ for Anglican mission, to build a church that is self-governing, self-supporting, and self-propagating. There is more evidence of the DC using COU ministry patterns such as doctrine, wedding liturgy, funeral rite, evangelicalism, leadership and faith and order - to boost the Pentecostal mission vision, pastoral care and counselling and ministry. Regarding ministerial training, theological education originally viewed with suspicion by the DC leaders in the 1970s; calling it ‘spiritual cemetery adding no spiritual value to the person concerned, was later embraced. By the time of this study, some were attending theological / Bible colleges. DC started pursuing socio-economic development goals; a decade after COU had launched it in Busoga. The study concludes that AIPC of the DC in Busoga, has live roots in mainstream Christianity, which issue into origin, growth and bearing fruit in Pentecostal mission and ministry. The originality of the study lies in a comprehensive inquiry into that origin, growth and bearing fruit of the DC in Busoga; it traces its roots to the theology, tradition and doctrine of the mainstream Christianity, re-interpreted for Pentecostal mission strategic needs. From this root grows the shoot of AIPC in Uganda, the DC in Busoga an important product of it.
Anglican and Islamic Political Theologies and their Implications for Anglican-Muslim Relations in Kampala during the National Resistance Movement Administration (1986-2016)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Opol, Samuel D. Min
This study examined the Anglican and Islamic political theologies and their attendant influence on Anglican-Muslim relations in Kampala during the administration of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) between 1986 and 2016. In 1986 the NRM Administration implemented the Ten-Point Programme, its bush war governance blueprint. Central to it was realisation of national unity by eliminating religiously “sectarian” politics. In pursuit of it, the Administration abolished the religiopolitical parties, and in the National Constitution in 2005 secularised politics. In spite of this, religiously partisan politics passisted as evidenced by religiously partisan political activities. The problem investigated, thus, constituted the irony of the persistence of Anglican and Muslim political interest, and how this influenced the relations of the two religious groups between 1986 and 2016. The study sought to: Examine the NRM Administration’s ideology on religious groups’ involvement in national politics, Evaluate the influence of Anglican and Islamic political theologies in national politics, and, Assess the influence of Anglican and Islamic political theologies on Anglican–Muslim relations. The literature reviewed comprised works of both Christian/Anglican and Muslim scholars. It highlighted that religion was not unique and socio-historically autonomous; instead, it was inextricably bound to culture and society. This was in sync with the theoretical framework of the study drawn from Hans Kung’s view of religion as an encompassing reality (Kung, 1996). In light of this, the study sought to understand political theologies and their causal influence on activities and relations between Anglicans and Muslims. The study employed a qualitative methodology using a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through documentary analysis, review of archival materials; second, key informant interviews; and self-administered questionnaires. Findings of the study included that the Administration’s stance, influenced by the Ten-Point Programme, fostered religious inclusivity in the bid to eliminate all forms of sectarianism. However, this enabled groups to redefine their political participation. The Anglican Church’s political involvement was driven less by a common theological position than its episcopal-based ecclesiology, where the local bishops set the political tone. Muslims, though not articulating their theological motivation, were more politically active. However, they suffered internal fractures as well as political influences from diverse global Muslim communities. As a result, they remained too weak to have a united political voice. The study concluded that political participation and relation between the two groups resulted less from articulated political theologies than from historical factors. The religiopolitical nexus following the religious wars (1988-1892) overtime remained a major defining factor in political participation by religious groups in Ugandan politics. In light of the above, for the State, the study recommends a cautious effort in opening religiopolitical space and in implementing religio-cultural elements that would easily breed religiopolitical tensions among religious groups; and that both the Anglican Church and the Muslim community develop programmes for political guidance in order to enlighten the “faithful” of their civic responsibility
The Anglican Theology of Sexuality: Its Teaching and Practice among Students in Anglican Church Founded Schools in Jinja District, Busoga Region, Uganda
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Mukisa, Joy Isabirye
There is growing concern over teenage sexual behaviour given the high level of teenage pregnancy and an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. Christianity has always provided standards by which behaviour is regulated. The study examined the teachings and practice of the Anglican Theology of sexuality by students in Anglican Church founded schools, Jinja District. The Anglican Church formulated the Provincial Education Policy to ensure that the core values of the Anglican Church are promoted in Anglican Church Founded schools. These include Godliness, faithfulness to the scriptures and upholding Biblical family values. The Christian activities through which the Anglican Theology of sexuality is transmitted to students in these schools include Bible studies, prayer meetings, fellowship meetings, evangelism drives and holiday camps The objectives of the study were: To explore the Anglican Theology of sexuality, and To investigate the role played by school management committees, administrators and religious leaders in promoting the practice of the Anglican Theology of Sexuality among students in Anglican Church founded schools. The effect of the Anglican Theology of sexuality on students‟ behaviour was assessed. Also challenges faced by the Anglican Church founded schools in the dissemination of the Anglican Theology of sexuality to students were explored. Lastly, strategies that can be used by the Anglican Church to effectively disseminate their Theology of sexuality among students in the Church founded schools were explored. Literature was reviewed regarding the teachings of the Anglican Theology of sexuality, the role played by administrators and religious leaders in teaching Religious values to students, effect of Religious teachings on the sexual behaviour of young people and the challenges faced in teaching religious values to young people. The study employed a descriptive research survey. The study was conducted among nine Anglican Church Founded Schools in Jinja district, Busoga region. The targeted age bracket was 13-18 years an age that is mostly affected by sexual challenges. Uganda. Primary data were collected mainly through oral interviews, questionnaires, participant observation and focus group discussions. Secondary data were collected from both published and unpublished books, journals, Newsletters and internet sites. Data collected from these libraries helped establish the research problem and the rationale for the research. The respondents included students and the target group was between 13-19 years. In addition, head teachers of Anglican Church Founded Schools, chaplains, counselors and the Diocesan Education Coordinator were also involved in the study. Non probability and purposive sampling was used to sample the respondents. The study employed a descriptive research survey. The overall data was synthesized, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in light of Smith‟s (2003) Theory of Religious Effect on the Sexuality of Young People. This theory identified the following paradigms as necessary for religion to have a positive impact on the behaviour and attitudes of young people: moral directives, spiritual experiences, role models, coping skills and extra community links. Collected data were presented in chapters basing on the research objectives. From the research findings, conclusions and recommendations were made.
