MST-Department of Home Economics

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Factors associated with adolescent Sexual behaviour of high school girls in Vihiga District.
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Ndayala, Phoebe Didi
The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between the adolescent's parent's socio-economic and demographic status, their personal attitudes and qualities, the print and electronic media, peers, and the type of school and the adolescents' sexual behavior. A conceptual model derived from Brofenbrennner's Ecology of Human Development theory was used to guide this study. The study employed the descriptive survey research design. A random sample of 140 school girls from four schools; one girls boarding, one mixed boarding and two day schools from Vihiga division constituted the study sample for the study. Data was collected by use of a self administered questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion. Descriptive statistics, namely percentages and frequencies were used to describe the adolescents' sexual behavior. Cross-tabulation was done and Chi-Square used to establish whether there was any relationship between the independent variables and the adolescent sexual behavior. Adolescent ages in the study ranged from 13 to 20 years. Out of the 140 respondents, 74 (52.9%) of them were found to have a boyfriend. A Majority of the respondents; however, reported to have received love letters or gifts during their relationship (N=89, 63.6%). However, a minority of these students reported that they had ever, engaged in lesbianism (N= 16, 11.4%). The respondents who had multiple partners were found to be more (N=29, 65.6%) than those who had one sexual partner. Out of the 63 respondents who had started having sexual relations, 26 (41.3%) reported that they started at the age of 14. The most reported sexual partners for the sexually active girls were boyfriends who were of the same age as them. The most cited reason for having engaged in sexual intercourse among the sexually active girls was to peer pressure (52.4%). Chi-Square results revealed no significant relationship between the adolescent's attitude towards premarital sexual intercourse and their adolescent sexual behavior, but found adolescent friends sexual behaviors had significant relationships with their sexual behavior. Majority of the respondents reported that they got their sexuality information from their teachers (N=107, 76.4%). The Chi-Square tests showed a significant relationship between print and electronic media and various indicators of adolescent sexual behavior. The opinion most valued on sexual issues by the adolescents was that of parents. Parenting practices like parents fighting, drinking, or being broke were not found to have any significant relationship with the adolescent's sexual behavior. A majority of the students (82.9%) reported that they had sex education programs in their schools. The most reported sex education program in school was Guidance and Counseling. The Chi- Square results between the presence of sex education programs in schools and adolescent sexual behavior were found to be significant for the factor of the adolescents engaging in sex with the opposite sex. In view of the findings that emerged from this study, the researcher recommended that existing school sex education programs, church, family, and the media can be used to educate the youth about their sexuality and promote their awareness on how they can handle sex-related issues.
Nutritional status among low and high academic achievers in selected primary schools in Vihiga division, Kenya
(2012-01-31) Atiamuga, Maria D.; Waudo, Judith N.; Mugenda, Olive M.
Poor school performance is a serious problem plaguing education standards in Vihiga Division. Efforts to combat it focus primarily on facilities, teacher attributes, curriculum and instructional material. A factor that has not been given adequate attention in relation to educational achievement is the nutritional status of the pupils. Since this is an area experiencing food insecurity, there could be a probable link between food insecurity, there could be a probable link between food insecurity and poor school performance. The purpose of this was to investigate the health and nutritional related factors that influence school performance in selected primary schools of Vihiga Division. A descriptive design was used to investigate the relationship between nutritional status of pupils and their school performance. Data for this study was collected using interview schedules and questionnaires. There were administered by the researcher to a sample of 64 pupils, 51 parents and eight teachers in Chambale and Ideleri primary schools of Vihiga Division. Data collected was analysed and presented in frequency distributions, percentages, means and chi-square. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the repetition rates and completion rates and completion of assignments of low academic achievers and high academic achievers. Majority of the pupils took all the three meals at home during normal school days. Carbohydrates are the most frequently consumed among the foods. There was a statistically significant difference in food shortage between the low academic achievers and the high academic achievers. 0There was also a significant relationship between disease incidence and academic achievement. Malaria was the most common disease reported. Concerning nutritional status; 37.5% of the pupils were underweight and 39.1% were stunted. Of the pupils (23.5%) who were wasted 18.8% were low academic achievers and 4.9% were high academic achievers. There was a statistically significant difference in wasting (weight/height) between low academic achievers and high academic achievers. In conclusion, food shortage and disease incidence affect school performance negatively. There is also a relationship between wasting and school performance. It was recommended that both schools and Home Economics extension workers should enlighten parents on the important role food and nutrition play in the education of their children.
