MST-School of Security, Diplomacy and Peace Studies

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Challenges Influencing Narcotic Drugs Control By Police Officers at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi
(Kenyatta University, 2017) Ndegwa, Martin; Justus O.S. Osero
Narcotic drugs control is a continuum of events focused on interrupting illegal drugs smuggled by air, sea, or land. Normally consists of several phases – cueing, detection, sorting, monitoring, interception, handover, disruption, endgame, and apprehension – some which may occur simultaneously. The study assessed the challenges influencing narcotic drugs control by police officers at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi. The study adopted a descriptive survey design that targeted 138 police officers working at the airport who were proportionately stratified according to their operative unit. Data pertinent to the study was gathered using structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions from 3rd February 2017 to 3rd March 2017 with strict ethical confidentiality maintained. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and a linear regression model was used to assess the challenges that influence narcotic drugs control indicating a good level of prediction (R2= .898). The study found that the narcotic drugs seized at JKIA were heroin, cocaine, cannabis, methamphetamine, and ephedrine with no apparent seizure trends identified. The study found no relationship between a police officer’s gender (X2(3) =2.958, p=.398), age (X2(9) =12.286, p=.198), job experience years(X2(12) =11.738, p=.467), education level (X2(6) =2.984, p=.811) and narcotic drugs control. The study found a significant positive influence of organisation resource capacity on narcotic drugs control (t(68) = 16.925, p=.000 at 95% level of confidence). There was no statistically significant influence of the legal and regulatory framework (t(68) = -.411, p=.683), information technology (t(68) = .585, p=.561) and drug courier profiling (t(68) = -.381, p=.705). The study recommends utilisation of data by the National Police Service (NPS) to justify the need for more resources to enhance narcotic drugs control, continuous on the job trainings for NPS police officers on the legal and regulatory framework(s) utilised when performing their duties, using predictive policing technology at JKIA by the NPS to cover ground for the few resources, and creating a review process to measure the effectiveness of the NPS institutionalised training regimes.
Preparedness of the Kenya National Police Service to Adopt Geographic Information Systems Technology in Crime Measurement, Mapping and Evaluation
(Kenyatta University, 2017) Baraka, Eliud Gachie
Emerging issues in law enforcement are becoming complex in today’s society due to enhanced globalization and increased transnational crimes. To address these challenges, police agencies need to adopt and effectively apply more innovative analysis tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology in law enforcement. However, the Kenya National Police Service (NPS) is still using occurrence books, paper-maps and push-pins (manual tools) to record, map and analyse crime. The goal of this study was therefore to assess preparedness of the NPS to adopt GIS Technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation. The study was guided by the following specific objectives (i) to determine Kenyan police officers’ satisfaction with manual tools in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation, (ii) to establish Kenyan police officers’ attitudes toward adoption of GIS technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation, (iii) to compare Kenyan police officers’ user-perceptions toward manual tools versus GIS technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation and (iv) to identify challenges which NPS would encounter during adoption of GIS technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation. Survey research design was used where questionnaires, interviews and a focus group discussion were used to collect data at headquarter formations of NPS in Nairobi. Stratified sampling was used where the police population was grouped into four homogenous subgroups (Kenya Police, Administration Police, Directorate of Criminal Investigations and General Service Unit). Twenty five respondents were conveniently selected from each subgroup to have a sample size of 100 respondents. The study used descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages), measures of central tendency (mean and mode), measures of dispersion (standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation and t-test) to summarize and analyse survey data. The results were presented in tables, pie-charts and bar-graphs. Information obtained from interviews and the focus group was summarized using content analysis and incorporated in the discussion. The study revealed that 55.00% of Kenyan police officers were satisfied with manual tools in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation mainly because they were easy to use. The study also revealed that 63.50% of Kenyan police officers had an open attitude towards adoption of GIS technology by NPS. The study indicates that only 42.25% of Kenyan police officers found manual tools to be useful in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation while 70.00% believed GIS technology would be more useful. The study shows that 67.75% of the Kenyan police officers found manual tools to be easy to use in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation while 56.75% feared GIS technology might be difficult to use. The study revealed that there would be several challenges during the adoption of GIS technology by NPS but these could be mitigated by putting in place the necessary countermeasures. The study therefore concludes that although most Kenyan police officers were satisfied with manual tools in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation, they were willing to use GIS technology but NPS would have to address some challenges for successful implementation. The study recommends similar and/or related studies to be conducted with a sample comprising of professionals from the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF), National Intelligence Services (NIS) and private security providers across the country. This will provide a holistic perspective since security provision is a collaborative venture that requires combined effort from all stakeholders.
Construction of Ethnic Violence through Land and Politics in Molo Constituency, Nakuru County, Kenya; 1990-2015
(Kenyatta University, 2018) Malakwen, Isaac T.