An appraisal of the role of the church in conflicts in Uganda with reference to the Buganda region (1879-1986)
(2012-04-13) Batulekeddeki, Joseph Matovu; Zablon Nthamburi; Gerishon M. Kirika
The purpose of the study was to appraise the Role of the Church in Conflicts in Uganda with reference to the Buganda Region (1879-1986). The study objectives were the following: the first objective was to identify and analyse the causes of church denominational instigated conflicts in Uganda using Buganda as reference case. The second was to establish and evaluate the methods of conflict resolution with. reference to Biblical teachings and Kiganda tradition. The third was to identify and examine the contribution and challenges faced by the church in search for peace in Buganda. The fourth was to propose ways and means of imparting Christian values of love for the neighbour, reconciliation and justice that can bring sustainable peace. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Seventy five (75) respondents constituted the sample of the study. These included the Clergy, Lay Leaders and Ordinary Church Members. The researcher used research instruments namely: questionnaires and interview guides. Focused group discussions and documentary analysis were used as data collection methods. The study findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between church denominational (divisions) rivalry and conflicts in Buganda which have manifested themselves in the political arena through overt conflicts. The study demonstrates that the plurality of the Christian denominations brings competition, which overshadows the implementation of the biblical values resulting into inability to manage conflicts together as a Christian community. Meanwhile, the church has contributed to the search for peace in Uganda, but has also faced challenges. The study further revealed that the church could use means such as dialogue to impart Christian values of love for neighbour, reconciliation, and justice so as to bring about sustainable peace. The study concludes that an integrated procedure of conflict resolution and imparting Christian values should be adopted to address the apparent contradictions between the Christian teaching of these values and actual lifestyle of the Christians. Finally, there is need to promote sustainable peace in Buganda and Uganda as a whole. This will entail national reconciliation and integrating Christian values with the Kiganda conflict resolution mechanisms.
An assessment of responses towards African women's theology in selected institutions in Kenya
(2011-08-16) Okemwa, Pacificah Florence
This study is an assessment of responses to African Women's Theology in selected institutions. The study centres on why Feminist Theology which emerged in the developed countries of the West and has spread to other parts of the world under different labels has not been wholly embraced in Africa. It has focused on selected public institutions of higher learning and theological schools. The main argument in this study is that, African Women's Theology has not been included in the Theology and Religious Studies curriculum of many institutions because the meaning of the term feminism commonly used is considered foreign. Besides, the methodology and concerns of this theology have not been wholly contextualized. The study selected some church-sponsored institutions of higher learning as well as public universities for our research. The data were gathered by use of oral interviews and questionnaires and library research among other methods. The overall data were then collated, analyzed, interpreted and presented in six chapters. The study established that Feminist Theology in general and African Women's Theology in particular has been subordinated in most of the institutions. This is because it has also been seen as a foreign importation. To correct this, it is argued that African Women's Theology should be contextualized so as to highlight local societal concerns as opposed to Western theologies. More courses on African Women's Theology should also be taught at undergraduate and graduate levels. The study argues that women in Kenya have concerns that arise from their unequal status in relation to men in society. The whole society suffers from subordination of gender issues in the academy as only male perspectives and participation are considered. It is therefore suggested that favourable recognition of gender perspectives will prepare service providers such as church ministers, teachers, managers and economists to readily explore and exploit female and male talents for the good of the whole community. In light of the above, it is suggested that women theologians and gender sensitive male theologians need to campaign for the upgrading of the status of Women Theologies in general and African Women's Theology in particular and also participate in preparing appropriate curriculum. This will ensure that the whole society benefits from gender sensitive formation that prepares students for equitable regard of both women and men. The study recommends that there is need to include African Women's Theology in the curriculum of all theological schools and institutions of higher learning that offer Theology and Religious Studies.
The centrality of marriage in African religio-culture with reference to the Maasai of Kajiado County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-04) Okiya, Denis Odinga
The study explored Maasai religio-cultural beliefs, the place of marriage in Maasai cultural and religious beliefs, to what extent Maasai cultural and religious beliefs are related to and manifested in Maasai marriage and the changes affecting Maasai marriage with regard to the religio-cultural themes. This research was guided by a thematic approach to the study of African religio-cultural knowledge and specifically by analysing the topic through the matrix of fifteen religio-cultural themes. The fifteen religio-cultural themes articulate in a systematic manner the beliefs of African Religion which are entwined and embedded in African religio-cultural knowledge, giving that knowledge a special sacral and personal dimension. The aim of this work was to explore the central role played by marriage in African religio-culture with a focus on the Maasai of Kajiado County, Kenya. The study set out to investigate if marriage manifests culture and religion and if the Maasai have a rich, persistent cultural marriage heritage with many of the historical, cultural and religious practices still largely intact and influential despite the many challenges it faces in the contemporary world. The study was exploratory in nature and adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was implemented through gathering data from members of the Maasai ethnic community in Kajiado District now Kajiado County. The sampling units considered were the number of households (96,621), the average population per division (58,000) and the total Kajiado Maasai population (464,883) as presented in the Kajiado District Strategic Plan 2005 – 2010. Primary data was collected through surveys while secondary data was collected through library research. Four sets of research instruments were used in gaining access to the primary data for the study. These were questionnaires, interview schedule, observation checklist and focus group discussion guide. The data was then analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques within the purview of the research questions and fifteen African religio-cultural themes: God, Ancestors, Living Dead, Nominal Reincarnation, African Lineage, Leadership, Adulthood/Elderhood, Bridewealth, Marriage, Polygyny, Herbalist, Diviner, Witch, Witchcraft and Death. Quantitative data was summarized and presented using graphs, charts and frequency tables. This was done to exemplify main trends that were derived from certain concrete responses. Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis. This exercise involved classifying data into key themes, patterns and relationships. Propositions and conclusions were then made based on the apparent patterns of relationships within the data. The data of this study shows that Maasai marriage manifests and reflects Maasai religio-cultural themes. The main findings corroborated, in a large way Kirwen’s theory of the fifteen themes of African Religio-Cultural Knowledge. The study recommends that in order to find sustainable solutions to challenges facing Maasai marriage, it is best to look carefully into Maasai marriage with regard to Maasai religio-cultural themes.
