MST-Department of Home Economics

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An assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices of family planning methods and services among clients in Awassa, Ethiopia
(2012-05-09) Hailu, Asifach
This study was a survey of an assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices of family planning methods and services among clients in Awassa town, Sidamo Province, Ethiopia. The study examined various demographic, social, cultural and economic variables. These include age, sex, current material status, number of living children and desired number of children, educational attainment, occupational status and religious orientation of the respondent. A sample of 135 family planning clients of both men and women of reproductive age was randomly selected for the study. However, only a few numbers of men were used in the study since women dominated most of the family planning clinics. The family planning clinics studied are Awassa Health Center, Awassa MCH Clinic, Sidamo Agriculture Enterprise Clinic, and Awassa Police Clinic. The sampling technique used for this study was systematic random sampling. Data were collected by means of an interview schedule. Descriptive statistics were used in the data analysis thus tables of frequency distributions, percentages and histograms were used for data presentation. According to the findings, respondents knowledge of family planning methods was high while their knowledge of other places where family planning services could be obtained were very low. The study also indicated that the majority of the respondents were against the idea of discussing family planning matters with their children. Although the respondents who were involved in the study had used contraceptive methods for more than six months, most of them used contraceptives for child spacing rather than limiting the number of births. The study concludes that socio-economic factors have an effect on fertility patterns in that the lower the educational status of the respondents the higher the number of living children they have. It also concludes that the age at marriage, number of living children, education and quality of family planning services are important factors for policy use. The results of the study could be used as a basis of planning for interventions, which can increase family planning knowledge, develop favourable attitudes and promote use of efficient methods of contraceptives.
Assessment of microbial and chemical safety of selected urban-grown vegetables (a case of Thika municipality-Kenya)
(2013-08-13) Inoti, Judith Kiende; Okemo, P. O.; Orinda, G. O.
Agricultural farming in many urban cities provides food security, income, employment and contributes to poverty reduction. An estimated 800 million people living in cities worldwide are engaged in urban agriculture worldwide. Rapid urbanization in developing countries and cities has resulted in the generation of huge volumes of municipal and industrial wastewater. Consumption of food contaminated with heavy metals and micro-pathogens is a major source of health problems for man and animals. Vegetable cropping along major highways with heavy vehicular movement is a major concern food safety. This study was conducted to assess the microbial and chemical safety of selected urban grown vegetables (tomatoes and spinach) in Thika municipality. Samples were randomly collected while demographic information of the urban famers was gathered using semi-structured questionnaires, oral interviews and focus group discussions. The samples were analyzed using standardized protocol for isolating the micro-pathogens and analyzing the heavy metal ions. Numerous indistinguishable pathogens were recovered from the vegetables, soil and water sources and these are believed to be responsible for the frequent disease outbreaks. The pattern of heavy metals deposition showed a decrease in concentration with increase in distance from the road and major factories and industries. Heavy metal concentrations in cultivated soils characterized by heavy traffic were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those cultivated on soils far from industries and factories. The high microbial contamination rates that are associated with these vegetable samples indicate that overall agricultural, hygiene, harvesting, production and sale practices are poor. Demographic results showed the need to give training to urban famers to improve their hygienic standards. The data presented show that the analyzed samples had high microbial load which is hazardous for public health. The outcome of this study provides a policy guideline on contamination for urban vegetable growers
Assessment of socio-cultural and economic determinants of food selection and consumption among Nairobi households: a case study of Jerusalem, Buruburu phase II and Akiba estates
(2012-05-09) Atebe, Jeria
This was a survey research whose purpose was to assess determinants of food selection and consumption in selected Nairobi households. Among the variables considered were culture, attitude towards food, food preferences, price of food, nutritional knowledge and satisfaction with food selection and consumption. The objectives of the study were to: - (1) investigate the effect of cultural factors on food selection and consumption among Nairobi households, (2) determine the attitudes of Nairobi households towards food selection and consumption, (3) determine the influence of food preferences on food selection and consumption among Nairobi households, (4) investigate the effect nutritional knowledge has on food selection among Nairobi households, (5) investigate the effect of price of certain food commodities on food selection and consumption among Nairobi households, and (6) assess Nairobi households' satisfaction with their food selection and consumption. The data in the study was collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled by 163 respondents from Jerusalem, Buruburu phase II, and Akiba (Langata) estates. The respondent was the person in the household who was in charge of food selection. The research period was between June-August 1992. The data were analysed by the use of mean, frequencies and percentages, and presented by the use of tables and charts. Results of the study showed that cultural factors did not influence food selection and consumption in Nairobi probably due to the town's cosmopolitan nature. The people from different cultural backgrounds have mingled and influenced each other’s food selection and consumption practices. Households selected those foods they could afford ad preferred. Most households in the study liked most of the foods that were provided on the food list. However, fish, coconut, coffee and cocoa were rated as disliked by some of the households. These foods tend to be unavailable both economically and physically, and are unfamiliar and therefore end up being disliked. The price of food was found to be the greatest determinant of food selection and consumption as shown by the results. Most households rated most foods as expensive. Jerusalem households were most affected by price of food as compared to Buruburu and Akiba households. This was attributed to Jerusalem's low total family monthly income. The study showed that nutritional knowledge did not influence food selection and consumption. Respondents were found to be nutritionally knowledgeable. However, most households especially in Jerusalem were found to select and consume foods that were nutritionally inferior. This was explained by the fact that, most of these households could not afford the more expensive food stuffs which mostly comprised of proteinous foods. It was evident from the study results that households did not regard cultural feelings towards food selection and consumption. Thus they did not advocate men getting served first with best parts of food, and women eating last. Most households believed in each family member getting equal attention in food service. Traditional foods were also regarded to have equal value to modern ones. Study findings showed that there was general dissatisfaction with the quality and quantity of foods selected and consumed. Households were also dissatisfied with the cost of food. Jerusalem and Buruburu households indicated a dissatisfaction with the general appeal and variety of foods selected and consumed. However, most households were generally satisfied with the distribution of food amongst family members and also the availability of foods they selected. About half of the households were satisfied with the distance of the shopping centre from their houses.