Factors influencing career dress selection by secondary school women teachers: a case of Nairobi province
(2012-01-31) Njeru, Sophia Njoki
The purpose of the study was to investigate factors influencing career dress selection by secondary school women teachers in Nairobi province. The study adopted a descriptive survey research method. The specific objectives of this study were to, (1) identify shopping outlets from which respondents select career dress, (2) identify dress features, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing career dress selection by respondents, (3) describe respondents' view on possible introduction of a formal (written) dress code by their employer, (4) determine the differences between private and public school respondents with respect to selected dress features, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing career dress selection and (5) examine the relationships between selected variables influencing career dress selection. The data used in the study were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. A sample of 111 women teachers was drawn from 20 secondary schools, in Nairobi, both private and public. Data were collected between May and July 2000. The data were analysed by the use of frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics namely, chi-square Test for Independence and t-test were also computed. The study revealed that psychological factors that mostly influenced women teachers are, one's beliefs or values, cost of the item, dress in which one looks beautiful and garment styles that suit one's figure type. All dress features greatly influenced respondents' career dress selection, except the label information. This was of secondary importance to respondents’ career dress selection. Item is well constructed and finished, suitability for work and fitting characteristics are among the dress features that influenced a higher percentage of respondents. The socio-economic factors that had most influence on respondents' career dress were amount of money available, number of dependants and occupation None of the selected variables analysed by chi-square test for independence showed any relationship in influencing career dress selection. The variables investigated included, expenditure on career dress and age; use of dress sales and employment income levels, and ; introduction of a formal (written) dress code and teaching experience, among others. Further, t-test results showed no difference between respondents from both private and public schools on selected factors influencing career dress selection. The factors were categorized as dress features, psychological and socio-economic. Findings, revealed that majority of women teachers are opposed to possible introduction of a formal (written) dress code by their employer. This is due to the need for individuality as women have different preferences on career dress. Further, some career dress styles are unacceptable. These styles include mini skirt or dress, transparent clothing and tight fitting (figure hugging) clothing, among others. Results showed that the most utilized sources of information on career dress are, dress displays and personal communication channels, for instance, family members, tailors and women friends among others. This is because there is no charge for obtaining information and reference persons offer truthful ideas concerning career dress. Impersonal communication channels such as print and electronic media, catalogues, website, dress-for-success type of books are underutilized or unpopular with respondents for being unavailable and costly.
The nutritiomnal status of pre-school children and selected household factors in a Nairobi slum, Kenya
(2012-01-31) Mukoma, Ann Njeri
The main objective of this study was to provide information on the nutritional status of pre school children aged 12-36 months living in Kibera slums. An investigation of the factors that affect their nutritional status was also carried out. Information on socio-economic and demographic characteristics of mothers, child nutritional status, feeding habits of the children and nutritional knowledge of mothers was collected in a cross-sectional survey of 100 households with children aged 12-36 months living in Kianda village in Kibera sub- location. The selection of the households was done through random sampling. Frequencies, means and percentages were used to describe variables whereas chi-square and t-test were used to test for statistical associations and differences between nutritional status of the pre-school children and socio-economic and demographic variables. Anthropometry was used to determine the nutritional status of the children. The results showed that 27% of the children were underweight while 21% were stunted and only 6% were wasted. Although it had been anticipated that there might be significant relationship between nutritional status and the various variables such as mother’s education, nutritional knowledge, feeding practices, Maternal availability for child care, Marital status, length of breastfeeding, no significant relationship was found. Findings of the study indicated that monthly household income; complementary feeding practices and mobility experiences of the children were significantly related to their nutritional status. This could imply that monthly household income, weaning practices and morbidity experience of the children are important when it comes to overall nutritional status. In conclusion, an overhaul of the economic situation of the slum community and overall improvement of their living conditions would improve the nutritional status of the pre-school children.
The influence of attitudinal and normative factors on the choice and satisfaction derived from selected apparel among university students: A case study of Moi University, Kenya
(2012-02-24) Owino, Violet Kadenyeka
Consumer behaviour in the purchase of apparel products may have great influence on the outcomes obtained by the consumer. Judging the quality of clothing requires knowledge and skills during planning, purchasing and consumption. This factor has not been given a lot of focus and yet it is a concern raised by consumers of all ages. The present study on its part targeted undergraduate students at Moi University to investigate the attitudinal and normative factors that influence the choice of apparel products, and the satisfaction derived from the chosen apparel with specific reference to sex, year of study and department of study. The literature review concentrated on evaluating apparel quality, importance of dress/appearance among college students; clothing importance, social participation and self concept; attitudinal versus normative influence in clothing selection; and developing consumer knowledge and skills for apparel consumption. A cross-sectional survey design was used to investigate the relationship between the attitudinal and normative factors that influence clothing selection and satisfaction. Relationships between the variables were determined. The sample consisted of 116 males and 94 females. The respondents were purposively selected from five (5) faculties out of nine (9) from which (4) departments were also purposively sampled. Purposive sampling was necessary to include subjects from various campus locations and subject majors. The names of the students from each department were stratified into two sampling frames of males and females, according to the year of study and then selected by systematic random sampling. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect information from the sample. Descriptive statistics including means, frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the quantitative data. Correlations, Chi-square analysis, T- test, and simple Anova were done to determine the relationships and differences between various variables respectively. Qualitative data was triangulated with the rest of the findings to check for new information and confirm the findings. The data was presented using tables and bar charts. It was found out that both attitudinal and normative factors affect the choice and satisfaction of apparel among the respondents studied. The use of various attributes studied and the satisfaction derived from them in choosing apparel varied by sex, year of study and course of study to varying degrees. Highly critical characteristics of apparel quality included color/print/design, price, and fashionability of the product. Salient groups and salient sources were both used by the respondents as referents for choice of apparel, although salient groups were used to a greater degree for deriving satisfaction. The female respondents showed greater interest in knowing more about apparel selection than the respondents. In the final analysis it was not possible to totally separate attitudinal (person-specific) and normative (interpersonal) influences of apparel choice and satisfaction. The knowledge and skills needed prior to selecting apparel were not highly utilized.