This study investigated construction of ethnic violence through land and politics in Molo Constituency, Nakuru county, Kenya from the year 1990 to 2015. The Division is inhabited by several ethnic groups although the Agikuyu, the Kipsigis (a sub-group of the larger Kalenjin) and the Abagusii are the most populous. Since the introduction of multiparty in 1991, politics has been the major cause of ethnic violence in the area. The study was guided by four objectives; establish land use construct ethnic violence, establish use of politics to construct ethnic violence, examine the challenges of integrating various communities in Molo Constituency and explore specific peace building and reconciliation strategies that can be adopted to ensure inter-ethnic harmony in the study locale. The study is predicated on fundamental premises that ethnic violence in the area has always been socially and politically motivated. The study utilized Instrumentalism and social construction theories to explain how violence is socially and politically constructed. The instrumentalist theory sees ethnicity as neither inherent in human nature nor intrinsically valuable. Ethnicity is perceived as a strategic basis for coalitions that are looking for a larger share of scarce economic or political power and so it is a device for restricting resources to a few individuals (Collier, 2002). The social construction theory perceives ethnic identity as a socially constructed and fluid entity that can be formed through various means including conquest, colonization or immigration (Wimmer, 2008). Ethnic groups are recognized to be social constructions with ‘identifiable origins and histories of expansion and contraction, amalgamation and division (Posner, 2004). The two theories have been used to interrogate the construction of ethnic violence in Molo Constituency between the period 1990-2015.The study employed use descriptive research design and purposive sampling aimed at getting a sample in all the 4 Wards of Molo Constituency. These groups formed part of Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The researcher further used snowball sampling to the identified group to name others whom they knew for key interviews (KI).A sample size of 400 people was issued with questionnaires, upon which inferences were made concerning the entire population. The Study argues that politics of exclusion was the main determinant of the ethnic violence in Molo Constituency. It is therefore imperative for all politicians and other leaders to embrace politics of inclusion and cohesion across all communities both at local and national levels. Also most communities in Molo believe that their ancestral land has been misappropriated right from the colonial period and that the same trend has continued throughout the successive post-independence regimes to date. This historical land injustices ranges from the physical action to legal actions or restrictions on land. There was a general consensus among observers that in Molo Constituency and the larger Nakuru County, the violence was politically instigated. Three waves of violence affected the County; the first wave (1992-1993) the second wave covered the period 1997-1998 and third wave began in 2007 - 2008 following the controversial Presidential poll results. Data collected was analyzed and presented both quantitatively and qualitatively and the findings and recommendation of the study will be useful for the policy makers and future researchers.
Citizen’s Participation Effectiveness and Community Policing Scenario at Ongata Rongai in Kajiado County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2018-04) Ogoti, Naomi Geke
Crime affects the lives of all Kenyans and makes it difficult to achieve the security and safety aspirations of the Political Pillar in the Vision 2030. As Kenya moves into a middle-level income country status, more needs to be done to improve on the security of life and property through community policing. The general objective of the study was to establish the citizens’ participation effectiveness and community policing scenario at Ongata Rongai in Kajiado County, Kenya. The three specific objectives of the study were to: establish police-community partnership effectiveness; identify crime prevention strategies effectiveness; and, analyse problem-solving approaches effectiveness in community policing at Ongata Rongai. The study analysed existing literature in accordance with the objectives of the study. The conceptual model consisted of independent variable, moderating variable and dependent variables. The study adopted exploratory research design. Systematic sampling was done to select the sample for the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection from 353 community members living in an area of 16.50 square kilometers at Ongata Rongai. Snowballing method was used to sample ten police officers who participated in an interview process. The quantitative data derived from questionnaires were analysed with the assistance of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences. The qualitative data originating from interview guides were analysed by contentanalysis. The key results were on the three components of community policing namely: policecommunity partnership effectiveness in community policing; crime prevention strategies effectiveness in community policing; and, problem-solving approaches effectiveness in community policing. The study expects that citizens’ participation effectiveness in community policing contributes to the protection of life and property at Ongata Rongai. The study makes a contribution in knowledge of security management and police studies in Kenya generally and in Kajiado specifically. The study recommends that the two stakeholders, police and community, should vigorously work together to protect life and property
Digital Diplomacy: The Integration of Information Communication Technologies in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1963-2014
(Kenyatta University, 2018-07) Waithaka, Irene Nyambura
This study delves into the implementation of digital diplomacy in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Digital diplomacy is a relatively new concept that is widel y rolled out and researched in the dev eloped countries.Developing countries are however still in the process of integrating ICTs in the conduct of public service. T his study explored the integration process in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign affairs and Inter national Trade but with a bias to the sphere of diplomacy. This study’s core objective was to survey the use of ICTs in Kenya’s foreign policy and diplomatic trends. The researcher utilized Actor Network Theory as well as the three stages of e governance i ntegration as articulated by the Centre for Democracy and Technology. In reference to the methodology, the researcher employed purposive sampling in the selection of departments and respondents that would provide pertinent information . Primary data was sourced from interviews as well as official Government of Kenya and Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents such as the strategic plan and foreign policy. Secondary data was sourced from journals, text books, theses, newspapers and online materials. The study demonstrated that the foreign policy in Kenya is often shaped by the Presidency and appointed Ministers in Foreign Affairs. Jomo Kenyatta’s Presidency was noted for having laid the foundation of Kenya’s foreign policy and employed a delegated approach in it s management. President Moi exhibited presidential and peace diplomacy in the management of foreign policy. The Kibaki Presidency on the other hand espoused economic diplomacy while Uhuru Kenyatta’s presidency has edged towards presidential diplomacy given the many foreign trips taken. Kenya was noted to have taken a slow but gradual process in setting up the ICT infrastructure in the country and more precisely at the MFA&IT . The results indicated that i ntegration of technology in the ministry is informed b y the desire to enhance administrative duties as well as offer better services to clients and international partners. Further, the study established that some of the common uses of ICT at the Ministry included online dissemination of information, online sharing of documents and memos as well as direct communication. The study established that indeed ICT is gradually being harnessed in the foreign policy and diplomatic processes. Thus enhanced information gathering, knowledge management, policy planning and coordination as well as implementation. In addition, the study demonstrated that diplomatic processes precisely bilateral and multilateral relations have changed in light of ICT integration . Some of the changes noted include heightened virtual representation,new ways of sharing documentations in international conferences, compressions in costs involved as well as enhanced ways of negotiations.