A critical study of the teaching home science in selected teacher training colleges in Kenya
(2012-06-07) Mumbi, Mwangi; Kithinji, C. T.
Several studies done on the teaching of Home science in primary schools (Male 1988, Karingithi 1988) Showed that Home Science teachers were not using appropriate methods when teaching. Yet they had all been trained in teacher training colleges. Several glaring observations indicate that poor performance in Home Science by primary school pupils was most likely due to inadequate preparation of teachers during training. The purpose of this study was therefore, to critically examine the teaching of Home Science in selected teacher training colleges in Kenya. The study dealt with a variety of themes derived from the basic research questions. These included: Demographic and academic qualification of tutors and students, contest in Home Science Syllabus, Methodology, Micro-teaching, Teaching practice, Evaluation of Students' performance, Resources and facilities and pedagogical problems in teaching Home Science. All these issues were intended to give an insight into the programme that prepares teachers for teaching Home Science in Primary Schools. The study was limited to four colleges only. These were Thogoto, Kikimambogo, Kamwenja and Machakos. The sample was randomly selected by assigning a number to each of the six classes of second year P1 students in the participating colleges. The numbers were written on pieces of paper and put in a container. The researcher then picked one paper at random and the number on the paper indicated the selected class for the study in each of the colleges. In all, 149 students and 11 tutors from the four colleges participated in the study. The data was collected using two questionnaires, one for the students and the other for the tutors. Additional data was obtained from resource and facility checklist and past examination papers set by the colleges and Kenya National Examination Council (K.N.E.C.) The data was then analysed and the results presented in table form depicting frequency distribution and percentages. The results of the study revealed that: (a) Students enrolled in colleges lacked sound Home Science background which hinders effective training as primary Home Science teachers. (b) Tutors teaching Home Science in colleges were qualified academically and professionally but were trained to teach in secondary schools and not in teacher training colleges. (c) Tutors were not given induction courses on joining the colleges and were not in serviced in methodology of teaching Home Science to teacher trainees. (d) The teaching methods frequently used were the teacher-centred methods like lecture, assignment and demonstrations. Student-centred methods like guest-speakers, seminars and visits were rarely used. (e) Methods of preparing students for teaching were inadequately done. (i) Teaching Practice duration of three weeks per session was inadequate. Students were not effectively supervised during Teaching Practice in order to overcome their difficulties in teaching Home Science. Supervision during Teaching Practice was done by any tutor and not necessarily Home Science tutor, therefore, specialized guidance in Home Science was not offered. (ii) Micro-teaching sessions were too few and too over-crowded to be effective. (iii) Home Science tutors never used the neighbouring primary schools for Home Science demonstration purposes. (f) Evaluation in colleges was mainly done for obtaining grades for continuous assessment and not for diagnostic purposes. Practical aspect of Home Science was not adequately examined and was ignored during teaching. The frequently used type of questions were multiple choice and guided essay questions. Past papers were frequently used for preparing the student for examination. (g) Resources and facilities in colleges were inadequate and often not available. The resource centres in colleges were not effective enough in guiding the students and tutors on methods of improvisation. (h) The students stated that they were adequately prepared to teach certain topics like Foods and Nutrition and Child Care theoretically but as to form a criteria for certification of competent Home Science teachers. (i) Tutors should be specifically trained to teach in colleges. Therefore, B.Ed. (Primary Option) and M.Ed. (PTE) degree programmes should be expanded. (j) Scope and time allocation in the primary and college Home Science syllabi should be improved. (k) Evaluation of Home Science for teachers' certification should be the responsibility of the colleges themselves. They are better placed to judge the good and promising teachers. (l) Home Science practicals should be examinable in colleges. (m) Resources and facilities must be adequately provided if Home Science is to be effectively taught. The Colleges, Ministry of Education and Parents should join forces and provide equipment and resource materials needed. These recommendations are not exhaustive, but they highlight the crucial areas of the study. Finally an attempt was made to give suggestions for further research in some aspects of Home Science teacher education.
