MST-Department of Environmental Planning and Management

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Potential for on-farm approach in conservation of indigenous tree species among smallholder farmers of Murang'a district, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2002) Thuo, Aggrey Daniel Maina
Today the world suffers from several environmental problems such as resource degradation, which has prominently affected biological diversity. One of such biological resources is indigenous tree species. Currently, their status in many parts of the world especially in developing countries is scarcely known. These trees occured naturally in the world's indigenous forests that are almost gone with only one percent being managed and sustainably utilized. The underlying pressure is caused by increasing population that is characterized by clearance for agriculture, fuel logging, road construction and settlement. This is moreso in high agricultural potential areas such as Murang 'a district. where most indigenous trees and shrubs have disappeared.. The threats to indigenous trees r-c; species in this area, thus necessitated the study to establish the place of indigenous trees in smallholders' social and economic decisions. The study pursued a concept of on-farm conservation of indigenous trees species with a particular .reference to smallholder farmers. It identified the status of on-farm indigenous trees and factors that influence their conservation within farmland. Further, It examined the existing local potential among farmers and within their environment that could be harnessed to promote on-farm conservation. (- In carrying out the study, a questionnaire, an interview schedule and a guide, and an observation record sheet were used to collect data. Data collected were collated, coded and analyzed using SPSS 6.1 Version. Data were analyzed descriptively using multi-response cross tabulations and contingency tables that generated frequencies and percentages. Additional descriptive analytical tools, such as Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), Content and Structural-functional analyses were used. Statistical significance testing was also employed using the Chi-square at 0.05 alpha levels to test relationships and association between variables. The study established that about 43.5 % of surveyed farmers incorporated indigenous trees in their farms. Farmers raise trees largely from seedlings or wildlings. These trees have been planted and/ or retained in home gardens, woodlots, compounds, crop fields, roadsides and riversides. The small number of farmers incorporating indigenous trees species in their farms was attributed to scarcity of land, farmers' attitudes, dying traditional beliefs and taboos, slow growth rates of these trees and lack of seeds and seedlings. Factors such as economic, socio-cultural, ecological and farmers' preferences were found to influence the choice of on-farm tree species. Economic factors undermined on-farm conservation of indigenous trees. For instance, majority of the farmers preferred exotic species due to the fact that exotic trees possess multiple uses value and have capability to generate income faster than indigenous trees due to their fast growth. Additionally, farmers had different preferences for tree species this was hinged on the tree uses or special their functions. For example, Indigenous species are preferred because of their special functions that include provision of medicines for livestock and humans, their effects on soil nutrients enhancement and cultural value. The agricultural activities determined the spatial pattern of the distribution of indigenous trees among the farmers. The agro-ecological three, for instance, had more indigenous trees than the other two agro-ecological zones. This is because in this agro-ecological zone, there are few cash crops such as coffee and tea that requires clearance of indigenous vegetation during their establishment. In intensively cultivated areas such as in agro-ecological zone two, indigenous tree species existed only in places such as riversides, bushes, grazingjields andfarm boundaries. The study revealed a wealthy of knowledge in on-farm trees management among the farmers. This knowledge includes the ones regarding placement, compatibility with agricultural crops, and palatability to livestock, rituals and other uses. The respondent had less knowledge about disease and insect pests affecting indigenous trees. The study further found out that the existing local potential among farmers has been less utilized in promotion of on-farm conservation of indigenous trees, among them the local groups / institutions. The study found out that there is potential for on-farm conservation of indigenous tree species since the local community member expresses their need for medicinal, ecological , socio-cultural and economic values. For this potential to be realised, the study recommends the following: 1) Awareness creation programmes that focus on the economic and ecological value of indigenous trees; 2) Improvement of agricultural andforestry extension services so that farmers are taught appropriate farming methods; 3) Promotion and utilization of the strategy of contacting farmers through local groups/institutions; 4) The need to research on how to incorporate indigenous trees species in farming systems given the decreasing land holdings; 5) The needfor clear cut policies on the on-farm conservation of indigenous tree species to assist agricultural and forest extension officers in promoting these tree species within the farm lands and also to dejine incentives necessary to encourage farmers to conserve indigenous species within their farmlands.
Planning and management problems facing small urban Centres in Kenya a case study of Nyansiongo township, Nyamira District.