International Terrorism and Its Implications on Kenya’s National Security: A Case of Nairobi City County: 1975-2013
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Muga, Simon Odero
Terrorism has become and remains a major international concern and a high priority security matter of the global community. It contravenes the basic principles of law, order, human rights and physical security. Other than Nigeria in the sub Saharan Africa, Kenya has felt the devastating effects of international terrorism in the region. Kenya especially suffers crime levels at the upper end of the African scale, which adds to the intrinsic internal insecurity. This study focused on international terrorism and its implications on Kenya’s national security, a case of Nairobi City County; 1975-2013. The objectives of this study were to investigate trends of International terrorism in Kenya; 1975 - 2013. Secondly, to interrogate the implications of international terrorism on Kenya’s national security and finally, to assess the strategies employed by the Kenyan government to counter international terrorism; 1998-2013. The study applied both primary and secondary data in order to realize the objectives. The theoretical framework was based on the Securitization Theory. It states that political issues are usually construed to be highly security concerns that must be dealt with immediately they are characterized to be dangerous or alarming by the actors who have the mandate to move the issue beyond politics. For instance, terrorism is securitized in Kenya hence the attention given to it is usually of high significance. The study revealed that there have been consistent upward trend in international terror attacks in Kenya between 1975 and 2013. The study also discovered that the Kenyan problem is escalated by the unstable states neighboring it, this is coupled by a number of incompetent and corrupt officials at the security agencies in the country. According to the study, Kenya experienced numerous attacks after the 2011 military incursion in Somalia. The study further revealed that the ability by terrorists to always change tact has led to their prolonged ‘survival’ despite the government of Kenya deploying all the available machineries at its disposal to fight it. To this end the study argued that these factors have had far reaching implications on Kenya’s’ national security.
Strategies Used By Mpesa Agents and Their Effectiveness in Deterrence of Counterfeit Bank Notes Fraud: Case of Nairobi County
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Kimani, John Muinde
M-pesa is a mobile money transfer and agent banking system that has become popular over the years due to its easy and cheap access to financial services, especially to the middle and lower classes of the society. However, this type of service has lately been threatened by many cases of counterfeits in bank notes and fraudulent transactions which ultimately challenges the effectiveness of the strategies used to deter counterfeits. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study, sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies that were used by M-pesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the strategies used by Mpesa agents and their effectiveness in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud. Specific objectives of the study were; to establish the fraud related challenges faced by M-Pesa agents to counter fake bank notes in Nairobi City County; to determine the strategic responses on fraud adopted by the M-Pesa agents as the deterrent to counterfeit bank notes fraud in Nairobi City County; to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies employed by M-Pesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud in Nairobi City County and to determine strategic interventions M-Pesa agents can adopt in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes. The study employed descriptive survey design to study the various aspects of fraudulent activities on counterfeit banknotes during mobile money transactions and how M-pesa agents responded to the threat. The targeted population was M-pesa agents, police officers, Safaricom, and the Banking Anti-fraud unit in Nairobi City County. Using both Purposive and Simple Random sampling techniques the sample size of 109 was drawn. To collect data for the study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The study used two tools for data collection; i.e. interviews (KIIs) and Questionnaires. Descriptive Analysis was used to analyze the data. The results were triangulated to ascertain if the results from the two methods used lead to the same outcome. The study revealed that there were fraud-related challenges deterring M-pesa agents in countering fake bank notes in their operation, the prevalence of this challenges in the deterrence of counterfeit notes was found to be very high in Mpesa agent operation. Lack of skills and detection Kits were the main challenges facing Mpesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud. Other challenges facing Mpesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud includes Poor enforcement and coordination mechanism, easy counterfeited Security features on bank and Lack of advanced technology. The study further revealed that only a few M-pesa agents use detectors due to their high prices of acquiring the device. Mpesa Agents were prioritizing training so as to be in a position to recognize the fake money and are continually reviewing and improving on their internal controls such as surveillance and internal audit, primarily in the defense against fraud. The technology was also another major factor that was limiting the implementation of the strategies. The study recommended the central bank of Kenya to research and develop new notes with innovative security features that are both easy to check and hard to counterfeit. To fight counterfeit, the Bank needs to offer free training materials to help the public business and police agencies use the security features in genuine bank notes. The study recommends further research to be done to establish other challenges other than deterrence of counterfeiting that is facing Mpesa business in Nairobi City County
Participation of Women in Implementation of Foreign Policy: Case of Kenya from 2010 – 2017
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Ibrahim, Abdibashir Alinoor
The purpose of the study was to examine the participation of women in implementation of foreign policy in Kenya. Implementation of foreign policy is a critical component internationally and is achieved through diplomacy, ware, foreign sanctions, and alliances. The role of women in the implementation of foreign policy has raised research interest over time. The study’s objectives were: to establish how women participate in decision making in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to determine the role of women leadership in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to assess the role of women capacity building in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; and to evaluate how women’s political participation influences the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 - 2017. This study analysed literature review on studies that have examined the relationship between women and international politics and how the contribution of women in the implementation of foreign policy can be theorized. Literature was organized into three key themes. In the first section, the study analyzes what has been covered by researchers with regard to Participation of women in foreign policy and the role of women in the implementation of foreign policy. The liberal feminist theory was used as the primary theory to assess the issues that affect women and their role of women in the international relations, and neoliberalism theory which emphasizes that international relations entail diverse actors and issues. An explanatory research design was employed. A total of 143 women working in the foreign affairs ministry in Nairobi formed the study’s target population. A sample of 72 was done using purposive sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data, with data analysis being done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that women’s decision making, leadership, capacity building, political participation all have significant influence on implementation foreign policy. The study concluded that women in Kenya are not fully involved in capacity building, decision making and politics, which hinders them from fully participating in the implementation of foreign policy. The study recommended that on the establishing standing or ad hoc committees and other statutory bodies on gender equality and empowerment of women, with cross-party representation, to monitor the review and the implementation of existing laws and constitutional provisions, budgets and policies from a gender perspective, as well as recommendations.