Health education in Kitooni primary school, Machakos district, with specific reference to the child-to-child approach: an ethnographic study
(2012-03-29) Kitsao, Patricia Kadzo
Health education knowledge is essential knowledge. Health education, as one of the elements of primary health care, is a method of conveying knowledge useful for the prevention of disease and the opportunity to lead a full and normal life. The C-T-C approach can be used to enable children, who form a large part of the community, to practice what they have learnt in school in terms of herewith behaviour. This study was carried out in Kitooni primary school in Masii location of Machakos district, and sought to investigate whether health education acquired in the classroom was put into practice just for the sake of it or because the school children understood the usefulness of particular health behaviors. It was also necessary to monitor through the study the opportunities that existed in this primary school for pupils to make use of the C-T-C approach in internalizing the health messages that they have acquired by translation health knowledge into health practice. The purpose of the study was to identify specific applications of the C-T-C approach in promoting health education among primary school pupils in Masii. C-T-C is an international programme for teaching and encouraging school children to concern themselves with the health of younger brothers and sisters. The programme was developed for the third world countries among them Kenya. Since the inception of the C-T-C movement in 1979 in Kenya. The approach has had official recognition and support. With the introduction of the new 8-4-4 systems, more syllabus panels have turned their attention to health education and the Kenyan C-T-C project concentrated on the primary School level. The C-T-C approach suggests ways in which school learning can be related to community needs and the positive effects of the C-T-C approach make it more attractive. The approach that was used for this research study was ethnography and the researcher was immersed in the study setting and completely involved with the informants. The main sample consisted of standard seven pupils with parent’s teachers and the younger siblings of the pupils constituting the sub-sample. The tools of data collection included semi-structured interviews, observations checklists and schools attendance records and the researcher was the primary instrument. The results of the study indicated that the C-T-C approach could indeed be applied in primary schools to enable pupils translate the health knowledge acquired in the classroom into health practice both at school and at home. Many pupils suffered mainly from diseases such as malaria as was incidence of bilharzias). In order to cope with such illness, the pupils sought guidance from either their parents or older siblings, and they would receive advice on what to do. In most cases, the action that would be taken when a pupil was sick was that he was either given medicinal tables or was taken to the local health dispensary for specialized treatment. Pupils only needed a little encouragement and guidance from teachers and parents in order to internalize and put into practice the health messages learnt in school. This is because in Kenya from time immemorial older children have always looked after that younger brother. Based on the C-T-C approach it was seen that when knowledge was translated into practice, its importance became more noticeable and as the practice became a way of life, the knowledge was likely to remain with the pupils even long after they had left school. The various changes that were seen as a result of this study included smarter pupils, a cleaner school compound, more careful use of the latrines, and also, older pupils taking much greater care of and showing more responsibility towards the younger pupils in the school. The overall picture of health standards in the school improved as was seem in better attendance records by the pupils and less absenteeism due to illness. On emerging themes, the pupils indicated a responsibility for their own health as was reported from the practices they followed such as ensuring that they washed their hands after visiting the latrines. The older pupils said that they taught their younger brothers and sisters the things that they should do in order to ensure that they too remained healthy. This showed that most of the pupils felt responsible for their younger siblings and they had a high level of knowledge on health matters. When the illnesses were very serious, they affected the pupils the pupil’s attendance at school and some missed school for periods ranging from a few days to a full week. Teachers felt a responsibility for the pupils' health when they were in school the teacher’s themselves were an example of healthy behaviour. In the school, the teacher's role was mainly facilitated in terms of the child-to-child approach. Teachers encouraged and guided the older pupils on the tasks that they should perform in order to help the younger pupils. The Child-to-child approach was found to be actively in use at the school and the researcher found this out by asking the older pupils if they actually helped their younger siblings. They all answered in the affirmative. The younger pupils were asked to illustrate any health messages that they had acquired from their older siblings. The pictures they drew showed that they were taught things such as washing hands after visiting the latrines washing their clothes and sweeping the house. The study's usefulness to educational policy makers is seen in the way that it would enable them to work out strategies of devising learning material that is area-specific. For example, health knowledge that is relevant to an area's needs would be taught there so that pupils could better identify with the information that was presented to them. The C-T-C approach can go a long way in catalyzing the process of acquisition of useful health knowledge. It should be noted that the work carried out for this was closely tied to that carried out in the primary school health education project, funded by the World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR).
The relationship between material employment and nutritional status of children from birth to four years of age.
(2012-04-04) Oriko, Lydia Akinyi
This was a comparative survey research. The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between maternal employment and the nutritional status of children between birth and four years of age. A comparison was made between children of employed mothers and those of unemployed mothers. The study sought to achieve various objectives among which included the determination of the nutritional status of children below three years of age, whose mothers were either involved in paid employment or whose mothers were not employed. The study also sought to establish the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, as well as to establish the relationship between these characteristics and nutritional status of children of respondents. Most important, the study compared the nutritional status of children of employed mothers with those of unemployed mothers in order to establish the relationship between maternal employment and nutritional status of children below three years of age. The data used in the study were collected using an interview guide which was administered by the researcher to a sample of fifty (50) employed mothers and fifty (50) unemployed mothers. This study was conducted in Kendu-Bay Division of South Nyanza District between July 1991 and January 1992. The data were analyzed by the use of measures of central tendency, chi-square and a Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results revealed that: (a) There were no significant differences or similarities between the nutritional status of children of employed mothers and those of (b) That there is no significant relationship between maternal employment and nutritional status of children below three years (c) When respondents' marital status was correlated with children's nutritional status, controlling for employment, results revealed significant positive relationships. d) The type of food bought, specifically meat, was correlated with children's nutritional status controlling for employment and results revealed positive significant relationships (which were stronger for employed mothers).