Demand for bicycle transport services in Busia district : a case study
(2012-05-04) Nanzala, Electine Melenia
The general objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect the demand for bicycle transport (passenger-carrying) services in Busia District. More specifically, the objectives were to identify the main factors; estimate the demand function and measure the corresponding elasticities and use the study findings to generate policy recommendations. Both linear and log-linear regression functions were analysed with the latter giving a better fit of 79.13 percent compared to 71.79 percent for the former. Own price elasticity of demand was found to be less than unity. Income elasticity was also found to be less than unity and cross-price elasticity between demand for bicycle transport services and the "matatu" fare was negative and less than unity. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows: (i) Own price, income of the household head and bicycle ownership were found to be significant determinants of demand for bicycle transport services. Distance, age, sex of the household head, occupation and price of matatu transport services insignificantly determine this demand (ii) Bicycle transport service is a necessity and it is complementary to "matatu" transport service. The policy recommendation generated from the results of the study is that integration of bicycle transport services in the rural transport system is viable. Therefore the study recommends that policy measures should be taken to ensure the spread of the use of bicycles as one of the low cost measures to satisfy rural mobility needs. The general objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect the demand for bicycle transport (passenger-carrying) services in Busia District. More specifically, the objectives were to identify the main factors; estimate the demand function and measure the corresponding elasticities and use the study findings to generate policy recommendations. Both linear and log-linear regression functions were analysed with the latter giving a better fit of 79.13 percent compared to 71.79 percent for the former. Own price elasticity of demand was found to be less than unity. Income elasticity was also found to be less than unity and cross-price elasticity between demand for bicycle transport services and the "matatu" fare was negative and less than unity. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows: (i) Own price, income of the household head and bicycle ownership were found to be significant determinants of demand for bicycle transport services. Distance, age, sex of the household head, occupation and price of matatu transport services insignificantly determine this demand (ii) Bicycle transport service is a necessity and it is complementary to "matatu" transport service. The policy recommendation generated from the results of the study is that integration of bicycle transport services in the rural transport system is viable. Therefore the study recommends that policy measures should be taken to ensure the spread of the use of bicycles as one of the low cost measures to satisfy rural mobility needs.
Demand for insurance in Nairobi an econometric study
(2012-05-11) Mwangi, John
This study analyses the determinants of the probabilities of purchasing insurance, relative to that of not purchasing any insurance at all, as well as the determinants of the expenditures on different insurance contracts, conditional on decision to buy insurance. The data for this study were collected in two Nairobi divisions, namely Makadara and Kibera. A total of 112 respondents were interviewed for a period extending from 19th of March to the 23rd of April 1992. Estates were clustered into blocks, were upon radial sampling technique was applied. The determinants of the probability for purchasing insurance, as well as the factors determining expenditures on insurance were divided into two viz; attributes of insurance types themselves and characteristics of insurance buyers. These factors include cost of insurance, sum assured for the various types of insurance services, income, wealth, age and education. The estimated results indicate that the premium level which is also the cost of insurance, and the sum assured for each of the insurance types available in the insurance markets, have very significant effects on the probability that an individual will enter into an insurance contract. Specifically, premium levels reduce probabilities of taking up insurance contracts as well as the expenditures on those contracts. Income and wealth are positively correlated with probability of taking up insurance and with the household budget shares devoted to insurance expenditures. The results indicate that the other variables studied do not have significant effects either on the probability of buying insurance or on household budget shares taken up by insurance services. Study findings are used to suggest policy recommendations.
Determinants of investments in the informal carpentry sub-sector: a case study of Kitui town in Eastern Kenya
(2012-05-04) Mukala, Grace Kavinya
In developing countries, attainment of economic growth depends upon physical capital, in addition to other factors of production. Growth in physical capital entails investment in capital goods which help in the production of other goods and services. The concern in this study was to investigate the determinants of investment in the informal capentry sub-sector in Kitui town in Eastern Kenya. The data used was obtained from the entrepreneurs owning carpentry workshops in Kitui town. A log-linear model was analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the price of investment goods is the most significant determinant of investment expenditure in the carpentry sub-sector. Other variables that were significant included output of the firm, size of the firm as measured by the number of people employed and age of the business. The results differed according to whether entrepreneurs received a loan or not. However, contrary to our prior expectations, the coefficient of output of the firm, education of the entrepreneur, and that of dummy variable were negative. Some of the variables in the theoretical model were found not to be significant determinants of investment expenditure, although the signs of their coefficients were as expected. The main conclusion from this study is that, price of investment is the main determinant of investment and not lack of investment funds as has been previously found by other researchers. This implies that, in order to increase investment in the informal carpentry sub-sector, capital goods have to be made affordable to entrepreneurs. Production subsidies can be used to lower prices of these goods. Credit can also be extended to carpenters to enable them purchase the inputs they need as it is an important constraint on investments in the carpentry sub-sector. Where credit is extended to entrepreneurs, it should be tied to purchase of investment goods to avoid fungibility of such credit.
Effects of cost-sharing on secondary education for children from high-income and low-income communities: a comparative study of Westlands and Eastlands areas of Nairobi
(2012-05-11) Irungu, Ishmael Munene
The purpose of this study was two-fold. The first was to document the success of cost sharing strategy in the provision of facilities for the 8-4-4-education system amongst secondary schools respectively drawn from the high-income and low-income areas of Westlands and Eastlands in Nairobi. The second was to document the alternative innovative ways of raising revenue and resources employed by committees for schools in these localities. The study employed the following procedure: Mathare and Kamukunji constituencies were selected to represent the Eastlands area while Westlands and Langata constituencies represented the Westlands area. All the provincial secondary schools in these areas were used for the study. Two data gathering instruments were used for data collection. The first was a head teacher’s questionnaire and the second instrument was the researcher's observational schedule. The main statistical technique used for data analysis was basic descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that Westlands schools were more advantaged in terms of availability of physical facilities than their Eastlands counterparts. They also had a better availability of educational materials and their candidates performed better in the 1989 K.C.S.E examination than was case in Eastlands schools. However, with regard to the provision of auxiliary services, no major differences were discernible between schools in both locations. In respect to alternative ways of financing education, there was a greater financial input by communities towards Westlands schools than was the case in Eastlands schools. Within the limitations of the study, the results provided a basis for making conclusions of the findings within the wider context of educational development and provision. The conclusions were discussed in the light of the equity of 8-4-4 education and equality in school quality. Finally the policy recommendations made included a review of cost-sharing implementation strategy in order to favour recently started schools to serve the disadvantaged children or those in low income areas guided by the principle of positive discrimination. Mobilisation of additional resources for educational development and their equitable disbursement in order to create fiscal neutrality and stability in educational finance was also recommended.