(Kenyatta University, 2002) Ming’ate, F.L.M.
Past experience has shown that there is rapid urbanization in most developing countries. Majority of the people are moving from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of services which cannot be offered in rural areas like social, health, educational and other services that satisfy human wants. This movement has strained the urban land uses and service delivery and institutional infrastructure of urban centres in developing countries especially in the major cities as their counterparts, small and intermediate urban centres decay due to lack or inadequacy of even basic amenities and services that will attract investors. Due to this strain, Planning and Management problems are evident in majority of the urban centres. The main purpose of this study therefore was to examine the land use and urban service delivery and institutional infrastructure of Nyansiongo Township. The study finally caine up with " proposals within which planning and management problems of small urban centres can be solved. Primary and secondary data was used in the study. Stratified and systematic sampling was used for data collection. Purposeful sampling was used to ge,t information from relevant bodies. Focused group discussions (FGDs) were used. Snowball sampling was used to get relevant information from relevant institutions. Data was collected through direct observation,use of questionnaire administration and use of interview schedule. Descriptive statistics was usedfor data analysis. Content analysis was used to analyze results from FGDs and interviews I from various heads of institutions. Spearman correlation Coefficient and Chi-Square were used to show relationships. Excel was used to draw tables and graphs. The results of the study show that service provision in Nyansiongo Township is of poor quality and inadequate. The researcher recommends that to improve the services, the Government, the community, NGOs, and CBOs should work together in improving the service provision of the township. (
Human Perceptions and Their Implications to Wildlife Conservation in Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park- Machakos District,Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2005-05) Kiama, Rose Wamuyu
Wildlifeis a renewable natural resource and has considerable economic value not only in Kenya but also all over the world. In Kenya it holds economic, cultural, aesthetic, spiritual and scientific values. When used wisely wildlife can enhance a country's economy though tourism. In Kenya it is estimated that 70 % of the gross tourism earning and 50 % of total gross domestic product is attributed to wildlife. Wildlife is also a source of game meat, tusks, horns and skins. Due to its value, Kenya has undertaken measure to protect it and ensure its sustainability through the concept of National parks and Reserves. Even with these concept of value in mind, National Parks and 01 Donyo Sabuk National Park in particular face threats of extinction resulting from varying perceptions on conservation by the local people. Conservation of wildlife in the park is greatly dependent on how people perceive the existence of wildlife. This study was carried out to examine factors that contribute to human perceptions and how this implicates on the conservation of wildlife. Ways of integrating these perceptions in conservation have also been identified. Data collection methods included structured questionnaire administration for both household and KWS administration that composed the sampling frame. Other instruments used to collect data included; observation, photography aid and review of documented data. Data collected was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative techniques. This study established that there are several factors that influence human perception on wildlife conservation. Cases of animals escaping from the park and damaging-local community's crops and property, killing domestic animals and injuring people has led people to view wildlife as an enemy rather than a valuable resource. This tension creates human-wildlife conflicts. The conflict is worsened by the fact that no form of compensation is offered by the wildlife custodians to the victims suffering from wildlife destruction. The constant conflict between wildlife and the local community are attributed to the lack of community participation in wildlife management. Benefits derived from the park are not also shared with the community. The existing policy framework does not give the local community a chance to feel like they belong to the conservation system. The policies have excluded people from national Parks and this makes people view wildlife as government property. To rescue these wildlife resource local communities need to perceive conservation positively. This is the only way for them to participate in conservation. To put this appropriate conservation strategy in place, the study recommends that: policies and legislation governing wildlife should be reviewed to accommodate people's needs; community participation should be greatly enhanced; revenues derived from the park should be shared with the community; compensation schemes should be reviewed; public awareness and sensitization on conservation should be practiced; a project to plant a buffer zone
Assessment of Energy Alternatives for Rural Microenterprise Development and Environmental Protection in the Agro-Ecological Zones of Kilifi District
(2009-10) Ahmed, J.K.