Christian Response to the Phenomenon of Single-Parenthood in Nairobi Kahindi,
(Kenyatta University, 2018) Wakanyi, Lydia
This study investigated the Christian response to single-parenthood in selected churches in Nairobi County. Specifically, the study analyzed the causes of single-parenthood and their socio-religious implications. It also evaluated the doctrine and social teaching of the church on inclusivity. The study further examined the role of the church as a potential network of support for Christian single-parents. Finally, it explored the possibilities of Christian single-parents acceptance in the church. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data were collected from seven selected parishes, namely, St. Paul’s Catholic Chaplaincy and Parish, PCEA St. Andrew’s Parish, All Saints’ Cathedral, St. Theresa’s in Eastleigh, Embulbul Parish, Madre Teresa in Zimmerman and ACK, St. Gertrude’s in Kasarani. Questionnaires, oral interviews (OI), focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews (IDI) were used to collect the primary data. Secondary data were obtained from library research. In each of the selected congregations, the target population were all single-mothers. In addition, two pastors and ten leaders were interviewed in each congregation. The sample size in each of the selected churches comprised 50 single-mothers, two pastors and ten leaders. The FGD had 13, 12 and 14 participants in the three selected congregations. The IDI were conducted with three participants separately. The total sample size for this study was 476 persons. The study applied simple random and purposive random sampling methods. The data were collected, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in the light of a merged conception framework, informed by Goode (2000), Young (1994) and Waiyaki (1985). The framework underlines that lack of proper social organization, a decline in social norms and values, coupled with lack of adequate guidance among the youth are some of the underlying factors leading to an increase in single-parent families. The findings of this study indicated that separation is the most prevalent cause of single-motherhood. Other causes include death of a spouse, divorce, rape, abandonment, desertion and early pregnancies. It emerged that attitudes towards Christian single-mothers are determined mainly by the cause of their single-motherhood status. Widows are the most tolerated while divorcees and the never-married are the least tolerated. Whereas the doctrine and the social teaching of the Church advocates for inclusiveness and acceptance of everyone, the practice on the ground with regard to single-mothers is far from the ideal. The Church seems to be warming up to gradually acknowledging and embracing single-mothers in Christian congregations. The Church, being the body of Christ, is challenged to be a caring community, giving an all-round care to all her members. A change of attitude towards single-mothers is possible, if the clergy led the sensitization through sermons, interpretation of the doctrine and innovative programmes for Christian single-parents. The Church has the potential to expand her network of support for single-mothers inclining towards gathering. A practical implementation of the doctrine and social teaching of the Church on inclusiveness is yet to be attained fully. Recommendations were made to the Church, Christians and policy-makers to respond to the prevalence of single-parenthood in an effort to reduce the number of single-parent families and assist the affected.
Christian-Muslim Dialogue with Particular Reference to Pentecostals and Muslims in Nairobi North District, Nairobi County, Kenya
(2014-02-18) Kamau, Patrick Mburu; Nyaga, Stephen Njoka; Nthamburi, Zablon
Interfaith dialogue is indispensable to peace and tranquility globally within the context of religious pluralism. Christians and Muslims worldwide stand in need of greater intercommunication, collaboration, and interfaith dialogue for harmonious living. Leaders of these faiths concur that Christian-Muslim dialogue is imperative. However, the interaction between Pentecostal Christians and Muslims has generally been characterized by distrust, apprehension and mutual rivalry, sometimes resulting into loss of life and destruction of property. In Nairobi, features of mistrust, disharmony, and intolerance among Pentecostal churches toward Muslims have been witnessed. The study explored Christian-Muslim dialogue with particular reference to Pentecostal Christians and Muslims in Nairobi North District, Kenya. It examines Biblical and Qur’anic teaching on Christian-Muslim dialogue as well as the role of religious organizations in fostering such dialogue. The study was guided by the Integrated Inclusivism Conceptual Model of dialogue which underlines areas of convergence and divergence in order to promote constructive Christian-Muslim dialogue. Overall, the study sought to examine how Christian-Muslim dialogue becomes a practical model for both Pentecostal Christians and Muslims in Nairobi building a harmonious human community that respects each other’s differences and particularities. Data for this study was gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Field research involved self-administered questionnaires and oral interviews. A non-probability sample method was used to collect data. The study purposively selected respondents from Pentecostal churches and mosques in Nairobi North District as well as the religious organizations that focus on interfaith dialogue based in Nairobi. Key respondents, focus group discussions and secondary data were utilized. Qualitative data, which reflect crosscutting issues, is thematized and grouped into similar categories for analysis. The study used SPSS in data analysis. Quantitative data is analyzed using descriptive statistics (simple statistical techniques) and these frequencies and percentages discussed and presented using tables and figures. The two categories of data are synthesized, integrated and presented thematically according to the objectives of the study. The research findings underscore that a constructive Christian-Muslim dialogueshould take into consideration integrated inclusivism ideals associated with shared theological concepts and values, socio-political and economic dialogue and divergent theological concept. The study found five main recommendation areas which when applied would promote constructive interfaith dialogue between Pentecostal Christians and Muslims in Nairobi North District. These include;promoting Christian-Muslim dialogue through Biblical and Qur’anicteachings, historical perspective, overcoming interfaith hindrances, through religious organizations, religious and political leaders and integrated inclusivism ways. In conclusion, interfaith dialogue is the solutions for effectivedialogue between Muslims and Pentecostal Christians in Nairobi North District.