An investigation of the characteristics of credit card users and non-users in Nairobi, Kenya
(2012-04-10) Mbagi, Jane Wanjiku
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which credit cards are in use in Kenya. It also attempted to find out the level of consumer knowledge on credit card use. The study specifically sought to address the following objectives. 1. Establish characteristics of credit users and non-users 2. Identify factors that influence use of credit cards 3. Establish the level of consumer knowledge on credit card user 4. Find out problems encountered by credit card users and 5. Compare the credit card users and non-users in terms of education, income, age, family life circle stage and type of employer. The data used in the study was collected using questionnaires which were distributed by the research to a Random sample of 146 respondents in Nairobi's central division. A few interviews were carried out to verify the information collected using open-ended items in the questionnaire. The respondents were drawn from various ministries and private institutions. The data analyzed by use of frequencies, percentages and chi-squares. The results showed that the users and non-users had similar characteristics with 57% users and 66% of non-users being males. Majority were married, had small families that were in the expanding stage. A significant difference between the users and non-users was age, education level and income. About half (54%) of the credit card users were between 31-40 years while (43%) of non-users were between 20-30 years. Half of the non-users (50%) had university level of education. On monthly income, most (90%) credit users were earning above Ksh. 20,000 per month while one-third non-users (31%) were earning between Ksh. 10,000-15,000 per month. Two third (66%) of the respondents said they needed information about credit cards and there includes advantages and disadvantages of credit cards, rate of interest charged and when and how to use the credit cards. Convenience was reported as the main reason why credit cards are used by 80% of the respondents who use credits cards. Less that half (44%) of the non-users reported that they cannot afford to run a credit card as the reason why they do not use credit cards. Exposure to credit cards and monthly income remained as the main determinants of credit card users.
Factors that lead to the influx of street children in urban areas. a case of Kakamega town
(2012-04-19) Matende, Florance Wakhu
This was a research with a two-fold purpose. One purpose was to determine why some children from urban families take to the streets while others do not. The other purpose was to fill the gap in knowledge on middle sized towns as concerns the street children phenomenon since studies have been carried out in the major towns of Kenya i.e. Mombasa, Nairobi and Kisumu. The objectives of the research were to: identify the basic characteristics of the children dwelling on the streets of Kakamega town: establish their socio-economic background; investigate their activities; establish their future goals and aspirations; and to determine why other children from similar family backgrounds do not go to the streets. Data was collected using interview guides and an observation checklist from a sample of 44 subjects i.e. street children (20), non-street children (10), parents of street children (4), and parents of non-street children (10). This data was analyzed using steps adapted from Miles and Huberman (1994). Results showed that the age of children ranged from 8 years to 18 years. All street children were male. No female child was identified. The non-street children were both male and female and all of them were in school. On the other hand, 50 of the street children had not gone beyond standard four of primary school education, and none of the street children could read. The street children were ill-clad, greasy, dirty and aggressive. They had skin diseases, suffered muscle wasting, and appeared too short for their age. While on the streets, street children involved themselves in various activities with the aim of looking for money. Majority (70) of the children were from polygamous homes where their needs were not being met. As concerns religion, 75 of the street children belonged to the Muslim sect and lived in the slums of Kakamega town. The reasons for children being on the streets were many and varied. Children took to the streets because of poor relations at home, overcrowded homes, to look for jobs because there is no money for education, influence by parents, homes were materially and morally depriving, while others consider life in town better than that in the rural areas. There are many family breakdowns due to instability in the families; eroded extended family ties, rising costs of living, and social disintegration. These are some causes of children taking to the streets. From the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that the street children phenomenon is a "time bome waiting to exploded". Preventive initiatives should be emphasized because they can intervene before the child and the family are negatively affected.
An investigation of factors influencing acceptance choice and use of modern contraceptive methods by women in Lurambi division in Kakamega district
(2012-04-20) Indimuli, Margaret Owendi
This was a survey research into factors influencing acceptance, choice and use of modern contraceptive methods by women. The major objectives of this study were to (1) Establish the extent of acceptability and use of modern contraceptives by the respondents; (2) Determine the social, economic and cultural factors influencing acceptance, choice and use of modern contraceptive methods; (3) Determine the respondents knowledge, attitude and practise towards use of modern contraceptive methods; (4) Identify perceived side effects of modern contraceptives used by the respondents; (5) Identify beliefs, misconceptions and rumours held by the respondents about the use of modern contraceptives and (6) Identify the problems encountered by the respondents as regards information, education and communication (IEC) and accessibility to modern contraceptive methods and services. The data for this study were collected using an interview schedule, which was administered by the researcher to a sample of 100 women residing in Lurambi division Kakamega district from December 1994 to April 1995. The analysed data were presented in frequency distributions, percentages, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that the most represented age group was 25-29 years. Most of the women (76 percent) were currently married. The most represented income group was between Kshs. 4,001-6,000, while 'O' level with additional period of training was the educational level most represented. Fifty-seven respondents (57 percent) were gainfully employed. Most of the respondents were protestants. Sixty seven (67 percent) women had used a modern method of contraceptive before, while only half the women (50 percent) were current users of modern contraceptives.