Influence of Nyumba Kumi Initiative on Neighborhood Security in Kaptembwo Ward, Nakuru Town, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Acholla, Dickson
Nyumba kumi Initiative NKI has attracted attention as a good strategy to enhance the security of the citizens and their respective neighborhoods in the country. The government of Kenya has constantly emphasized on the need to adopt Nyumba kumi as an initiative of CP so as to aid enhance the security status of the neighborhoods in the country to help ameliorate the numerous criminal activities being committed incessantly in the country. Despite the emphasis on the need to embrace NKI, crimes such as robbery, murder, terrorism and inter ethnic clashes among others were still heating at an all-time high thereby denying citizens in Kenya and Kaptembwo in particular, safer and secure environment to dwell in. However, the influence of Nyumba kumi Initiative on neighborhood security in Kaptembwo Ward had never been known since its introduction 5 years ago. This study therefore, intended to document this knowledge gap. This study was guided by Social Disorganization Theory. This study also adopted convergent parallel mixed method research design where the researcher collected both quantitative and qualitative data at the same time. Survey questionnaires were used to collect information from 156 residents of Kaptembwo Ward already embracing Nyumba kumi Initiative. Three Focus Group Discussions FGDs were used to collect information from participants between 6 and 8 community members (men, women and youth) of Kaptembwo ward in Nakuru Town while interview schedules were used to collect information from the head of police station, the chief and the head of National Taskforce on Community Policing in Kaptembwo Ward. A sample of 156 residents was drawn through purposive sampling from a study population of 112,937 residents. Purposive sampling was used to identify the head of police station OCS, the chief and the head of National Taskforce on Community Policing in Kaptembwo Ward. To ensure validity of the instruments, the research instruments were given to the research supervisor to evaluate their content validity. Piloting of questionnaires was done in Rhonda Ward, Nakuru. Cronbach‟s alpha was used to test reliability of the questionnaires that were used in the study and a correlation coefficient of at least 0.812 was considered acceptable. Data entry was conducted using SPSS software. The quantitative data obtained from the survey questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, pie charts, frequency tables, percentages, Paired Sample T-Test as well as Pearson‟s Correlation Coefficient while the qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions was analyzed through constant comparison and content analysis. The results obtained from Kaptembwo ward showed that NKI actually had an influence on neighborhood security as well as in reducing prevalent crimes. It had numerous challenges not limited to poor remuneration, lack of awareness of NKI, inadequate financial resources, corruption, legal ambiguity, legal complication and finally legal complication among others. The possible solutions to the challenges included good remuneration of officials, awareness campaigns of NKI, more financial resources, discharge from duty those engaging in corruption, more severe punishment and finally addressing legal ambiguity among others.
Implications of Regional Politics on Youth Employment in the Police Service: A Case of Laikipia County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-03) Nyamu, Gedion Miriti
The problem of employment among the youth is a challenge that affects their livelihoods. After one has attained the age of majority (over 18 years) and has basic education, what one carries is a hope of getting gainful employment. Employment gives young people hope, stability, identity, a sense of belonging and an opportunity to settle down in life. The reason for this study was to investigate the ramifications of regional politics on youth employment in the police service: An instance of Laikipia County. The research was guided by the following particular objectives: identify the criteria of youth choice and recruitment in the police service; establish how the numbers are distributed throughout the county; identify challenges faced in getting qualified recruits and to find out a better strategy for recruiting and hiring of the youth into the police service. The study was guided by descriptive design which was complimented by exploratory research design. The target populations were 384 people, sample sizes were 183 people and the sampling technique were both purposive and simple random sampling. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used as research instruments in this study. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics e.g. averages, mean, standard deviation etc. while qualitative data was analyzed according to themes and patterns formed. The expected results will help in the non-biased recruitment, avoid nepotism and help get a better strategy of youth recruitment in police service in Laikipia County. This study was based on new public management theory conceptualized by Hood (1991). It was conducted through a descriptive research design to answer questions that have been raised, to solve problem that have been posed or observed. The target population consisted of senior police commanders, support staff, High School Heads, Youths, parents and Area Chiefs and sub-chiefs (informants) in Laikipia County. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used as the main tools of data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentage, median, standard deviation and range and qualitative data was analyzed using the formed themes and pattern. The expected results were to enhance strategies that would ensure effectiveness during selection and recruitment of youth into the police service. The study found out that regional politics has a significant influence on the recruitment of youth into the police service. Corruption has also been highlighted as another factor that influences the recruitment and selection of youth into the police service. The study recommends that corruption and political interference should be reduced to allow the recruitment process to maintain free and fair grounds so as to select and hire the most qualified youth into the police service who can be more competent in service delivery.