Christians’ perceptions and practice of ‘ABC’ strategy in the context of new HIV infections in Kiambu County - Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-07) Musili, Telesia Kathini
Despite the several interventions to prevent the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), new HIV infections are still on the rise. There is a general agreement that the leading cause of new HIV infections is heterosexual relationships within or outside marriage. The study sought to investigate the perceptions and practice of ABC strategy of HIV prevention among Christians in the age bracket of 19–49, by specifically seeking to investigate whether the A.I.C and Catholic theologies of abstinence and fidelity influence sexual behavior of the Christians, to evaluate Christians’ perceptions of ABC strategy of HIV prevention, to establish whether the Christians practice the ABC strategy and to explore the barriers to successful implementation of ABC among the Christians. This study’s conceptual framework was drawn from four key theories: Social Identity, Social Interactionism, Kohlberg’s theory of Cognitive Moral Development and Smith’s theory of religious effects. The study followed a cross-sectional descriptive design, employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Six churches were randomly selected from a list of eighteen Catholic and Africa Inland Churches (A.I.C) in Thika East Sub-county (TES). Four hundred and four (n=404) study participants were conveniently selected proportional to the population size. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, In-depth Interview Schedules and Focus Group Discussion guides. Data analysis was done with the help of Predictive Analytics Software (PASW). The findings of the study suggest that positive perception of the church’s theology on sexuality and of safe sex behavioural options may not necessarily translate into their practice. It was realized that people make moral decisions based on what adds value to the self but not on conforming to the church norms on sexuality. The study concludes that there is a need for the internalization of the values embedded in Christian moral teaching on sexuality. Thus, the study recommends an appropriate understanding of a responsible spiritual self that upholds subjective truth to the complexity of sexual relations and other relations existing within the wider, complex and changing society. It calls for a rethinking of Christian sexual ethics from an interrelational perspective that is both vertical and horizontal in dimension. In that, the relationships between the self and God as well as the other social relations are taken into account in the process of moral decision making. Further, the study calls on church leaders to open up to the era of grace and conceptualize it, then there will be a paradigm shift that will necessitate the internalization of Christian moral values. Overall, the thesis recommends an improved and comprehensive sexual health approach in inculcating and analyzing sexual values that can impact positively on the lives of persons, as we envision an AIDS-free generation.
The civic and public roles of neo-pentecostal churches in Kenya (1970- 2010)
(2014) Parsitau, Damaris Seleina
Over the last few decades, the Pentecostal movement, in all its varieties has gained an increasing presence in Africa’s religious landscapes. Scholars are beginning to interrogate, how and what role(s) Christian churches play in the public sphere. This study analyses the roles of NPCs in Kenya’s public life since they shot into prominence from the 1970s and 1980s onwards. It was, however, in the last 15 years that some NPC’s clergy and churches became more visible in the public sphere. Through a critical analysis of the activities of three NPCs: Jesus is Alive Ministries (JIAM), Maximum Miracles Centre (MMC), and Faith Evangelistic Ministries (FEM) all in Nairobi, this thesis explores their contributions to Kenya’s civic and public life. These churches were not just chosen because of their prominence in the public sphere but also because they manifest themselves publicly through the mass media, engage with social and political issues and have robust gender empowerment programmes. Two of the three leaders, bishop Margaret Wanjiru and Pius Muiru both contested elective politics during the 2007 General Elections. Bishop Wanjiru also served in the Kenyan Parliament from 2008 to early 2013 and as an Assistant Minister for Housing. She also equally contested though unsuccessfully the 2013 General Elections. Evangelist Teresia Wairimu on the other hand is influential not just as a prominent female visionary, renowned for her faith healing and deliverance ministry, but also for leading one of the largest women-centered ministries in the country. Evangelist Wairimu also appears to wield soft power as her church often attracts the politically powerful to mingle with her ordinary followers. Their combined social visibility, public prominence and influence in Kenya’s public life necessitate fresh thinking in respect of these churches’ roles in Kenya’s civic and public spheres. The study approach is multidisciplinary drawing from Sociology, Gender and Theology, and utilizing social capital theories as a theoretical framework. The study employed a case study methodology, with study samples comprising leaders and members of JIAM, MMC and FEM selected based on gender, age, educational background and position in the churches as well as the duration of membership. Data was collected through in depth interviews (150 respondents equally spread within the three churches), participant observation (PO), Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and content analysis of sermons, texts and televised messages. Findings from the study show that each church constitutes a significant presence in its respective community and engages civic and public life. The thesis contributes to the growing body of literature on religion and public life as well as broadening understanding of how and why Neo-Pentecostal Churches engage in issues in civic and public life.