The effects of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism on the food security in Osupuko Division: a case of Olchoro Oirua, Lemek, and Koyaki group ranches
(2012-04-23) Munya, C. Stella
This was a survey research whose purpose was to establish the state of food security in Osupuko division in Narok district and to determine the effect of wildlife conservation and aspects of the tourism industry on food security. Kenya experiences an increasing demand for food accompanied by a less than proportionate increase in supply. This results in recurrent local and widespread national food shortage which are particularly severe in the arid and semi-arid areas. The Maasai Mara is one such are where the country's short and long term food problems are prevalent. The situation is made critical by the increasing importance of the tourism industry with little or emphasis on the food security in the area. The study area composed of three (3) group ranches in Osupuko division, Narok district namely Lemek, Koyaki and Olchoro Oirua. Both qualitative and quantitative research designs were used to collect data from a number of decision makers in local Maasai homesteads, wildlife conservation experts and government officials. Data collecting instruments included semi-structured interview schedules and observation check lists. The data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the quantitative data. The quantitative data was analyzed following this rigid format: all interview questionnaire tapes were reconstructed into written notes, then attempts were made to rank attitudinal views into classes and to attribute them to a segment of text by reviewing and dissecting the text meaningfully, while keeping the relations between ideas and/ or variables intact. Pattern coding was done to reduce large amounts of data into smaller sets, themes or constructs to make them self-explanatory for deducing inferences. Memos were then used to tie together different pieces of data into a recognizable cluster to be able to identify and isolate those variables that depict instances of a general concept. A display format was then used to compress and order data to permit coherent inferences, and then meanings were drawn and inferences verified from a particular configuration of data in the display by noting patterns, themes and making contrasts and comparisons and finally reaching conclusions. The findings showed that the area experiences chronic food insecurity which is made worse by pressure from the expanding tourism industry and wildlife conservation laws which prohibit cultivating and grazing of livestock in protected areas. Thus a big proportion of Maasai grazing land is off limits for the Maasai people without adequate compensation for the loss, yet land is central to food production through agriculture and livestock keeping. In addition the major beneficiaries of wildlife conservation have been the national government and the tourism industry. Only a small proportion of the earnings that go to the government or the county councils reach the local people. Since they rely mainly on food purchase from the markets and their livestock for sustenance, this unreliable income is inadequate to meet their food needs. Hence food insecurity . The study recommended development strategies that meet human needs with food security and nutrition as a central goal and at the same time conserves wildlife.
Factors associated with adolescent Sexual behaviour of high school girls in Vihiga District.
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Ndayala, Phoebe Didi
The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between the adolescent's parent's socio-economic and demographic status, their personal attitudes and qualities, the print and electronic media, peers, and the type of school and the adolescents' sexual behavior. A conceptual model derived from Brofenbrennner's Ecology of Human Development theory was used to guide this study. The study employed the descriptive survey research design. A random sample of 140 school girls from four schools; one girls boarding, one mixed boarding and two day schools from Vihiga division constituted the study sample for the study. Data was collected by use of a self administered questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion. Descriptive statistics, namely percentages and frequencies were used to describe the adolescents' sexual behavior. Cross-tabulation was done and Chi-Square used to establish whether there was any relationship between the independent variables and the adolescent sexual behavior. Adolescent ages in the study ranged from 13 to 20 years. Out of the 140 respondents, 74 (52.9%) of them were found to have a boyfriend. A Majority of the respondents; however, reported to have received love letters or gifts during their relationship (N=89, 63.6%). However, a minority of these students reported that they had ever, engaged in lesbianism (N= 16, 11.4%). The respondents who had multiple partners were found to be more (N=29, 65.6%) than those who had one sexual partner. Out of the 63 respondents who had started having sexual relations, 26 (41.3%) reported that they started at the age of 14. The most reported sexual partners for the sexually active girls were boyfriends who were of the same age as them. The most cited reason for having engaged in sexual intercourse among the sexually active girls was to peer pressure (52.4%). Chi-Square results revealed no significant relationship between the adolescent's attitude towards premarital sexual intercourse and their adolescent sexual behavior, but found adolescent friends sexual behaviors had significant relationships with their sexual behavior. Majority of the respondents reported that they got their sexuality information from their teachers (N=107, 76.4%). The Chi-Square tests showed a significant relationship between print and electronic media and various indicators of adolescent sexual behavior. The opinion most valued on sexual issues by the adolescents was that of parents. Parenting practices like parents fighting, drinking, or being broke were not found to have any significant relationship with the adolescent's sexual behavior. A majority of the students (82.9%) reported that they had sex education programs in their schools. The most reported sex education program in school was Guidance and Counseling. The Chi- Square results between the presence of sex education programs in schools and adolescent sexual behavior were found to be significant for the factor of the adolescents engaging in sex with the opposite sex. In view of the findings that emerged from this study, the researcher recommended that existing school sex education programs, church, family, and the media can be used to educate the youth about their sexuality and promote their awareness on how they can handle sex-related issues.