Implications of Technological Advancement on Performance of Police Officers; Case of Kenya Railways Police Unit.
(Kenyatta University, 2019-03) Ndonye, Rachael Ndinda
Although technology holds great promise for improving policing, research on police technology is not well developed and raises questions about technology‘s impacts on policing. The purpose of this study was to assess the implications of technological advancements on performance of police officers and suggest the best ways to enhance technology use in the Kenya Police Service. Objectives of the study were to establish the prevalence and use of new technology in the Kenya Police Service, to examine the types of technology used in the Kenya Police Service, to identify challenges that Kenya Police Officers face in the use of new technologies, to examine effects of technology on the performance of Kenya Police Officers and to find out the best strategies to help Kenyan Police Officers adopt new technologies to enhance their performance. The study adopted the postmodern theory of technology by John Watkins Chapman. The study adopted a descriptive research design survey where it targeted 1700 police officers, who formed the target population of this study. A total of 170 police officers formed the sample size. The sampling techniques used were simple random sampling for junior police officers followed by purposive sampling technique for senior police officers. Raw data from respondents was obtained using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussions. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically and by looking for patterns. They were presented in the form of narrative and verbatim quotations. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics includes percentages and means. They were presented in tables, graphs and pie charts. The findings will help enhance the usage of new technological advancements in improvement of the performance of our officers. The study discovered the performance of police officers has greatly improved due to advancement of technology. The study established that there was use of technology in Kenya police service though not very much advanced. It also established that Globalization and new technologies have facilitated certain cyber-criminal operations, thereby placing an additional burden on law enforcement agencies. Fifty two percent of the respondents noted that lack of funds to acquire updated equipment was a major challenge facing police officers in their effort to adopt new technology. The study found out that, due to fast technological advancements, the digital forensic tools become obsolete too often. Forty percent of the respondents had the view that this has become a major challenge because they are expensive and the budget allocation to acquire them is limited. Unemployment of techno-savvy personnel was seen as a major challenge in adopting technology in Kenya police service. Fifty four percent of the respondents cited that in the recruitment of police officers not much consideration is given to the courses one undertook in the case of graduates. The study recommends that the government of Kenya should increase the allocation of funds to the National Police Service for the acquisition of updated equipment, to provide training at appropriate levels in forensic techniques and in technological skills for policy makers and law enforcement and investigative personnel, introduce appropriate procedural and substantive laws to deal with crimes committed in an electronic environment and raise public awareness, on the appropriate use of the internet.
Commercial Motorcycles and Insecurity in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-04) Chepkilim, John I. M.
Crime is a challenge and potential impairment to national development. It also affects spiritual and material welfare, compromising human self-worth while creating an atmosphere of anxiety and violence. Studies have shown that insecurity have both direct and indirect cost implication on economic growth especially when it is linked with transport system. This study sought to examine the link between commercial motorcycles and insecurity in Nakuru County. The study was guided by routine activities theory and Merton Anomie theory which explain crime and its link to environment. Descriptive research design was used to evaluate the objective of this study. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to determine the respondents to be included in the study for business and motorcycles operators. The study recruited a sample of 241 commercial motorcyclist and 390 pillions. Structured self-administered questionnaires were used for primary data collection targeting pillions and interview schedule targeting Bodaboda SACCO officials and Nakuru county officials. Data was entered in Ms excel for analysis. The study found that commercial motorcycles engaged in criminal activities against their customers. Crimes committed by commercial motorcycles against their customers were armed robbery and snatching of valuables. The study concludes that the rise in number of commercial motorcycles in Nakuru contributed to the rise of crime. These crimes mainly targeted male adults and was more caused by financial problems and greed among the commercial motorcyclists. The study therefore recommends control of operating hours for commercial motorcyclists; this can be enforced by police, police patrol and use community policing. The study also recommends government to strive to improve relationship between police and the public (pillion and motorcyclists)
Assessing the Role of Demand and Supply Aspects in Book Piracy: Case of Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Igesha, Peter M.