A Comparative Analysis of Aembu and Anglican Rites of Passage for Child Socialization in Kigari Archdeaconry Embu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-08) Muriithi, Elizabeth Nancy; Josephine Gitome; Humphrey Mwangi Waweru
The main objective of this study was to have a comparative analysis of the Aembu and the Anglican Church‟s rites of passage for child socialization in order to come up with Afro-Christian mores for instilling moral virtues among children that can prepare them for their future roles as adults. Child socialization is geared towards addressing teen issues in order to help them cope and fit in the 21st Century community as truly African Christians. The study sought to find out how virtues such as obedience, honesty, respect, temperance or hard work are instilled in children to bring out morally upright people in the society. The study examined various ways of improving child socialization programs in the Anglican Church of Kenya Kigari Archdeaconary in order to curb moral challenges facing the children. The statement of the problem responded to questions on what can be put in place to improve socialization programs in the ACK Kigari Archdeaconry to curb moral challenges being faced by her children. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: To analyse the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, to evaluate the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s (ACK) child socialization programs and to interrogate the similarities between socialization processes in Aembu culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. The study was carried out in Embu County, in the Anglican Church of Kenya, Embu Diocese, Kigari Archdeaconary. The literature was reviewed thematically under the following sub- topics: Analysing the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, evaluation of the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s child socialization programs and interrogation of the relationship between socialization processes in African culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. Niebuhr‟s (1894-1962) Christ and Culture Theory and Religious Socialization theory whose major proponents are Myer (1996) and Sherkat (1998) guided the study. The study used descriptive research design which allowed the researcher to use in-depth interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussions to gather factual information systematically. The study respondents were parents, youth members, church elders, the sages, god-parents, evangelists, vicars and the Bishop. They were selected using purposive and simple random sampling methods. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions (FGD) while secondary data was gathered through published and unpublished resources. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, narratives and verbatim citations. Qualitative data analysis was used whereby data was synthesized thematically according to the objectives of the study. The findings revealed that there are socialization platforms in both Aembu and the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s forums for child socialization and that in both; children are socialized in order to make them fit in the society. However, due to social and globalization changes, the Anglican Church of Kenya socialization has been affected to an extent that the youth being socialized are battling with different moral issues, which are in turn affecting the society. It was observed that doing away with the traditional puberty rites in modern society has resulted in creating a wanting child socialization gap, which has resulted in plunging the contemporary society into a crisis with regard to management of moral issues, which translates to threatened survival of the society. Therefore, since the Aembu and Anglican Church of Kenya‟s socialization have merits, there is need to integrate them and come up with Afro- Christian mores through Integrated Rites of Passage (IRP) for both boys and girls in order to socialize the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s youth members more effectively and curb most of the youth moral issues.
A comparative analysis of Aembu and Anglican rites of passage for child socialization in Kigari Archdeaconry Embu County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Muriithi, Elizabeth Nancy; Josephine Gitome; Humphrey Mwangi Waweru
The main objective of this study was to have a comparative analysis of the Aembu and the Anglican Church‟s rites of passage for child socialization in order to come up with Afro-Christian mores for instilling moral virtues among children that can prepare them for their future roles as adults. Child socialization is geared towards addressing teen issues in order to help them cope and fit in the 21st Century community as truly African Christians. The study sought to find out how virtues such as obedience, honesty, respect, temperance or hard work are instilled in children to bring out morally upright people in the society. The study examined various ways of improving child socialization programs in the Anglican Church of Kenya Kigari Archdeaconary in order to curb moral challenges facing the children. The statement of the problem responded to questions on what can be put in place to improve socialization programs in the ACK Kigari Archdeaconry to curb moral challenges being faced by her children. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: To analyse the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, to evaluate the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s (ACK) child socialization programs and to interrogate the similarities between socialization processes in Aembu culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. The study was carried out in Embu County, in the Anglican Church of Kenya, Embu Diocese, Kigari Archdeaconary. The literature was reviewed thematically under the following subtopics: Analysing the socialization processes offered through rites of passage in Aembu community, evaluation of the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s child socialization programs and interrogation of the relationship between socialization processes in African culture and Anglican Church of Kenya. Niebuhr‟s (1894-1962) Christ and Culture Theory and Religious Socialization theory whose major proponents are Myer (1996) and Sherkat (1998) guided the study. The study used descriptive research design which allowed the researcher to use in-depth interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussions to gather factual information systematically. The study respondents were parents, youth members, church elders, the sages, god-parents, evangelists, vicars and the Bishop. They were selected using purposive and simple random sampling methods. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions (FGD) while secondary data was gathered through published and unpublished resources. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, narratives and verbatim citations. Qualitative data analysis was used whereby data was synthesized thematically according to the objectives of the study. The findings revealed that there are socialization platforms in both Aembu and the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s forums for child socialization and that in both; children are socialized in order to make them fit in the society. However, due to social and globalization changes, the Anglican Church of Kenya socialization has been affected to an extent that the youth being socialized are battling with different moral issues, which are in turn affecting the society. It was observed that doing away with the traditional puberty rites in modern society has resulted in creating a wanting child socialization gap, which has resulted in plunging the contemporary society into a crisis with regard to management of moral issues, which translates to threatened survival of the society. Therefore, since the Aembu and Anglican Church of Kenya‟s socialization have merits, there is need to integrate them and come up with AfroChristian mores through Integrated Rites of Passage (IRP) for both boys and girls in order to socialize the Anglican Church of Kenya‟s youth members more effectively and curb most of the youth moral issues.