The effects of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism on the food security in Osupuko Division: a case of Olchoro Oirua, Lemek, and Koyaki group ranches
(2012-04-23) Munya, C. Stella
This was a survey research whose purpose was to establish the state of food security in Osupuko division in Narok district and to determine the effect of wildlife conservation and aspects of the tourism industry on food security. Kenya experiences an increasing demand for food accompanied by a less than proportionate increase in supply. This results in recurrent local and widespread national food shortage which are particularly severe in the arid and semi-arid areas. The Maasai Mara is one such are where the country's short and long term food problems are prevalent. The situation is made critical by the increasing importance of the tourism industry with little or emphasis on the food security in the area. The study area composed of three (3) group ranches in Osupuko division, Narok district namely Lemek, Koyaki and Olchoro Oirua. Both qualitative and quantitative research designs were used to collect data from a number of decision makers in local Maasai homesteads, wildlife conservation experts and government officials. Data collecting instruments included semi-structured interview schedules and observation check lists. The data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the quantitative data. The quantitative data was analyzed following this rigid format: all interview questionnaire tapes were reconstructed into written notes, then attempts were made to rank attitudinal views into classes and to attribute them to a segment of text by reviewing and dissecting the text meaningfully, while keeping the relations between ideas and/ or variables intact. Pattern coding was done to reduce large amounts of data into smaller sets, themes or constructs to make them self-explanatory for deducing inferences. Memos were then used to tie together different pieces of data into a recognizable cluster to be able to identify and isolate those variables that depict instances of a general concept. A display format was then used to compress and order data to permit coherent inferences, and then meanings were drawn and inferences verified from a particular configuration of data in the display by noting patterns, themes and making contrasts and comparisons and finally reaching conclusions. The findings showed that the area experiences chronic food insecurity which is made worse by pressure from the expanding tourism industry and wildlife conservation laws which prohibit cultivating and grazing of livestock in protected areas. Thus a big proportion of Maasai grazing land is off limits for the Maasai people without adequate compensation for the loss, yet land is central to food production through agriculture and livestock keeping. In addition the major beneficiaries of wildlife conservation have been the national government and the tourism industry. Only a small proportion of the earnings that go to the government or the county councils reach the local people. Since they rely mainly on food purchase from the markets and their livestock for sustenance, this unreliable income is inadequate to meet their food needs. Hence food insecurity . The study recommended development strategies that meet human needs with food security and nutrition as a central goal and at the same time conserves wildlife.
Factors that influence non compliance to prescribed diabetic regimens in the management of diabetes: a case study of Kenyatta National Hospital
(2012-05-03) Sakwa, Emily
Prior to the research period, observations at the Kenyatta National wards indicated a marked increase in cases of diabetic patients being admitted because of complications of Diabetes Mellitus. The complications were mainly due to the patients’ failure to comply to their prescribed diabetic regimens. The fundamental principal underlying the management of Diabetes Mellitus is the balancing of energy expenditure with nutritional sources of energy under the influence of insulin and other hormonal factors and this gives the base as to why prescribed regimens are used in the control of the disorder. The study investigated the influence of socio-economic, cultural and demographic factors on a patient’s degree of compliance to their prescribed diabetic regimens. Barriers limiting change to these regimens were identified and the diabetic counselling which patients received from the hospital counsellors was assessed. This was because the effectiveness of the counselling services rendered could only be graded as effective when the patients put into practice the advice given. A total of sixty diabetic patients and eight nutrition counsellors participated in the study. Results indicated that regimen compliance by diabetic patients at Kenyatta National Hospital could generally be documented as good. Though nutrition counselling for the diabetics was issued in good time a serious inadequacy in the way it was carried out was noted due to lack of necessary materials to carry out the counselling. The diet sheets issued did not reflect the wide variety of staple foods most communities use in their day-to-day diets in Kenya. It was recommended that diabetic regimen counselling should be decentralised from Kenyatta National Hospital, which is a referral hospital to more easily accessible areas like Health Centres and the District Hospitals. Another recommendation was that more indigenous foods be added to the diet sheets.
Determinants of investments in the informal carpentry sub-sector: a case study of Kitui town in Eastern Kenya
(2012-05-04) Mukala, Grace Kavinya
In developing countries, attainment of economic growth depends upon physical capital, in addition to other factors of production. Growth in physical capital entails investment in capital goods which help in the production of other goods and services. The concern in this study was to investigate the determinants of investment in the informal capentry sub-sector in Kitui town in Eastern Kenya. The data used was obtained from the entrepreneurs owning carpentry workshops in Kitui town. A log-linear model was analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the price of investment goods is the most significant determinant of investment expenditure in the carpentry sub-sector. Other variables that were significant included output of the firm, size of the firm as measured by the number of people employed and age of the business. The results differed according to whether entrepreneurs received a loan or not. However, contrary to our prior expectations, the coefficient of output of the firm, education of the entrepreneur, and that of dummy variable were negative. Some of the variables in the theoretical model were found not to be significant determinants of investment expenditure, although the signs of their coefficients were as expected. The main conclusion from this study is that, price of investment is the main determinant of investment and not lack of investment funds as has been previously found by other researchers. This implies that, in order to increase investment in the informal carpentry sub-sector, capital goods have to be made affordable to entrepreneurs. Production subsidies can be used to lower prices of these goods. Credit can also be extended to carpenters to enable them purchase the inputs they need as it is an important constraint on investments in the carpentry sub-sector. Where credit is extended to entrepreneurs, it should be tied to purchase of investment goods to avoid fungibility of such credit.