Energy, specifically energy services affects social, economic, and environmental aspects of development such as livelihoods; agricultural productivity, health, education, and gender-related issues. Kilifi district in the Coast region of Kenya has very high poverty. Prevalence (70%).. There is dependence on solid biomass for energy and traditional energy end-use technologies. Hence, appropriate energy services for microenterprise development are lacking. This increases the poverty situation and environmental degradation. A household survey, focus group discussions and interviews were used to assess the relative importance of rural micro-enterprises current energy choices, the influence of agro-ecological factors on current energy choices and the environmental impacts of current energy use. The study also determined sustainable energy alternatives for the agro ecological of Kilifi district. The study findings show currently, traditional use of biomass and human energy mainly from women are the main sources of energy for micro-enterprise activities. These findings also show that, agro ecological factors influence both the type and quality of energy sources and microenterprise. Despite this link it appears that, there is no model which uses ecological concepts and principles-to assist u;. Designing developing and managing sustainable rural renewable energy systems. Rural microenterprise existing energy use impact on the ecological stability and ecosystem services in Kilifi district and beyond which threatens current and future livelihoods. This also undermines human development and wellbeing especially among women. Energy alternatives exists across all agro ecological zones in the district that can offer energy services for microenterprise development and environmental protection but are not being fully utilized. According to this study the district can have between 80.0 billion and 80.1 billion kWh per year of electricity if 10% of its current bioenergy potential is converted to electricity. The study recommends further research on agro ecological approach to sustainable rural communities' renewable energy systems. Development of a Predictive Ecosystem Mapping (PEM) model for Kilifi district so as to improve natural capital (increased soil water retention hence high water table and increased agro-biodiversity).
Sustainable management of public toilets in the Nairobi central business district
(2011-05-09) Ogendo, Akinyi Mildred
The ever-increasing growth in urban population exerts pressure on limited facilities in most developing cities and towns especially in sectors of water supplies and sanitation. A study of the provision and use of public conveniences in the ( ity Center of Nairobi in 1991 noted that most of the public toilets in the City center of Nairobi were constructed before 1963. Thereafter; only five public toilets were constructed to commemorate the silver jubilee celebrations in 1998 and the ten year Nyayo era celebrations that coincided. The population of Nairobi in 1963 was estimated to be about 267,000 whereas the current population is estimated to be 2.4 million according to the Central Bureau of Statistics. Despite the continued population increase, the Nairobi City Council has not constructed more public toilets to meet the demand of the increased population, as it should have done. An extensive market survey done in the year 2001 pointed out that the demand for the services of public toilets is extremely high. That can be seen in the increased usage of the facilities in the last one-year when the Nairobi City Council and the Nairobi Central District Business Association rehabilitated most of the public toilets in the Central Business District. This study focuses on the Sustainable management of public toilets within the Central Business District. The study hopes to come up with an alternative preferred management to serve Central Business District. On the whole, the project would have positive impacts. Of greatest importance is the potential improvement in public health through improved sanitation if the sustainable management of public toilets is executed.
Integrating hawking in urban planning, management and governance in Nairobi Central Business District
(2011-05-09) Ng'iru, Muigai Donald; Mireri, C.; Kamau, P.
Hawking is a trade activity mostly carried out on the street or roadside and usually an option for the poor since it requires minimal capital, use of own labour. It is mainly undertaken for basic survival. Decline in growth in industrial sector, contracting civil sector, economic recession and the institution of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) among other factors have promoted the growth of hawking trade. In 2003, it contributed 13 per cent to Kenyas' GDP and -is still growing. The sector is though faced with numerous challenges in its operations such as conflicts and confrontations with the authorities, lack of recognition, eviction, unfavorable policies and regulatory frameworks, pavement use conflicts with pedestrians and formal businesses, lack of services and infrastructure among others. Previous efforts to manage and relocate the hawkers have not been successful as the hawkers have returned back to the streets. The study aimed to find-out the nature of hawking trade, identify challenges and opportunities of practicing hawking, to examine policies, participatory and regulatory framework and finally develop recommendations for integrating hawking in the CBD of Nairobi city. The methodology used was triangulation and involved use of various research methods both quantitative and qualitative. Random sampling and purposive methods were used. The main findings were that existing policies have been punitive to hawking activities despite its importance in employment creation among the urban majorities. The preference to hawk in the city is to maximize sales and transport hubs, major transport arteries and terminals attract the nost hawkers. Membership to hawker's organizations is relatively similar to those not, mainly lue to their structural and financial weaknesses, poor leadership among other. advanced recommendations include: policy review to reflect present needs through consultative fforts with all stakeholders. A forum for stakeholders has been proposed, integration of the awkers in the governance of the Authorities activities that affect them, more research into the ector to expand existing knowledge and more recognition of the sector with the subsequent support of the hawking organizations.