A comparative study of biblical teaching and the Ameru concept of environmental conservation: a case study of Imenti people Meru, Kenya
(2012-04-03) M'Ithinji, Moses Mutuiri
A Zulu saying goes "It is only a silly bird that destroys its nest". The world is in this sense a nest composed of varied mentality. Each member of the community has a constructive role in the sustenance of all creatures that dwell on earth. This study is a comparative explanation of the Biblical teachings and Ameru concept of environmental conservation. This is in view of the phenomenal global environmental crises. The objectives are to show Biblical understanding of ecology; Ameru mode of environmental conservation; a comparison between Biblical and Ameru conservation strategies an assessment of environmental degradation and, the plan of action. Research questionnaires were designed to help attain the aforementioned objectives. It is established that both Israelites and Ameru conserved their environment by responsibly tilling and keeping the garden. When Israelites lived in a camp they had to keep their environment clean, revealing that "cleanliness is second to godliness" (Deut. 23:12-14). Ameru preserved their environment by positively caring for the animals, the earth, soil erosion, water-catchment areas, resting of the shamba and the caring of the ecosystems, pods, forests, sacred wood (biitu) and grasslands. The area of study was South Imenti in Meru, presently in Central Meru District representing Meru area. Two questionnaires were employed to gather data. One dealt with the Biblical understanding of ecology and its application by the churches. The other questionnaire was about indigenous Ameru ways of conserving the environment. Data was gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Secondary sources, constituted libraries and archives. Primary sources involved interviews, questionnaires and participant observation methods in Bible studies and in Sunday services. Findings indicate that there were also other common conservation methods employed by the faithful through preaching, seminars and camps for planning trees. All in all, the church played a positive role in caring for the environment. It was confirmed that Ameru through their theo-centric beliefs, myths, rituals, proverbs, sacrifices passed the knowledge of environmental conservation from one generation to another. This is viewed to be the reason underlying South Imenti's beautiful environment. It was established after the independence the Ameru were freer to use natural resources due to demarcation of land. The preserved sacred groves, were cut down and the areas were made peoples' gardens. This also revealed that the change of the traditional land tenure from community (clan) to the individual was problematic, resulting into environmental degradations. The study observes that environmental conservation is a necessity for both the Ameru and the Church as part of humanity. The Church must embrace the environmental mission by ratifying the environmental covenant signed in Israel at Beit Hanassi on 6th September, 1993. It reads: We hereby enter into a covenant with all humanity, whenever they may be, to stand united to close the breach, to stop the mindless destruction and extinction which threatens our planet. Environmental degradation knows no boundaries, no nationalities, no states. Now is the time to heed the message of RIO, Earth Summit, the message of International and Regional co-operation and rational responsibility- our only hope of success (Gitau 1997:260). The study recommends effective environmental conservation strategies underlining that both the Church adherents and Ameru have a role to play.
Corporate Governance Practices and Performance in Selected Arid and Semi-Arid Land County Governments in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Abdulkadir, Yasmin Shariff; Jane Njoroge; Muna Wilson Kamau
The public expectations with devolution of governments has not been met. The public involvement and incorporation of governances‟ practices in the devolved governance was expected to facilitate formulation of responsive policies that promotes performances, timely delivery of services and efficient utilization of resources in the counties. The Constitution of Kenya prioritized public participation in the devolved governance system, by acknowledging the right of local people to manage their own matters in advancing their political, social and economic expansion. Previous literatures have shown that counties are experiencing inefficient utilization of resources and poor timely delivery of services as a result hindering effective performance. Further, studies indicate that poor governance practices adversely affects fiscal performance of an institution and the provision of services, resulting into micro and macroeconomic economic crises in an economy. The study investigated the governance practices on performance of Marsabit and Makueni county government. The primary objective was to evaluate the county governments of Marsabit and Makueni's corporate governance practices and performance. The study‟s specific objectives encompassed assessing the effects of accountability practices, transparency practices, equity practices, and responsiveness practices of a government on their performances in delivery services. It also included assessing moderating effect of Legal Framework and policies linking Corporate Governance Practice and Performance of a Government. The two counties were selected because they shared common challenges but as of 2018, Makueni county government was ranked the best in the country by the Policy Tracking Impact Public Affairs Consulting agency while Marsabit County was ranked 18th position, therefore Makueni County acted as a benchmark to Marsabit county government in this study. To accomplish the study objectives, a correlational research design and interpretivism research philosophy were applied. The target population for the study was 480 respondents (248 from Makueni and 232 from Marsabit) comprising of the county executive committee members, county directors, county chief officers, heads of groups and the community leaders in the two counties. The study employed the New Public Management Theory concept in developing a model for the study since it allows for the assessment of ways through which counties can increase their efficiency, financial control and value for money in resource allocation. Questionnaires and interview schedules were adopted in collecting primary data. A sample of 300 respondents was drawn using a purposive sampling technique (153 from Makueni and 147 from Makueni). The sample technique was relevant because of its ability to provide a reflective sample. To understand the path of the association between the variables for the study, descriptive statistics were used to examine qualitative data, thereafter; regression analysis was generated to estimate the coefficients of regression models for the study. The findings indicated that accountability, transparency, equity and responsiveness had significant positive effect to how county government performs. The study also established that government policies and regulations influence the linkage between governance practices and performance of a government. Additionally, there is need for adherence and implementation of set procedures to protect the integrity of the County‟s financial processes to enhance accountability. Further, full adherences of procurement laws are required in the counties to enhance transparency in tendering processes. In addition, public needs to be engaged actively in identification and execution of county projects to enhance equity and responsiveness of a government. In conclusion, Public Finance Management Act particularly on public participation, Public Procurement Act, AGPO regulation, and County Appropriation Act has not been fully adhered in the counties.
Educating for integral personal development in the catholic secondary schools in Nairobi archdiocese, Kenya
(2011-08-15) Churu, Beatrice W
The study set out to survey the understanding of education for integral personal development of students in Catholic secondary schools in the Archdiocese of Nairobi and to assess the efforts made and challenges encountered in the bid to facilitate this development. Schools were sampled to cover a representation of the varieties of Catholic schools in the Archdiocese. In the field research, questionnaires were issued to Form IV students and interviews carried out with some key personnel in the sampled schools. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was carried out with a group of students in each of the schools. The findings of the research show that there is a common understanding of integral personal development of students, constitutive of developing the various elements or facets of a person's capacities and many efforts are made towards achieving this. However, lack of cooperation between the various stakeholders in the schools, and overwhelming pressure to prepare students for examinations often sabotage these efforts. The study recommends the building up of the community in the school, with conscious, ongoing and sustained recourse to Christian and African anthropologies as reference points in responding to the challenge to mediate integral development of the students and all members of the school community. It also recommends that the Catholic Church in Kenya endeavors to distinctively define Kenya Catholic Education philosophy and institute mechanisms of its cultivation and sustenance across the schools
Effects of Inmate Characteristics and Institutional Capacity on Prison Rehabilitation Outcomes in Selected Prisons in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-07) Ondigo, Queenter A.