Factors influencing career dress selection by secondary school women teachers: a case of Nairobi province
(2012-01-31) Njeru, Sophia Njoki
The purpose of the study was to investigate factors influencing career dress selection by secondary school women teachers in Nairobi province. The study adopted a descriptive survey research method. The specific objectives of this study were to, (1) identify shopping outlets from which respondents select career dress, (2) identify dress features, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing career dress selection by respondents, (3) describe respondents' view on possible introduction of a formal (written) dress code by their employer, (4) determine the differences between private and public school respondents with respect to selected dress features, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing career dress selection and (5) examine the relationships between selected variables influencing career dress selection. The data used in the study were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. A sample of 111 women teachers was drawn from 20 secondary schools, in Nairobi, both private and public. Data were collected between May and July 2000. The data were analysed by the use of frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics namely, chi-square Test for Independence and t-test were also computed. The study revealed that psychological factors that mostly influenced women teachers are, one's beliefs or values, cost of the item, dress in which one looks beautiful and garment styles that suit one's figure type. All dress features greatly influenced respondents' career dress selection, except the label information. This was of secondary importance to respondents’ career dress selection. Item is well constructed and finished, suitability for work and fitting characteristics are among the dress features that influenced a higher percentage of respondents. The socio-economic factors that had most influence on respondents' career dress were amount of money available, number of dependants and occupation None of the selected variables analysed by chi-square test for independence showed any relationship in influencing career dress selection. The variables investigated included, expenditure on career dress and age; use of dress sales and employment income levels, and ; introduction of a formal (written) dress code and teaching experience, among others. Further, t-test results showed no difference between respondents from both private and public schools on selected factors influencing career dress selection. The factors were categorized as dress features, psychological and socio-economic. Findings, revealed that majority of women teachers are opposed to possible introduction of a formal (written) dress code by their employer. This is due to the need for individuality as women have different preferences on career dress. Further, some career dress styles are unacceptable. These styles include mini skirt or dress, transparent clothing and tight fitting (figure hugging) clothing, among others. Results showed that the most utilized sources of information on career dress are, dress displays and personal communication channels, for instance, family members, tailors and women friends among others. This is because there is no charge for obtaining information and reference persons offer truthful ideas concerning career dress. Impersonal communication channels such as print and electronic media, catalogues, website, dress-for-success type of books are underutilized or unpopular with respondents for being unavailable and costly.
Factors that influence non compliance to prescribed diabetic regimens in the management of diabetes: a case study of Kenyatta National Hospital
(2012-05-03) Sakwa, Emily
Prior to the research period, observations at the Kenyatta National wards indicated a marked increase in cases of diabetic patients being admitted because of complications of Diabetes Mellitus. The complications were mainly due to the patients’ failure to comply to their prescribed diabetic regimens. The fundamental principal underlying the management of Diabetes Mellitus is the balancing of energy expenditure with nutritional sources of energy under the influence of insulin and other hormonal factors and this gives the base as to why prescribed regimens are used in the control of the disorder. The study investigated the influence of socio-economic, cultural and demographic factors on a patient’s degree of compliance to their prescribed diabetic regimens. Barriers limiting change to these regimens were identified and the diabetic counselling which patients received from the hospital counsellors was assessed. This was because the effectiveness of the counselling services rendered could only be graded as effective when the patients put into practice the advice given. A total of sixty diabetic patients and eight nutrition counsellors participated in the study. Results indicated that regimen compliance by diabetic patients at Kenyatta National Hospital could generally be documented as good. Though nutrition counselling for the diabetics was issued in good time a serious inadequacy in the way it was carried out was noted due to lack of necessary materials to carry out the counselling. The diet sheets issued did not reflect the wide variety of staple foods most communities use in their day-to-day diets in Kenya. It was recommended that diabetic regimen counselling should be decentralised from Kenyatta National Hospital, which is a referral hospital to more easily accessible areas like Health Centres and the District Hospitals. Another recommendation was that more indigenous foods be added to the diet sheets.
Factors that influence the trend of student enrolment in home science in Nairobi secondary schools
(2012-05-09) Nyangi, Martha; Gitobu, J.; Sigot, A.
This study was a survey research, which was conducted to determine the factors that influence student enrolment in home science. The objectives of the study were: (1) To determine the parents' socio-economic factors that influence student choice of home science subject. (2) To identify the factors that influence the choice of home science subject among boys and girls. (3) To identify the attitude of students and teachers towards home science and how these subsequently influence student enrolment in the subject. (4) To find out the criteria used in the schools for selecting home science students. (5) To examine the trend of student enrolment in home science in the previous system of education and the 8.4.4 system of education from 1984-1991. The data used in the study were collected using questionnaires for the secondary school students and home science teachers in the same schools. An interview schedule was used to obtain supplementary information from the head teachers. These were administered by the researcher to a sample of 380 students, 20 teachers and 7 head teachers. The data were analysed by use of frequencies, percentages and chi-square analysis showed that more of the students taking and not taking home science subjects perceived the subject to be easy. The other results of the Chi-square analysis showed no significant relationship between socio-economic factors and student's choice of home science subject. In reference to the factors that influence student's choice of home science subject, the following were indicated; good examination results, personal liking of the subject, promise of future career opportunities, own interest, parents, career teacher, home science teacher and home science providing a foundation for good family life. The factors that deterred the students from choosing home science subject were lack of interest, the subject being too involving in theory and acquisition of practical skills, inadequate facilities, lack of interest among home science teachers and teachers unqualified to teach the subject. The results also revealed that most schools did not have a set criterion for selecting home science students. The results further showed that the attitude of students and teachers towards the subject is positive, and student enrolment in home science subject is not consistent while the trend is on the decline. Therefore some measures need to be taken to improve the level of student enrolment in the home science subject. This could be done by encouraging both male and female students to join the profession at all levels of the educational system.