Demand for bicycle transport services in Busia district : a case study
(2012-05-04) Nanzala, Electine Melenia
The general objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect the demand for bicycle transport (passenger-carrying) services in Busia District. More specifically, the objectives were to identify the main factors; estimate the demand function and measure the corresponding elasticities and use the study findings to generate policy recommendations. Both linear and log-linear regression functions were analysed with the latter giving a better fit of 79.13 percent compared to 71.79 percent for the former. Own price elasticity of demand was found to be less than unity. Income elasticity was also found to be less than unity and cross-price elasticity between demand for bicycle transport services and the "matatu" fare was negative and less than unity. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows: (i) Own price, income of the household head and bicycle ownership were found to be significant determinants of demand for bicycle transport services. Distance, age, sex of the household head, occupation and price of matatu transport services insignificantly determine this demand (ii) Bicycle transport service is a necessity and it is complementary to "matatu" transport service. The policy recommendation generated from the results of the study is that integration of bicycle transport services in the rural transport system is viable. Therefore the study recommends that policy measures should be taken to ensure the spread of the use of bicycles as one of the low cost measures to satisfy rural mobility needs. The general objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect the demand for bicycle transport (passenger-carrying) services in Busia District. More specifically, the objectives were to identify the main factors; estimate the demand function and measure the corresponding elasticities and use the study findings to generate policy recommendations. Both linear and log-linear regression functions were analysed with the latter giving a better fit of 79.13 percent compared to 71.79 percent for the former. Own price elasticity of demand was found to be less than unity. Income elasticity was also found to be less than unity and cross-price elasticity between demand for bicycle transport services and the "matatu" fare was negative and less than unity. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows: (i) Own price, income of the household head and bicycle ownership were found to be significant determinants of demand for bicycle transport services. Distance, age, sex of the household head, occupation and price of matatu transport services insignificantly determine this demand (ii) Bicycle transport service is a necessity and it is complementary to "matatu" transport service. The policy recommendation generated from the results of the study is that integration of bicycle transport services in the rural transport system is viable. Therefore the study recommends that policy measures should be taken to ensure the spread of the use of bicycles as one of the low cost measures to satisfy rural mobility needs.
Factors that influence the trend of student enrolment in home science in Nairobi secondary schools
(2012-05-09) Nyangi, Martha; Gitobu, J.; Sigot, A.
This study was a survey research, which was conducted to determine the factors that influence student enrolment in home science. The objectives of the study were: (1) To determine the parents' socio-economic factors that influence student choice of home science subject. (2) To identify the factors that influence the choice of home science subject among boys and girls. (3) To identify the attitude of students and teachers towards home science and how these subsequently influence student enrolment in the subject. (4) To find out the criteria used in the schools for selecting home science students. (5) To examine the trend of student enrolment in home science in the previous system of education and the 8.4.4 system of education from 1984-1991. The data used in the study were collected using questionnaires for the secondary school students and home science teachers in the same schools. An interview schedule was used to obtain supplementary information from the head teachers. These were administered by the researcher to a sample of 380 students, 20 teachers and 7 head teachers. The data were analysed by use of frequencies, percentages and chi-square analysis showed that more of the students taking and not taking home science subjects perceived the subject to be easy. The other results of the Chi-square analysis showed no significant relationship between socio-economic factors and student's choice of home science subject. In reference to the factors that influence student's choice of home science subject, the following were indicated; good examination results, personal liking of the subject, promise of future career opportunities, own interest, parents, career teacher, home science teacher and home science providing a foundation for good family life. The factors that deterred the students from choosing home science subject were lack of interest, the subject being too involving in theory and acquisition of practical skills, inadequate facilities, lack of interest among home science teachers and teachers unqualified to teach the subject. The results also revealed that most schools did not have a set criterion for selecting home science students. The results further showed that the attitude of students and teachers towards the subject is positive, and student enrolment in home science subject is not consistent while the trend is on the decline. Therefore some measures need to be taken to improve the level of student enrolment in the home science subject. This could be done by encouraging both male and female students to join the profession at all levels of the educational system.
An investigation in the factors related to bean storage practices among women in Bokoli location of Bungona districts
(2012-05-09) Kuria, Elizabeth Nafula
The major purpose of this study was to investigate factors that are related to beans storage practices at the household level among farmers in Bokoli Location of Bungoma District. It was hypothesized that factors such as women's education, household size, household resources, occupation and training in food storage were related to beans storage practices. Data were collected through focus groups discussions and responses to an interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were used for data analysis. Results showed that the sample was characterized by women with low levels of education and the majority were fulltime farmers. Findings of the study revealed that there was minimal relationship between education, household resources, household sizes, and occupation with beans storage practices. Results indicated that training in food storage has been received by a minority of the sample women. The main storage containers for beans are sacks although baskets are also used. The majority of the women added insecticides to beans during storage. The study recommends that extension personnel who deal with farmers on a one to one basis should include information on beans storage in their routine work. This study implies an urgent need for training that focuses on beans storage practices among women through extension personnel.