Various studies continue to report minimal or negligible impact of rehabilitation on reoffending and reintegration to community environment. More specifically, the proportion of sustained prison releases reduces rapidly within the first three years largely because of re-arrests, re-convictions and return to prison and the rate is even more acute in developing nations and Sub-Sahara Africa. In view of this persistent challenge, this study examined rehabilitation outcomes of inmates particularly in respect to their prerelease readiness to return to lawful livelihoods and community environment. Life course perspective and socio-economic vulnerability theory were used to identify phases of life associated with socio-economic vulnerabilities leading to increased crime risks, rehabilitation challenges and reoffending tendencies. Specific objectives of the study were; to identify characteristics of the prison inmates and related risks, to examine rehabilitation outcomes and readiness towards prison release, to identify types of rehabilitation practices and usefulness, to examine the institutional capacity and sustainability, to examine the influence of inmate characteristics on the rehabilitation outcomes, and to identify key challenges affecting prison rehabilitation programmes and necessary interventions. The study applied cross-sectional survey design. The target population for the study were 800 inmates serving their sentences in Nairobi Industrial Area Medium Prison, Nairobi West Prison and Langata Women Prison all based in Nairobi County. The three institutions were better placed to provide the inmate with extensive rehabilitation including industrial attachment and experience because of their proximity to the largest industrial area. Sample size of 286 was determined using Krejcie and Morgan, (1970). Both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained through key informants, FGDs and survey questionnaire. Analyses of data with the use of SPSS included descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and regression analyses. Results indicated that majority of the inmates were young, with limited education, vulnerable occupations and lived within extreme poverty. Considerable proportion of the inmates were women and had limited family support and social capital. Rehabilitation outcomes were substantially limited or inadequate in all indicators including compliance to institutional rules, participation of inmates in the design of their respective rehabilitation plans, access to apprenticeship, engagement on productive activities among others. The study concluded that rehabilitation practices should be guided by life course perspective, socio-economic vulnerability and desistance theory. The study recommends review and expansion of prison rehabilitation to; strengthen rehabilitation along the UN guidelines including 2015 minimum rules and the various roadmaps, ensure provision of adequate resources particularly in terms of personnel, facilities, equipment and budgetary allocations, incorporate and expand prison industries in order to expand apprenticeship, work experience and to generate revenue and adopt a rehabilitation plan for each inmate incorporating post-release support follow up.
Evangelizing executives: a case study of club members in Nairobi, Kenya
(2011-07-25) Mungai, G.M. Patrick
The purpose of this study was to examine evangelization of executives in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought: to establish the biblical and theological basis for evangelizing executives in Kenya; to evaluate the role of the executives both in the church and in the society; to establish the culture of the executives in Kenya; to examine the current approaches used by Christian groups and Church to evangelize the executives in Kenya; to investigate the challenges faced by Christian groups and churches in evangelizing the executives; and to recommend ways and strategies for the Christian Religious Education (CRE) curriculum to effectively reach out the executives in Kenya. The study was exploratory in nature and adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was implemented through surveys of a sample of executives in Kenya and senior leaders of mainstream Churches in Nairobi. Four case studies of both church and unchurched executives were used to complement these surveys. The study was conducted in Nairobi with the main field research being carried out in members clubs. This study had two populations, namely Kenyan executives and the top leaders of the ten mainstream churches in Kenya. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select the sample respondents from membership registers obtained from various golf clubs. Ten senior most leaders from each of the ten mainstream churches in the country were further selected for the survey of evangelists. Primary data were collected through surveys while secondary data were collected through library research. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as researcher instruments after pre-testing. Data collection was conducted by the researcher with the help of two trained research assistants. The data were analyzed by applying a mix of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Quantitative data were summarized and presented using graphs, charts and frequency tables. This was done to exemplify main trends that were derived from certain concrete responses. The quantitative data for this study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. This exercise involved classifying data into key themes, patterns and relationships. Propositions and conclusion were then made based on the apparent patterns or relationship within the data. The findings of the study established that the Bible emphasizes on the need for theologians to preach out to all categories of people (including executives) so that they can be drawn closer to Christ. The task of the evangelist is to proclaim and explain the gospel (Romans 10: 14-15; Acts 8:35; Luke 24: 47, 32; 2 Timothy 4: 2-5; 1 Timothy 4: 13). Hence, evangelizing executives has a theological and biblical basis. Secondly, the findings identified the roles of the executives in the church along five broad categories namely: implementing values, monitoring, evangelization, giving resources and leading the church. Mentorship and evangelization were cited as the leading roles of executives. Thirdly, the study established that the executive class in the Kenya society is characterized by highly salaried professionals, business persons and the chief executives. They are financially able to provide financial support for various church programmes, especially evangelism. The effective means of reaching out the executives that were identified include Christian literature, story books/novels, newspapers, inspirational or motivational literature, golf/sports, social events, movies, televisions, expeditions- and family outings. Their business cultures provide a good platform for the Church and other religious groups to evangelize executives. The understanding of their culture provides three areas of concern from which they can be approached for evangelization. They include: knowledge, character and tactics. The study further identified various approaches that can be applied by churches and Christian groups in evangelizing executives. The study found a number of challenges faced by churches and Christian groups in evangelizing executives. Unavailability of executives due to their tight and busy schedules has hindered the churches' outreach programmes. Some of the executives demonstrate resistance and lack of acceptance to the gospel. The prevalence of strong social divides, discrimination on basis of sociocultural, ethnic, and religious lines has in some instances scuttled efforts by churches to evangelize executives. Finally the study proposes a number of measures that the churches and Christian groups need to address to effectively evangelize executives. In addition, a design of a Christian Religious Education curriculum has been proposed with the view of supporting some of the proposed recommendations.