Piracy is a willful theft of intellectual and creative efforts of others due to increased demand for academic books in our learning institutions. It is a social and economic menace that involves the outright reproduction and distribution of the creative works of others, for commercial purposes, without the consent of the copyright owner. The general objective of the study was to establish the determinants of book piracy in Nairobi City County. The specific objectives were to determine the practices and patterns and to investigate the demand side, supply side and legislative/ legal side determinants of book piracy in Nairobi City County. This study employed descriptive design. The target population for this study street vendors, secondary school teachers and parents, book shop owners and consultant firms‟ employees. A sample consisted of 170 respondents. The quantitative data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires while qualitative data were collected using Key Informant Interview (KII) guide. The tools were pre-tested for reliability and validity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results. Chi-square (χ2) was used to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Significance level 0.05 was used. Approval to undertake research was granted by the graduate school of Kenyatta University and permission obtained from National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). Informed consent was sought from all participants. The results indicated that 41 (27.3%) of the respondents agreed to have photocopied and sold hardcopies of original books, followed by printing at 40 (26.7%), then scanning at 37 (24.7%) and the least was downloading and distributing online at 28 (18.7%) without authorisation. Chi-square was used to ascertain the association between education level and engagement in book piracy. The analysis revealed a significant relationship χ2=10.205, DF=3, P=0. 017 with an effect size of 0.31 based on Cramer‟s V. Further, descriptive analysis used revealed that 43.5% of the supply side respondents had access to internet, 34.8% had access to scanners and printers and the least (21.7%) had access to photocopy machines. The relationship between access to technology and book piracy was sought. According to Chi Square analysis, access to technology had a significant association with book piracy ((χ2=6.955; DF=2, P=0.031) with an effect size of 0.43 based on Cramer‟s V test. Finally, the findings on the law of enforcement revealed that 129 (88.4%) of the respondents indicated that the enforcement was not efficient or adequate. Only 17 (11.6%) respondents indicated that enforcement of the law on book piracy was sufficient. The results of chi-square also indicated that there was a significant relationship between lack of law enforcement and the level of engagement in book piracy (χ2=5.293; DF=1, P= 0.021) with effect size of 0.19. In conclusion the research findings showed that demand side, supply side and legal/legislation side have positive and significant effects on book piracy in Nairobi City County. The research recommends among others that there is need to supply cheaper books to local readers to discourage buying of pirated books. The right holders should protect their works by putting special copyright features. Kenya Copyright Board should create awareness to all stakeholders on the legal issues associated with on book piracy.
Border Management Strategies Used to Curb Insecurity in Liboi Border Post of Kenya from 2007-2015.
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Kamba, Jackson N
The study sought to examine the strategies of patrolling and surveillance as used by the border management to curb insecurity, at Liboi border post of Kenya. The period under study is from 2007 - 2015. The purpose of the study was to establish how the strategies of surveillance and patrols have been applied by the border management to curb insecurity along the border. The main objective was to study how these strategies have been used for security purposes at the border. The study had the following research questions: a) To establish how surveillance has been used to curb insecurity along the border b) How patrols are conducted in order to curb insecurity along border. To find out if there is any cooperation among the security agents, when conducting these patrols and surveillance along the border. The study used cross-sectional research design because the respondents had differences in many aspects but lived in the same environment. Deterrent theory was used in this study because it helps in formulating ways of stopping people from crime and offending. Though Bureaucratic theory of Max Weber was used in the study, it was only a guide on how to establish a successful border authority. The target population includes all security personnel working at the Liboi border post and the police working under the officer commanding police division at Dadaab refugee camp. Basically this was an historical research and depends on past events and experiences of the respondents in order to draw finding and conclusions. The procedure adopted was as follows. First was the identification of the site of the study as Liboi border post of Kenya. The target population was selected from members of the security organs in Liboi and the community living there in. The instruments data collection for the study included questionnaires and focused group interviews. Quantitative data analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Qualitative data was analyzed by organizing the data into categories of similar responses for ease of making inferences. The results of the primary data collected were compared with secondary data. The results were arranged according to the objectives of the study and analysed. The study found that surveillance was practiced at the Liboi border post but it is hampared by the terrain and serviceability of the equipments. Patrols were found to be used at the border the frequency was not adequate. The study found that there were obsolete stores held by the scurity agencies at Liboi. The study concluded that there was need to make the roads at the border passable and where impossible aerial vehicles to be used. That the patrols should overlap those going out and those coming back. The study concludes that those obsolete stores held to be returned and new ones bought. The study recommends the use of unimanned aerial vehicles to augument surveillance and patrols to be conducted jointly by the security agents at Liboi. Areas covered by the surveillance equipments to be depicted in topologhical maps held in the offices of different agencies. This study provides information to policy makers on the current state of the surveillance equipment held by the security agencies at the Liboi border post. It is important to understand the capability of the available equipment on information gathering. The study benefits will be realized once the frequency of patrols is increased and new surveillance equipment bought.
The Role of Mobile Phone Tracking Technology in Crime Prevention in Kenya: A Case of Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Apima, Margaret B.
Traditionally, the prevention of crime has been the main aim of the police organizations since the start of the first modernized police agency. Technology today has greatly advanced and police officers can now, through mobile tracking technology, locate all calls received at the ICT command center and in turn know the exact location where there is distress and respond as required. The study sought to the role of Mobile Phone Tracking Technology in crime prevention and how if embraced it can help the national police service in the prevention of all crimes. Specifically, the study sought to examine the perceived usefulness of mobile phones by the police officers in crime prevention in Nairobi City County; to analyze how mobile phone tracking techniques help in mapping crime to prevent crimes in Nairobi City County; to investigate how the ease of use of mobile phone by police officers helping crime prevention in Nairobi City County; to establish how mobile phone tracking can be used to gather evidence for prosecution in Nairobi City County and to come up with best ways in which mobile phone tracking technology can be used in crime prevention in Nairobi city county. The study design was descriptive incorporating both qualitative and quantitative techniques. From the target population of 694 police officers serving in Langata and Embakasi divisions; the researcher targeted 208 respondents from all the cadres of regular police. Questionnaires were utilized in collecting the Primary data. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data and presented in form of tables and charts. The study found that respondents used mobile phone tracking technology to a great extent in crime prevention. The study also found out that the drops in crime rates was due to the willingness of people to contact law enforcement agencies using their cell phones, hence, improving response time of police units. The study also found that many police departments did not have mobile phone crime mapping and that the crime data used in their departments contained geographic reference. Majority of the police had received training on mobile phone technology crime mapping techniques. However, crime mapping analysis was conducted as needed though some factors impacted on respondent‟s ability to use mobile phone technology in crime mapping effectively. The study further found out that police officers had functional free emergency phone numbers known to the public and which the police often received calls from the public. The study also found out that mobile phone tracking was used to gather evidence for prosecution. The study concludes that cell phones applications contributed extensively in compacting crime activities as it contributed to drop in major crimes. The study further concludes that majority of classification techniques established to predict crime prone areas are indeed more accurate. The study further concludes that mobile phones allowed the sharing of information with the police on crime issues instantly (real time) and they were also used to prove a case in the court of law. The study recommends that in order to help law enforcement officers to have a deep understanding and proper attitude in regards to usage of IT as policing tools, there needs to be an awareness program put in place. This will give details on the optimistic features of utilizing computers for policing purposes.