Assessment of energy alternative for rural microenterprise and environmental protection in the Agro-Ecological zones of Kilifi district
(2011-07-28) Juma, Khamis Ahmed
Energy, specifically energy services affects social, economic, and environmental aspects of development such as livelihoods, agricultural productivity, health, education, and gender-related issues. Kilifi district in the Coast region of Kenya has very high poverty prevalence (70%). There is dependence on solid biomass for energy and traditional energy end-use technologies. Hence, appropriate energy services for microenterprise development are lacking. This increases the poverty situation and environmental degradation. A household survey, focu group discussions and interviews were used to assess the relative importance of rura l micro-enterprises current energy choices, the influence of agro-ecological factors on current energy choices and the environmental impacts of current energy use. The study also determined sustainable energy alternatives for the agro ecological of Kilifi district The study findings show currently, traditional use of biomass and human energy mainly from women are the main sources of energy for micro-enterprise activities. These findings also show that, agro ecological factors influence both the type and quality of energy sources and microenterprise. Despite this link it appears that, there is no model which uses ecological concepts and principles to assist in designing, developing, and managing sustainable rural renewable energy systems. Rural microenterprise existing energy use impact on the ecological stability and ecosystem services in Kilifi district and beyond which threatens current and future livelihoods. This also undermines human development and well being especially among women. Energ y alternatives exists across all agro ecological zones in the district that can offer energy services for microenterprise development and environmental protectio a but are not being fully utilised. According to this study the district can have between 80.0 billion and 80.1 billion kWh per year of electricity if 10% of its current bioenergy potential is converted to electricity. The study recommends further research on agro ecological approach to sustainable rural communities' renewable energy systems. Development of a Predictive Ecosystem Mapping (PEM) model for Kilifi district so as to improve natural capital (increased soil water retention hence high water table and increased agro-biodiversity).
The effects of unauthorised house extensions on management of BuruBuru neighbourhood, Nairobi
(2011-08-01) Kanja, Kiguongo David
Since the early times, man has made relentless efforts to obtain food and shelter. The struggle for these basic needs has increased progressively as the human race advances in numbers and cultural diversity. The universal declaration of human rights of 1948 recognizes the right to adequate housing as an important component of the right to adequate standard of living. This has been further reaffirmed by subsequent various international instruments including the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights of 1966, the Istanbul declaration and Habitat Agenda of 1996, and the declaration on cities and other human settlements in the new millennium of 2001. In all these instruments, housing is understood in the broader context of the shelter fabric together with the living environment. This study, carried out in Nairobi was aimed at identifying the problems and challenges of housing management in relation to construction of informal extensions. This has been necessitated by improvement of housing for Kenyan population as a major concern by the government and all other stakeholders in building industry. This concern has been influenced by the fact that the improvement in housing stock is a strategically important social and economic investment. In addition, well-planned housing and infrastructure of acceptable standards and affordable cost when combined with essential services affords dignity, security and privacy to the individual, the family and the community as a whole. The study was conducted in Buru Buru neighbourhood which was constructed for middle-income group, but issue of informal extensions has changed the face of Buru Buru and management of housing has become a problem. According to the research findings, management of housing stock is of paramount importance for the houses to cater for increase number of population as other houses continue to be built. The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of unauthorised housing extensions in Buru Buru in management of housing stock together with environment. The specific objectives were to examine the policy and institutional framework governing management of residential houses, the nature of houses and infrastructure development, causes, trends and impacts of unauthorised house extensions on environment management of Buru buru neighbourhood. This was to help in suggesting recommendation on integrated action plan for enhancement of sustainable neighbourhoods. The methodology applied for the study was based on visual environmental inspection, discussions with various stakeholders and literature review to try and establish the in depth causes of urban degeneration/decay. The field survey employed various techniques in collection of data such as questionnaires, interviews, observation and focused group discussions. The sampling frame was all residents of Buru buru neighbourhood and the sample size was the reduced to 245 houses, identified through systematic random sampling. The study identified that the problem of housing management are due to laxity of urban authorities and other stakeholders in enforcing of building regulations and lack of public private partnership. The study observed that the neighbourhood is supposed to have ground cover of 50% and a plot ratio of 75 of each allocated plot. There was also space for parking lot of 2 cars within the plot. This has greatly been violated and the ground cover for most houses has gone even up to 80% living no space for children to play and parking of vehicles. The study also revealed that there is no single organization within the neighbourhood dealing with management of the houses. The infrastructure service provided initially has not been adjusted to absorb the increase population and this has resulted to overstretch of these amenities. The study concluded that there is need for proper management groups to be involved in the management of houses in the neighbourhoods. Local authority to involve all need to decentralize the local authority powers to the grass root level. The study further recommends various short and long term measures ranging from educative, legislative, financial and public awareness campaigns and involvement to be instituted to the housing stock management.