Factors that lead to the influx of street children in urban areas. a case of Kakamega town
(2012-04-19) Matende, Florance Wakhu
This was a research with a two-fold purpose. One purpose was to determine why some children from urban families take to the streets while others do not. The other purpose was to fill the gap in knowledge on middle sized towns as concerns the street children phenomenon since studies have been carried out in the major towns of Kenya i.e. Mombasa, Nairobi and Kisumu. The objectives of the research were to: identify the basic characteristics of the children dwelling on the streets of Kakamega town: establish their socio-economic background; investigate their activities; establish their future goals and aspirations; and to determine why other children from similar family backgrounds do not go to the streets. Data was collected using interview guides and an observation checklist from a sample of 44 subjects i.e. street children (20), non-street children (10), parents of street children (4), and parents of non-street children (10). This data was analyzed using steps adapted from Miles and Huberman (1994). Results showed that the age of children ranged from 8 years to 18 years. All street children were male. No female child was identified. The non-street children were both male and female and all of them were in school. On the other hand, 50 of the street children had not gone beyond standard four of primary school education, and none of the street children could read. The street children were ill-clad, greasy, dirty and aggressive. They had skin diseases, suffered muscle wasting, and appeared too short for their age. While on the streets, street children involved themselves in various activities with the aim of looking for money. Majority (70) of the children were from polygamous homes where their needs were not being met. As concerns religion, 75 of the street children belonged to the Muslim sect and lived in the slums of Kakamega town. The reasons for children being on the streets were many and varied. Children took to the streets because of poor relations at home, overcrowded homes, to look for jobs because there is no money for education, influence by parents, homes were materially and morally depriving, while others consider life in town better than that in the rural areas. There are many family breakdowns due to instability in the families; eroded extended family ties, rising costs of living, and social disintegration. These are some causes of children taking to the streets. From the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that the street children phenomenon is a "time bome waiting to exploded". Preventive initiatives should be emphasized because they can intervene before the child and the family are negatively affected.
Financial management practices among selected households in Nairobi
(2012-06-12) Akunga, Alice Bonareri
This was a survey research with a two-fold purpose. One purpose was to investigate the financial management practices among selected households in Nairobi. The other purpose was to investigate how the socio-economic factors and financial management practices influence satisfaction with these practices. The major objectives of this study were to: 1) Identify the social economic characteristics of the low, middle and high income households; 2) Determine the financial management practices of the low, middle and high income households in Nairobi; 3) Investigate the differences among the low, middle and high income households in their financial management practices; 4) Examine the relationship between socio-economic factors, financial management practices and satisfaction with these practices. The data used in the study were collected using a questionnaire, which was given out to a sample of 250 members of low (100), middle (100) and high (50) income households. The data were analyzed using a computer. Data analysis procedures used were: frequencies, percentages, chi-square and pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Results showed that most of the family money managers were aged between 25-44 years old, with the majority of them being males. In most of the households, household members were found not to contribute any income towards the family expenditure. Most of the low-income earners were found to be labourers and housewives. On income, it was found out that though some households reside in estates categorized as low, middle and high-income estates they may not be actually earning those income brackets categorized as low, middle and high incomes. The study showed that although majority of the households’ budget for their family finances. They may not do this frequently; neither do they review their budgets frequently to determine whether and where adjustments need to be done. Majority of households who budget and review their budget less frequently were from low income category. Most respondents also reported that their budget seldom worked. Probably this is because even if they budget, they seldomly review their budget. Results also revealed that quite a number of the family money managers do not record nor control their expenditure. Credit use within households was high among the low-income earners. They were also found to get far behind in payments. Most households were also found to save low percentages of their total monthly income (below 20%). Generally the majority of households reported that they had financial goals. Most household money managers also reported that they communicated with others for example spouses, family members and friends on money matters. There were marked differences among low, middle and high income earners in their financial management practices namely: budgeting, review of budgeting, controlling expenditure, credit use, savings, financial goals, communication and satisfaction with financial management practices. However, no differences among low, middle and high-income earners were found in price changes, record keeping and expenditure patterns. It was evident from the results that majority of the respondents would like to learn financial management practices if given a chance. There was a strong positive relationship between age and marital status, and, age and household size. Education was also strongly related to income, household size, financial management Index, and satisfaction with financial management practices. There was also a positive significant relationship between the financial management Index and satisfaction with financial management practices. Negative significant relationships were noted between marital status and communication, household size and saving practices, income and credit use and satisfaction with financial management practices and credit use. From the findings of this study, the researcher concludes that, though households budget for their family finances, they do not review their budgets frequently neither do they keep their records of expenditure. Such tools would assist them achieve their financial goals as planned. Maybe, this is the reason why majority of the household reported that their budget seldom worked.