Assessment of socio-cultural and economic determinants of food selection and consumption among Nairobi households: a case study of Jerusalem, Buruburu phase II and Akiba estates
(2012-05-09) Atebe, Jeria
This was a survey research whose purpose was to assess determinants of food selection and consumption in selected Nairobi households. Among the variables considered were culture, attitude towards food, food preferences, price of food, nutritional knowledge and satisfaction with food selection and consumption. The objectives of the study were to: - (1) investigate the effect of cultural factors on food selection and consumption among Nairobi households, (2) determine the attitudes of Nairobi households towards food selection and consumption, (3) determine the influence of food preferences on food selection and consumption among Nairobi households, (4) investigate the effect nutritional knowledge has on food selection among Nairobi households, (5) investigate the effect of price of certain food commodities on food selection and consumption among Nairobi households, and (6) assess Nairobi households' satisfaction with their food selection and consumption. The data in the study was collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled by 163 respondents from Jerusalem, Buruburu phase II, and Akiba (Langata) estates. The respondent was the person in the household who was in charge of food selection. The research period was between June-August 1992. The data were analysed by the use of mean, frequencies and percentages, and presented by the use of tables and charts. Results of the study showed that cultural factors did not influence food selection and consumption in Nairobi probably due to the town's cosmopolitan nature. The people from different cultural backgrounds have mingled and influenced each other’s food selection and consumption practices. Households selected those foods they could afford ad preferred. Most households in the study liked most of the foods that were provided on the food list. However, fish, coconut, coffee and cocoa were rated as disliked by some of the households. These foods tend to be unavailable both economically and physically, and are unfamiliar and therefore end up being disliked. The price of food was found to be the greatest determinant of food selection and consumption as shown by the results. Most households rated most foods as expensive. Jerusalem households were most affected by price of food as compared to Buruburu and Akiba households. This was attributed to Jerusalem's low total family monthly income. The study showed that nutritional knowledge did not influence food selection and consumption. Respondents were found to be nutritionally knowledgeable. However, most households especially in Jerusalem were found to select and consume foods that were nutritionally inferior. This was explained by the fact that, most of these households could not afford the more expensive food stuffs which mostly comprised of proteinous foods. It was evident from the study results that households did not regard cultural feelings towards food selection and consumption. Thus they did not advocate men getting served first with best parts of food, and women eating last. Most households believed in each family member getting equal attention in food service. Traditional foods were also regarded to have equal value to modern ones. Study findings showed that there was general dissatisfaction with the quality and quantity of foods selected and consumed. Households were also dissatisfied with the cost of food. Jerusalem and Buruburu households indicated a dissatisfaction with the general appeal and variety of foods selected and consumed. However, most households were generally satisfied with the distribution of food amongst family members and also the availability of foods they selected. About half of the households were satisfied with the distance of the shopping centre from their houses.
A study of the factors that affect the teaching and learning of home science in primary schools in Westlands division, Nairobi
(2012-05-09) Karimi, Munene Eva; Kithinji, C. T.
Home science is practical subject that is designed to develop knowledge, skills, principles and attitudes that help the learner to survive and relate better to social economic realities of the society in which he/she lives. The focus of Home Science as a subject is on the home, and its useful in promoting the welfare of the family and the home; to help pupils to acquire skills that are useful in order to adapt themselves to changing situations relating to the home and the family; to lay a foundation for further learning and vocational training. This study was conducted in order to show some of the factors that affect the teaching and learning of Home Science and therefore give an indication as to the achievement of the mentioned objectives. The study dealt with issues related to quality of Home Science teaches in primary schools; the size of classes taking Home Science and if teachers manage to pay attention to all the pupils; the content of the Home Science syllabus and if the time allocated is adequate to cover this syllabus; facilities and equipment available for teaching the subject; the commonly used teaching methods and the attitudes of teachers and pupils towards Home science. Finally, the study made an attempt to identify the common problems in the teaching and learning of Home Science that are faced by teachers and pupils. All these issues were looked into in order to identify some of the factors that affect the teaching and learning of Home science. The study was carried out in Westlands Division of Nairobi province, Kenya. The research design was a simple survey. The sample for the study was drawn from ten (10) primary schools that were randomly selected from a population of twenty one (21) primary schools. The subjects of the study included Home science teachers who teach classes five (5), six (6), and seven (7), and pupils from the same classes. The teachers were randomly selected from the randomly selected schools while the pupils were also randomly selected from the mentioned classes. In order to elicit information from the subjects, a questionnaire and an attitude scale were administered to each of the groups. The data collected was analysed and the results presented in a tabular form as frequency distributions, percentages and means. The results were discussed after each item. The findings of the study showed that: (1) The primary Home Science teachers were adequately trained and competent. In spite of their training and competence, their workload was found to be so heavy that it was impossible for them to teach Home Science effectively. (2) Facilitates and equipment for teaching Home Science were inadequate. (3) The Home Science syllabus was too wide to be covered within the time allocated on the time-table. (4) The classes were found to be too large for effective teaching. (1) Time allocated to teaching of Home Science was not adequate especially because the practicals need to be done to reinforce the theory. (5) Teachers mainly used demonstrations and discussions and ignored the other methods of teaching. (6) Teachers and pupils generally showed a positive attitude towards Home Science. The following recommendations were made in connection with these factors: (1) Inservicing of teachers should be done on a regular basis. (2) All teachers, male and