The effects of forest loss on precipitation and stream discharge in the upper catchment of Ewaso Ngiro south river
(2011-08-02) Kigomo, Mathew Kiura; Onywere, S. M.; Nyaoro, W.
Forest loss is a direct driver of change to precipitation and stream discharge. These include changes in annual rainfall, temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and rise and fall in stream discharge. This study focused on assessing the effects of forest loss on precipitation and stream discharge in the upper catchment of the Ewaso Ngiro South River. The destruction of forest in the upper catchment of Ewaso Ngiro South River is threatening hydrological functions, endangering water supplies for people downstream. It is also causing severe siltation, flooding, extreme low flows, disruption of socio-economic activities and ecological alteration downstream. The aim of the study was to assess how forest loss is driving and affecting precipitation and stream discharge in the upper catchment of Ewaso Ngiro South River. This was done by identifying and mapping forest cover; assessing trends in precipitation and stream discharge; and the correlation between forest cover, precipitation and stream discharge between 1975 and 2008. Based on satellite imagery forest cover areas were computed and correlated to precipitation and stream discharge data to establish direction and significance of association. The results revealed a decline i n forest cover and in the number of rainy days and a general increase in the mean annual rainfall between 1975 and 2008. Comparison of the mean annual rainfall for three ten year periods from 1979 to 2008 revealed that there was an increase in the mean annual rainfall from 1979 to 1988 and 1989 to 1998 and a decline from 1999 to 2008. Stream discharge for Ewaso Ngiro, Narok and Siayabei Rivers decreased between 1975 and 2008. Correlation between forest cover and mean annual rainfall revealed a negative association while forest cover versus the number of rainy days revealed a positive association. This implied that as forest cover decreased the mean annual rainfall increased but its distribution over time decreased. Correlation between forest cover and stream discharge revealed a positive association. This implied that forest cover and stream discharge declined in unison. Impacts of forest loss on precipitation and stream discharge have far reaching implications on the social, economic and ecological character of the upper catchment of Ewaso Ngiro South River. The study culminated in the development of an integrated river basin management plan that gives direction on coordinated conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources across sectors within Ewaso Ngiro South River basin.
An assessment of the impacts of increased land subdivision on water supply infrastucture in Karen-Langata,Nairobi
(2011-08-02) Kiama, P. M.; Kamau, P.; Ndungu, A.