Health education in Kitooni primary school, Machakos district, with specific reference to the child-to-child approach: an ethnographic study
(2012-03-29) Kitsao, Patricia Kadzo
Health education knowledge is essential knowledge. Health education, as one of the elements of primary health care, is a method of conveying knowledge useful for the prevention of disease and the opportunity to lead a full and normal life. The C-T-C approach can be used to enable children, who form a large part of the community, to practice what they have learnt in school in terms of herewith behaviour. This study was carried out in Kitooni primary school in Masii location of Machakos district, and sought to investigate whether health education acquired in the classroom was put into practice just for the sake of it or because the school children understood the usefulness of particular health behaviors. It was also necessary to monitor through the study the opportunities that existed in this primary school for pupils to make use of the C-T-C approach in internalizing the health messages that they have acquired by translation health knowledge into health practice. The purpose of the study was to identify specific applications of the C-T-C approach in promoting health education among primary school pupils in Masii. C-T-C is an international programme for teaching and encouraging school children to concern themselves with the health of younger brothers and sisters. The programme was developed for the third world countries among them Kenya. Since the inception of the C-T-C movement in 1979 in Kenya. The approach has had official recognition and support. With the introduction of the new 8-4-4 systems, more syllabus panels have turned their attention to health education and the Kenyan C-T-C project concentrated on the primary School level. The C-T-C approach suggests ways in which school learning can be related to community needs and the positive effects of the C-T-C approach make it more attractive. The approach that was used for this research study was ethnography and the researcher was immersed in the study setting and completely involved with the informants. The main sample consisted of standard seven pupils with parent’s teachers and the younger siblings of the pupils constituting the sub-sample. The tools of data collection included semi-structured interviews, observations checklists and schools attendance records and the researcher was the primary instrument. The results of the study indicated that the C-T-C approach could indeed be applied in primary schools to enable pupils translate the health knowledge acquired in the classroom into health practice both at school and at home. Many pupils suffered mainly from diseases such as malaria as was incidence of bilharzias). In order to cope with such illness, the pupils sought guidance from either their parents or older siblings, and they would receive advice on what to do. In most cases, the action that would be taken when a pupil was sick was that he was either given medicinal tables or was taken to the local health dispensary for specialized treatment. Pupils only needed a little encouragement and guidance from teachers and parents in order to internalize and put into practice the health messages learnt in school. This is because in Kenya from time immemorial older children have always looked after that younger brother. Based on the C-T-C approach it was seen that when knowledge was translated into practice, its importance became more noticeable and as the practice became a way of life, the knowledge was likely to remain with the pupils even long after they had left school. The various changes that were seen as a result of this study included smarter pupils, a cleaner school compound, more careful use of the latrines, and also, older pupils taking much greater care of and showing more responsibility towards the younger pupils in the school. The overall picture of health standards in the school improved as was seem in better attendance records by the pupils and less absenteeism due to illness. On emerging themes, the pupils indicated a responsibility for their own health as was reported from the practices they followed such as ensuring that they washed their hands after visiting the latrines. The older pupils said that they taught their younger brothers and sisters the things that they should do in order to ensure that they too remained healthy. This showed that most of the pupils felt responsible for their younger siblings and they had a high level of knowledge on health matters. When the illnesses were very serious, they affected the pupils the pupil’s attendance at school and some missed school for periods ranging from a few days to a full week. Teachers felt a responsibility for the pupils' health when they were in school the teacher’s themselves were an example of healthy behaviour. In the school, the teacher's role was mainly facilitated in terms of the child-to-child approach. Teachers encouraged and guided the older pupils on the tasks that they should perform in order to help the younger pupils. The Child-to-child approach was found to be actively in use at the school and the researcher found this out by asking the older pupils if they actually helped their younger siblings. They all answered in the affirmative. The younger pupils were asked to illustrate any health messages that they had acquired from their older siblings. The pictures they drew showed that they were taught things such as washing hands after visiting the latrines washing their clothes and sweeping the house. The study's usefulness to educational policy makers is seen in the way that it would enable them to work out strategies of devising learning material that is area-specific. For example, health knowledge that is relevant to an area's needs would be taught there so that pupils could better identify with the information that was presented to them. The C-T-C approach can go a long way in catalyzing the process of acquisition of useful health knowledge. It should be noted that the work carried out for this was closely tied to that carried out in the primary school health education project, funded by the World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR).