female learn Home Science during training and therefore male teachers should be allocated to teach Home Science. (3) Teachers' teaching load should be reduced so that they can have enough time to prepare for practicals and mark pupils' work. (4) Schools should device a way of reducing Home Science classes, so that the teacher can adequately conduct practical lessons. (5) Harambee drives should be encouraged so that schools can put up Home Science rooms and laboratories and equip the same adequately. Lastly, an effort was made to given suggestions for further research topics in this area. The results were discussed after each item. The findings of the study showed that: (1) The primary Home Science teachers were adequately trained and competent. In spite of their training and competence, their workload was found to be so heavy that it was impossible for them to teach Home Science effectively. (2) Facilities and equipment for teaching Home Science were inadequate. (3) The Home Science syllabus was too wide to be covered within the time allocated on the time-table. (4) The classes were found to be too large for effective teaching. (5) Time allocated to teaching of Home Science was not adequate especially because the practicals need to be done to reinforce the theory. (6) Teachers mainly used demonstrations and discussions and ignored the other methods of teaching. (7) Teachers and pupils generally showed a positive attitude towards Home Science. The following recommendations were made in connection with these factors: (1) Inservicing of teachers should be done on a regular basis. (2) All teachers, male and female learn Home Science during training and therefore male teachers should be allocated to teach Home Science. (3) Teachers' teaching load should be reduced so that they can have enough time to prepare for practicals and mark pupils' work. (4) Schools should device a way of reducing Home Science classes, so that the teacher can adequately conduct practical lessons. (5) Harambee drives should be encouraged so that schools can put up Home Science rooms and laboratories and equip the same adequately. Lastly, an effort was made to give suggestions for further research topics in this area.
An assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices of family planning methods and services among clients in Awassa, Ethiopia
(2012-05-09) Hailu, Asifach
This study was a survey of an assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices of family planning methods and services among clients in Awassa town, Sidamo Province, Ethiopia. The study examined various demographic, social, cultural and economic variables. These include age, sex, current material status, number of living children and desired number of children, educational attainment, occupational status and religious orientation of the respondent. A sample of 135 family planning clients of both men and women of reproductive age was randomly selected for the study. However, only a few numbers of men were used in the study since women dominated most of the family planning clinics. The family planning clinics studied are Awassa Health Center, Awassa MCH Clinic, Sidamo Agriculture Enterprise Clinic, and Awassa Police Clinic. The sampling technique used for this study was systematic random sampling. Data were collected by means of an interview schedule. Descriptive statistics were used in the data analysis thus tables of frequency distributions, percentages and histograms were used for data presentation. According to the findings, respondents knowledge of family planning methods was high while their knowledge of other places where family planning services could be obtained were very low. The study also indicated that the majority of the respondents were against the idea of discussing family planning matters with their children. Although the respondents who were involved in the study had used contraceptive methods for more than six months, most of them used contraceptives for child spacing rather than limiting the number of births. The study concludes that socio-economic factors have an effect on fertility patterns in that the lower the educational status of the respondents the higher the number of living children they have. It also concludes that the age at marriage, number of living children, education and quality of family planning services are important factors for policy use. The results of the study could be used as a basis of planning for interventions, which can increase family planning knowledge, develop favourable attitudes and promote use of efficient methods of contraceptives.
Problems encountered in the teaching of home science by radio in primary schools in Rangata division, Nairobi
(2012-05-10) Wambutta, Rose Adhiambo
The purpose of this study was to find out the problems encountered in the teaching of Home Science by radio in Primary Schools in Langata Division of Nairobi, Kenya. The design of the research was to study a simple survey. The sample of the study was twelve (12) primary schools that were drawn from twenty (20) primary schools. Primary schools were selected based on the fact that they offer Home Science Radio lessons. The twelve (12) primary schools were randomly selected for study. The subjects of the study Home Science teachers from the twelve primary schools and the producer of the Primary Home Science Radio Broadcasts. To elicit information from the subjects, the researcher used 3 instruments. These were Teachers' questionnaire, observation schedule and interview schedule. The data collected was analysed and the results presented in tables, which depict frequency distribution and percentages of the responses where applicable. The results were also discussed immediately after each item. The research findings of the study showed that: (1) The primary Home Science teachers were mainly females. (2) Support materials for use during Radio Broadcasts are hardly received by teachers and this poses a problem. (3) The number of pupils in radio broadcast class was unusually large. (4) Most teachers do not supervise home science radio broadcasts. (1) The majority of the teachers were not aware of the existence of tape copying services at Educational Media Service. (5) The majority of the schools receive a copy of broadcast timetables. Some recommendations were made which were expected to be useful in reducing the problems encountered by the home science teachers when using the Radio for teaching Home Science in Primary schools. These were: (1) In-service courses should be conducted more frequently to enlighten teachers on how to handle home science radio broadcasts. (2) The teachers should avoid combining too large classes such as ninety (90) pupils during radio lessons so as to ensure that effective learning takes place. (3) The head teachers of primary schools should ensure that teachers supervise their classes during radio lessons. (4) The Educational media Service should ensure that schools receive broadcast timetables early enough for teachers to synchronize them with their regular school timetables. (5) The Educational Media Service should make sure that all radio lessons are accompanied by support materials. These recommendations are not exhaustive, however, it is hoped that they are important. Finally, an effort was made to give suggestions for further research topics in Radio Broadcasts to schools.

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