Most governments all over the world adopt land use planning regulations that help protect the urban and natural environment, gear infrastructural investment with development and maintain as well as enhance property values. They use master plans, zoning regulations, subdivision regulations, building codes and other public policies to regulate urban planning and development. The results of unguided growth have made it clear that all too often the private developer fails to consider the interests of the larger community in his attempts to profit from his investments. Numerous community problems have resulted from such actions, including: poor location and siting of buildings, traffic congestion and unbalanced growth (UNCHS, HABITAT, 1996). The Kenyan Government has in place a Local Government, which is mandated to regulate land development. However, regardless of their best efforts, land development continues to be a problem. This is because despite local planning authorities being empowered to control the use and development of land and buildings in the interest of proper and orderly development of their area of jurisdiction, land use in urban areas have witnessed abuse of land use planning regulations. In particular, there have been a lot of illegal subdivisions of land and mushrooming of unplanned settlements causing a severe deficiency in existing limited services. The study aimed at finding out the impacts of increased subdivision on existing water supply infrastructure in Karen-Langata residential areas. The study was based on the assumption that lack of compliance to physical planning regulations and development controls will have a negative impact on the environment. Data was collected through administration of questionnaires and interviewing various stakeholders. Data was analysed under four main themes: identification of the building codes and zoning regulation for the study area; the type of development taking place in study area; the relationship between the planning regulation instruments and development in the study area and an assessment of the impacts of these developments on water infrastructure in the study area. To carry out the study successfully, two types of data; primary and secondary, were used. Data was gathered through observation, oral interviews, questionnaire administration and photography. The study found out that there are various land use planning regulations and instruments which govern land use in Karen Langata. These include zoning regulations, building codes, subdivisions regulations as well as a Local Physical Development Plan specifically for the study area. However, the study revealed that despite the land use planning regulations being in place, subdivision and subsequent development of properties has continued to increase at a rapid rate resulting in negative impacts to the water supply infrastructure. Developments in the study area not only consist of residential properties but also commercial and institutional developments. These have placed pressure on the existing water supply infrastructure. The study also ascertained that boreholes are the main alternative to NWSC water supply in the study area, which compensate for the shortfall in water supply. Nevertheless, the number of boreholes has exceeded the number required by t!,1c WRMA and pose a threat to the ground water resources in the study area. To resolve these problems, this study has given several recommendations such as the augmentation of the NWSC water supply network and the enforcement of regulations concerning ground water use. The study also explores the use of alternative sources of water such as rain water harvesting. The study finally recommends collaboration between the NCC and the residents through KLDA to ensure that the I PDP is strictly adhered to.
An evaluation of grazing systems and implications of the emerging community wildlife conservancies in Samburu District, Kenya
(2011-08-03) Machan, N. Steve
Pastoralists have for centuries developed coping mechanisms towards drought by spreading their risks to move onto new areas for better pastures. They took advantage of diverse habitat types in the dry lands through mobility as grazing resources continued to deteriorate. These mechanisms have been both ecologically and socioeconomically viable as adaptive options and survival strategies of nomadic pastoralists. Currently, there are changes in pastoral livelihoods from nomadic pastoralism to sedentary grazing practices through creation of group ranches. These and emerging community-based wildlife conservancy initiatives are leading to disruption of the past traditional pastoral system. Further challenges are due to the changing climatic conditions and increasing human and livestock populations. This study evaluated the traditional grazing system among the Samburu pastoralists and implication of emerging community wildlife conservancies in Wamba and Waso Divisions of Samburu District. The study was carried out in Namunyak, Kalama and West Gate community conservancies and Nkaroni communal grazing area. A combination of research instruments including household questionnaires, interview schedules for key informants and focus group discussions were used in the study. Two hundred households were interviewed during the study through the simple random cluster sampling method. In addition to household survey, four focus group discussions were conducted, one in each study group. The study established that depletion of grazing resources is a major threat to the conservation and sustainable use of dry lands in Samburu District. This is due to heavy livestock grazing pressure coupled with increasing human settlements contributing to poor range conditions for both livestock and wildlife grazing. The findings of the study also show that the emerging land use systems such as communal group ranches and wildlife conservancies have been created due to community's realisation for the need to diversify income and livelihood base following reduction in the present pastoral economy and low socio-economic endowment. The Samburu rangeland productivity is deteriorating as indicated by the disappearance of the grass cover and tremendous increase of the local invasive species dominated by Acacia reficiens. Almost a half of the Samburu rangelands will soon be overtaken by these low value invasive species and this will contribute to greater conflict to the envisaged wildlife-livestock integration due to inadequate grazing resources. The human-wildlife conflict in the newly formed community wildlife conservancies is a great concern if solutions to the current pressing problems are not achieved. The immediate concern is the establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms to resolve human-wildlife conflicts and community education on the growing environmental problems some of which are beyond their control such as the climate change. Understanding of these concepts will assist in educating the community towards adjustment to sustainable grazing management systems geared towards improvements in pastoral livelihoods. Conversely, the establishment of effective community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) programmes aimed at livestock and wildlife integration is imperative. The management programmes should not only address the issue of wildlife conservancy but also build capacities of the people so as to help them generate income and diversify their pastoral economy rather than the syndrome of the "donor fund dependency".