Determinants of the Rising Numbers of Traffic Road Accidents Along Thika Super Highway in Nairobi -Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-06) Munge, Rachael M.
The construction of Thika Superhighway was aimed at addressing road safety by improving transportation and reducing traffic accidents. Despite this effort the numbers of accidents along Thika Superhighway still continue to occur claiming more lives. This study examined the determinants of the rising number of traffic road accidents along Thika Superhighway in Kenya. The study objectives were; to establish whether the kind of training that the drivers undertake to qualify as drivers contributes to rising numbers of accidents, to examine the contribution of road design on road accidents, to establish the types of vehicles that mostly causes traffic road accidents and to find out the best strategies that can enhance road safety on Thika Superhighway. Accident Cessation Theory and the Reciprocal Determinism Theory were used to guide the study. The study adopted descriptive and exploratory research designs to collect quantitative and qualitative primary data. The study targeted a population of 249 respondents drawn from traffic police officers, road safety personnel and users of Thika Superhighway. Slovin’s formula was used to determine the sample size of junior traffic police officers who were selected using simple random sampling techniques. Purposive sampling technique was used to select senior officers from traffic police, National Transport Safety Authority and Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure while convenience sampling technique was applied to select drivers and pedestrians. Questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions were used to collect primary data collection. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic method, while quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means and standard deviations. The analysed data was presented in tables and charts to represent quantitative findings while qualitative findings were presented in narratives, verbatim reporting, discussions and inferences. Results showed that driving schools produced incompetent road users. Road design, public service vehicles and private motor vehicles were found to be the major contributor of traffic road accidents. To address incompetent drivers the government and road safety stakeholders need to develop a policy to address poor training in driving schools. The study recommends use of speed guns and stationery cameras as deterrent to over speeding and reckless driving. Finally redesigning of defective road sections and construction of addition footbridges will ensure safety on the highway. These study findings are hoped to benefit all stakeholders and users of roads in an effort to ensure safety on Kenyan roads.
Nexus Between Indigenous Cultures and Sexual Violence Reporting in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-06) Korir, Bernard Kiplangat
This study examines the nexus between indigenous cultures and sexual violence reporting in Trans Nzoia County. The study analysed how indigenous cultural beliefs and traditional practices contribute to the commission of sexual violence and how the same hinders victims from reporting to police for appropriate measures. The general objective of the study was to examining the nexus between culture and sexual violence against women and girls, and how it affects the efforts of the police in in arresting and prosecuting culprits. The study is also informed by specific objectives which are: to establish the cultural beliefs that motivates offenders to indulge in sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County, to establish how indigenous cultures obstruct the arrest of offenders in sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County, to assess whether indigenous cultures could prevent women and girls from reporting sexual violence against them in Trans Nzoia County, to examine how indigenous cultures hinder police investigations on sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County, and lastly to identify strategies that could be employed to mitigate sexual violence under-reporting by women and girls in Trans Nzoia County. This study is beneficial to the government, law enforcement, the community, and partner agencies who seek to make structural and institutional decisions based on the complexity of sexual violence and its effects on the society. The study used socio-cognitive theory and socio-cultural theories as analytical tools as they were appropriate in analyzing the problem under study. This study adopted a cross-sectional survey approach in design. The nature of the study called for both qualitative and quantitative data analysis approach. Primary and secondary data was collected and analysed. In-depth interviews were used to collect data from specific respondents and focus group discussions. The SPSS was used for data analysis to establish a statistical inference for the coded data that was also edited for completeness and accuracy. The study established that the problem of sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County is reinforced by indigenous cultural practices. The study found out that some of the cultural practices predominantly in the region include female genital mutilation and eloping of girls for marriage.