Factors that hinder women's participation in theological education in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2004) James, Ruth Muthei
This study identifies and discusses factors that hinder women's participation in theological education in Kenya. Reference is made to theological institutions that belong to two church traditions, namely, the main line protestant and evangelical traditions. The study seeks to address the paradox of under representation of women in institutions that have openings for them. The objectives of the study are; To analyze the status of women in the history of Christianity since its inception, to identify and assess the modalities applied in admitting women into theological institutions in Kenya, to identify and discuss factors that influence women's experiences in theological institutions in Kenya, and, to identify and evaluate strategies that could enhance the participation of women in theological education in Kenya. To achieve the above objectives, ten theological institutions have been selected on the basis of their church affiliations as well as the academic programs they offer. The study concentrates on institutions that offer diploma, bachelors and masters programs. The significance of these programmes is that the institutions that offer them are interdenominational and the fact that churches in the study only ordain persons that are trained at diploma level and above. The mam argument of this study is that women are under represented in theological education in Kenya. This has been authenticated by the examination of the actual numbers of women students and faculty in theological institutions. Their numbers are much lower than those of men, a factor that has been attributed to the attitude of churches toward theological education for women and the type of ministries open to women in the churches. The entire study portrays women in a struggle to venture into theological education. The struggle begins with their access to theological institutions. Once enrolled, they struggle through college life with administrative and social structures that are unfavourable to them. After graduating from college, women struggle with job placement as well as acceptance by those they are to serve. The study identifies three main factors that hinder women's access to and their experiences in theological institutions. They are; The structures of theological institutions, policies of churches that sponsor theological institutions, and, African culture. It has been confirmed in this study that churches have a direct and powerful influence in the enrolment of students, appointment of teaching staff, as well as the formulation of the curricula taught. Consequently, a church's view of the status and role of women in its ministry influences their enrolment in theological institutions. This study employs the concepts of the 'lenses of gender' theory by Sandra Bem (1993). The lenses are; androcentrism, gender polarization and biological essentialism: The analysis establishes that the characteristics exhibited by the three lenses interact to reproduce male power in human institutions. In such setups, females and males are channeled into different and unequal life situations with the females being relegated to the subordinate sphere and the males to the super ordinate sphere. Finally, the study offers suggestions 111 form of strategies that could enhance women's participation 111 theological education. They are; Advocacy, transformation of the structures of theological institutions and churches, and, the revision of the curricula of theological institutions. Networking among women and between women and men in theological studies and in the church has also been advanced as a strategy.
Holistic Christian education for character formation in Seventh-day Adventist Church-sponsored secondary schools in Nyamira County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016) Nyabwari, Bernard Gechiko
This study examined holistic Christian education for character formation in the Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) church-sponsored secondary schools in Nyamira County. Specifically, it explored the church’s holistic Christian education curriculum, assessed its implementation strategies and examined challenges faced in its implementation. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data were collected from Ekerenyo, Nyamira, Borabu, Rigoma and Marani Sub-Counties which constitute the Nyamira Conference (NC) of the SDA church. Questionnaires, oral interviews, focus group discussions, participant observations and analysis of documents from libraries were used to collect data. A total of 974 questionnaires and 119 respondents interviewed were obtained from the 51 sampled schools. The overall data were collected, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in the light of Miller’s (1998) Holistic Curriculum Theory which suggests six competencies which test holistic education. Research findings revealed that the SDA church offered the holistic Christian education which sought to produce balanced students. Further, it was established that the government of Kenya (GoK) in 1968 directed the Ministry of Education (MoE) curriculum to offer technical education which was opposed by the missionary churches, claiming that it was not holistic. Consequently, the GoK gave the Church the role of sponsor with permission to uphold their beliefs and programmes in the schools alongside the MoE curriculum. The SDA church was one of the churches in Kenya which took management of schools as the sponsor. The NC had 68 sponsored secondary schools. In the schools, the church implemented her educational curriculum through six main approaches. The first approach was the spiritual character formation. To form the students’ spiritual character, Bible study, Sabbath-school, mid-week prayer, week of prayer and annual camp meeting programmes took precedence. Second, was the physical character formation. Activities such as work programme, manual work, nature walk and physical activities and games were offered to enhance physical competencies. Third, emotional character formation. Adventist Youth Society, community service, outreach Sabbaths and student rallies programmes developed students emotionally. Fourth, intellectual character formation. Programmes which augmented intellectual competencies included student choir, Bible drills, home health education, arts, crafts, design, creative writing and debating. Fifth, social character formation. Interactive programmes such as sharing talents and skills, students’ camporees, pathfinder clubs and inter-house tournaments furnished students with proficiencies for social fitness. Finally, moral character formation. For students to achieve the moral competencies the schools upheld human reproductive health and safety education, responsiveness of the consequences of female circumcision, gender awareness and equality programmes. In spite of the NC provision of holistic Christian education curriculum ills were exposed which indicated that the objectives of the holistic Christian education curriculum were not fully accomplished. The study established that seminars on the relevance of holistic education were missing, schools did not allocate enough funds for the programmes, there were pressure from the public curriculum, most programmes were not implemented and the chaplains to interpret the church’s holistic education curriculum were not professionally trained. Recommendations were made to the government, churches and schools to ensure that holistic Christian education was fully implemented in order to reduce the ills in schools.

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