The influence of attitudinal and normative factors on the choice and satisfaction derived from selected apparel among university students: A case study of Moi University, Kenya
(2012-02-24) Owino, Violet Kadenyeka
Consumer behaviour in the purchase of apparel products may have great influence on the outcomes obtained by the consumer. Judging the quality of clothing requires knowledge and skills during planning, purchasing and consumption. This factor has not been given a lot of focus and yet it is a concern raised by consumers of all ages. The present study on its part targeted undergraduate students at Moi University to investigate the attitudinal and normative factors that influence the choice of apparel products, and the satisfaction derived from the chosen apparel with specific reference to sex, year of study and department of study. The literature review concentrated on evaluating apparel quality, importance of dress/appearance among college students; clothing importance, social participation and self concept; attitudinal versus normative influence in clothing selection; and developing consumer knowledge and skills for apparel consumption. A cross-sectional survey design was used to investigate the relationship between the attitudinal and normative factors that influence clothing selection and satisfaction. Relationships between the variables were determined. The sample consisted of 116 males and 94 females. The respondents were purposively selected from five (5) faculties out of nine (9) from which (4) departments were also purposively sampled. Purposive sampling was necessary to include subjects from various campus locations and subject majors. The names of the students from each department were stratified into two sampling frames of males and females, according to the year of study and then selected by systematic random sampling. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect information from the sample. Descriptive statistics including means, frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the quantitative data. Correlations, Chi-square analysis, T- test, and simple Anova were done to determine the relationships and differences between various variables respectively. Qualitative data was triangulated with the rest of the findings to check for new information and confirm the findings. The data was presented using tables and bar charts. It was found out that both attitudinal and normative factors affect the choice and satisfaction of apparel among the respondents studied. The use of various attributes studied and the satisfaction derived from them in choosing apparel varied by sex, year of study and course of study to varying degrees. Highly critical characteristics of apparel quality included color/print/design, price, and fashionability of the product. Salient groups and salient sources were both used by the respondents as referents for choice of apparel, although salient groups were used to a greater degree for deriving satisfaction. The female respondents showed greater interest in knowing more about apparel selection than the respondents. In the final analysis it was not possible to totally separate attitudinal (person-specific) and normative (interpersonal) influences of apparel choice and satisfaction. The knowledge and skills needed prior to selecting apparel were not highly utilized.
An investigation in the factors related to bean storage practices among women in Bokoli location of Bungona districts
(2012-05-09) Kuria, Elizabeth Nafula
The major purpose of this study was to investigate factors that are related to beans storage practices at the household level among farmers in Bokoli Location of Bungoma District. It was hypothesized that factors such as women's education, household size, household resources, occupation and training in food storage were related to beans storage practices. Data were collected through focus groups discussions and responses to an interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were used for data analysis. Results showed that the sample was characterized by women with low levels of education and the majority were fulltime farmers. Findings of the study revealed that there was minimal relationship between education, household resources, household sizes, and occupation with beans storage practices. Results indicated that training in food storage has been received by a minority of the sample women. The main storage containers for beans are sacks although baskets are also used. The majority of the women added insecticides to beans during storage. The study recommends that extension personnel who deal with farmers on a one to one basis should include information on beans storage in their routine work. This study implies an urgent need for training that focuses on beans storage practices among women through extension personnel.
An investigation of factors influencing acceptance choice and use of modern contraceptive methods by women in Lurambi division in Kakamega district
(2012-04-20) Indimuli, Margaret Owendi
This was a survey research into factors influencing acceptance, choice and use of modern contraceptive methods by women. The major objectives of this study were to (1) Establish the extent of acceptability and use of modern contraceptives by the respondents; (2) Determine the social, economic and cultural factors influencing acceptance, choice and use of modern contraceptive methods; (3) Determine the respondents knowledge, attitude and practise towards use of modern contraceptive methods; (4) Identify perceived side effects of modern contraceptives used by the respondents; (5) Identify beliefs, misconceptions and rumours held by the respondents about the use of modern contraceptives and (6) Identify the problems encountered by the respondents as regards information, education and communication (IEC) and accessibility to modern contraceptive methods and services. The data for this study were collected using an interview schedule, which was administered by the researcher to a sample of 100 women residing in Lurambi division Kakamega district from December 1994 to April 1995. The analysed data were presented in frequency distributions, percentages, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that the most represented age group was 25-29 years. Most of the women (76 percent) were currently married. The most represented income group was between Kshs. 4,001-6,000, while 'O' level with additional period of training was the educational level most represented. Fifty-seven respondents (57 percent) were gainfully employed. Most of the respondents were protestants. Sixty seven (67 percent) women had used a modern method of contraceptive before, while only half the women (50 percent) were current users of modern contraceptives.
An investigation of the characteristics of credit card users and non-users in Nairobi, Kenya
(2012-04-10) Mbagi, Jane Wanjiku
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which credit cards are in use in Kenya. It also attempted to find out the level of consumer knowledge on credit card use. The study specifically sought to address the following objectives. 1. Establish characteristics of credit users and non-users 2. Identify factors that influence use of credit cards 3. Establish the level of consumer knowledge on credit card user 4. Find out problems encountered by credit card users and 5. Compare the credit card users and non-users in terms of education, income, age, family life circle stage and type of employer. The data used in the study was collected using questionnaires which were distributed by the research to a Random sample of 146 respondents in Nairobi's central division. A few interviews were carried out to verify the information collected using open-ended items in the questionnaire. The respondents were drawn from various ministries and private institutions. The data analyzed by use of frequencies, percentages and chi-squares. The results showed that the users and non-users had similar characteristics with 57% users and 66% of non-users being males. Majority were married, had small families that were in the expanding stage. A significant difference between the users and non-users was age, education level and income. About half (54%) of the credit card users were between 31-40 years while (43%) of non-users were between 20-30 years. Half of the non-users (50%) had university level of education. On monthly income, most (90%) credit users were earning above Ksh. 20,000 per month while one-third non-users (31%) were earning between Ksh. 10,000-15,000 per month. Two third (66%) of the respondents said they needed information about credit cards and there includes advantages and disadvantages of credit cards, rate of interest charged and when and how to use the credit cards. Convenience was reported as the main reason why credit cards are used by 80% of the respondents who use credits cards. Less that half (44%) of the non-users reported that they cannot afford to run a credit card as the reason why they do not use credit cards. Exposure to credit cards and monthly income remained as the main determinants of credit card users.

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