Persistent Soccer Pitch Unrest and Its Implications on Security in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-07) Wanjala, Maelo Frederick
This study sought to investigate and to document the causes of football violence in the Kenya soccer fields. The specific objectives were: to examine the circumstances under which football violence typically occurs in Kenya’s stadia, to identify some of the factors that correlate to violence during match and post-match violence, to review the existing policy framework that governs football in Kenya. The study utilized Frustration -Aggression theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of 320 respondents drawn from officials in football management, club officials, football fans and police officers. The study sampled 246 respondents from the target population using purposive and simple random sampling. Quantitative Primary data was gathered using questionnaires. Interview schedule was used to collect qualitative primary data from senior managers of sports management, police officers and club’s management. Qualitative data was analysed using the thematic method, data reduction and classification of information. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Cross-tabulation was used to test the relationship between the study variables. The analysed data is presented in tables and charts to represent quantitative findings. Qualitative findings were presented in narratives, verbatim reporting, discussions and inferences. The study findings are summarised and conclusion made in an attempt to describe the research objectives. Regarding circumstances under which football violence typically occurs, the study found outthat football fans aggression, police action, rude or abusive fans and uncoordinated football match management are circumstances that breeds football violence. On the factors that correlate to violence during match and post-match violence, the study revealed that alcoholism before and after the match, the number of policemen/security officers are not normally enough during matches and also that stadium design and lack of constant monitoring of crowd density by the police and stewards are factors that correlate to violence during match and post-match violence.On the existing policy framework on football violence in Kenya, the study revealed that, to a moderateextent, the following policy frameworks are satisfied: security provision by host clubs, structured complaints and disciplinary mechanism and also safety precautions by regulating government agencies. Thus, the study therefore recommends that the government through its Ministry of Sports should consider setting up policies prohibiting drunkenness in the stadiums while the matches are ongoing and also should hire qualified contractors to derive a quality stadium design. Also, the study recommends that the Ministry of Interior Coordination should deploy adequate police officers to stadia while there are matches going on. Also, the study recommends that the clubs management should deploy adequate stewards to the stadia to control the fans.The management of the football clubs should create schedules that support coordinated football matches to discourage uncoordinated football match management. The policy makers in sports sector should pass regulations,these regulations should include the procedure of crowd handling where fans are segregated, the sale of ticketing to be done away from the venue before the match day, referees and match officials to be train in proper match handling and officiating.
Logistics and Preparedness of the Eastern Africa Standby Force for Peace Support Operations
(Kenyatta University, 2019-07) Oduma, Evans Otieno
Eastern Africa Standby Force (EASF) is one of the sub-regional forces of the African Standby Force (ASF) whose objective is to maintain regional peace and security. EASF structure is composed of three main branches, namely the EASF Headquarters, the Logistics Base and the Planning Elements. The EASF had purposed to achieve full operational capability by developing an operationally ready, multidimensional integrated Standby Force, equipped and ready for deployment by 2015, having attained initial operational capability in 2010. However, whether this has been achieved is still debatable. The Force has been faced with many challenges in its endeavor to be fully operational. The general objective of the study was to determine the relationship between logistics and the preparedness of the EASF for Peace Support Operations. The specific objectives of the study were: to establish the relationship between personnel logistics and preparedness of the EASF for Peace Support Operations, determine the impact of facilities and related services on for Peace Support Operations EASF, and determine the impact of equipment readiness on preparedness of the EASF for Peace Support Operations. Descriptive research design was adopted as it enabled the collection of relevant data which helped in answering the questions concerning the topic of study. The target population for the study was EASF planning element staff based in Karen Nairobi. Simple random sampling was used in selecting 50 military staff, 14 civilian staff and 5 police staff which formed 69 sample size from the target population. Semi structured questionnaire was used in data collection. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and narrations from open ended questions. The study found that logistics played a pivotal role in preparedness of EASF. Proper logistics for personnel, facilities and related services and equipment readiness had significant relations to the preparedness of EASF for peace support operations. Limited funds, environmental issues, lack of airlifts and adequate shipping transportation means, Personnel logistics, lack of sophisticated and high level technological equipment were challenges affecting the preparedness of EASF. The study recommends more cohesion among member states in supporting EASF through funding and pledged forces and equipment. The study further recommended improvement in participation of police and civilian components in most of the operation. Lastly the study recommended the need for enhancing early warning systems and acquisition of high level technologies equipment that can outdo those of the negative forces.
Participation of Women in Implementation of Foreign Policy: Case of Kenya from 2010 – 2017
(Kenyatta University, 2019-10) Abdibashir, Alinoor Ibrahim
The purpose of the study was to examine the participation of women in implementation of foreign policy in Kenya. Implementation of foreign policy is a critical component internationally and is achieved through diplomacy, ware, foreign sanctions, and alliances. The role of women in the implementation of foreign policy has raised research interest over time. The study’s objectives were: to establish how women participate in decision making in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to determine the role of women leadership in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to assess the role of women capacity building in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; and to evaluate how women’s political participation influences the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 - 2017. This study analysed literature review on studies that have examined the relationship between women and international politics and how the contribution of women in the implementation of foreign policy can be theorized. Literature was organized into three key themes. In the first section, the study analyzes what has been covered by researchers with regard to Participation of women in foreign policy and the role of women in the implementation of foreign policy. The liberal feminist theory was used as the primary theory to assess the issues that affect women and their role of women in the international relations, and neoliberalism theory which emphasizes that international relations entail diverse actors and issues. An explanatory research design was employed. A total of 143 women working in the foreign affairs ministry in Nairobi formed the study’s target population. A sample of 72 was done using purposive sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data, with data analysis being done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that women’s decision making, leadership, capacity building, political participation all have significant influence on implementation foreign policy. The study concluded that women in Kenya are not fully involved in capacity building, decision making and politics, which hinders them from fully participating in the implementation of foreign policy. The study recommended that on the establishing standing or ad hoc committees and other statutory bodies on gender equality and empowerment of women, with cross-party representation, to monitor the review and the implementation of existing laws and constitutional provisions, budgets and policies from a gender perspective, as well as recommendations.

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