Planning management of public open spaces in Nairobi city
(2011-08-03) Makworo, Micah
This study finds its ground from the fact that public urban open spaces are good for recreation and play, significant role in enhancement of people's well being and aesthetics of a place. Spatially, public open spaces are one of the land uses that are provided for in the planning of urban centres such as cities and towns. Expansion of urban centres, especially with regard to increase in population, leads to change in patterns of utilization of public open spaces. A number of Kenya's urban centres have notable public open spaces but this study focuses on City Park in Nairobi. It is designed to evaluate the recreational state of City Park; examine its nature of utilization; and assess the allocation of equipment, material, personnel and financial resources by Nairobi City Council for its Management. The sampling frame for the area of study comprised a number of institutions, a voluntary organization, users of City Park and the business community around the park. Primary data was collected through survey of the study area. Direct observation guides, personal interview schedules and structured questionnaires were among the instruments used in the data collection exercise. The study established that both men and women of all age categories utilize City Park. Most of these are unemployed and those in employment fall within the low-income category. The Park is predominantly visited over the weekends and public holidays with the preferred time being during the day. Users of the park have varied preferences for activities and situations therein. A close assessment of City Park revealed that it is in a dilapidated state. It is currently experiencing various environmental problems such as insecurity and poor maintenance. It was also established that a number of recreational activities, not initially planned for, have emerged in space over time and Nairobi City Council has not moved to plan for them. The existing situation has consequently seen portions of the park go into the hands of speculative developers. The study established that the managerial staff at the Parks Section is not adequately equipped with the requisite technical skills necessary for effective planning and management of public open spaces. A number of equipment and materials are also either broken down, lacking or inadequate. Similarly, financial allocations towards management of parks fall far below budgetary proposals. This study underscores the need to evolve a plan that will provide a framework for effective planning and management of public urban open spaces in Nairobi City. It is strongly recommended that a comprehensive approach be employed in the planning and management of public urban open spaces. This approach wins support as it brings all stakeholders on board to plan and manage the spaces. In order to achieve this, it is of necessity to initiate, develop and sustain public-private partnerships, public urban open space enhancement programmes and institutional capacity building.
Peri-urban service provision planning: Challenges and prospects in Eldoret municipality, Kenya
(2011-08-03) Letema, Changwony Sammy
Eldoret municipality, like any other principal urban centres in Kenya, has experienced phenomenal expansion over the last four decades coupled with deterioration in environmental and social services. Service provision has become a major challenge to the local authority and government agencies, especially in peri-urban areas where development is rapid. Peri-urban areas suffer from acute deficiencies in service provision, with unplanned settlements being the most affected. The situation seems to grow day-by-day, spreading to new sites and degenerating in the earlier settlements. Little information is known why this scenario persists in peri-urban areas of principal urban centres. This study was designed to explore service provision planning in view of the severity of urban service provision difficulties in peri-urban areas of Eldoret. To achieve this effectively, first, it examined developmental trends and patterns in the context in which service provision planning problems can b, understood. Second, investigated impediments to service provision planning. Third, assessed attempts made to enhance peri-urban service provision coverage and finally, provided framework for enhancing peri-urban service provision coverage. Data was collected through questionnaires and urban report cards administered to peri-urban residents, interviews to key service providers, self-help groups, associations and community leaders, traverse observations and selection of secondary data from relevant sources. Stratified random and purposive sampling was used in primary data collection. Data was analysed using content analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA tests. Service provision has lagged behind peri-urban development due to lack of planning. Service providers have failed to cope up with demands imposed by rapid population increase, peri-urban intensification and boundary extensions. Attempts to provide services to peri-urban areas were plagued by ineffective planning, inefficiencies and resource constraints. Development in Eldoret peri-urban areas therefore proceeds in total disregard of planning regulation, infrastructural facilities and services. The study recommends a comprehensive service provision planning which include among others replanning of informal settlements, spatial decentralisation of public facilities, capital projects development, upgrading. municipal service capacities and land use planning.
Evaluation of natural building stones for sustainable housing in Juja, Kenya
(2011-08-03) Kirimi, Karambu Doris; Mireri, C.; Kamau, P.
Construction materials constitute 60% to 70% of the total cost of building a house. Out of this percentage, about 60% is taken up by the walling materials for low cost housing. Kenya currently, is exhibiting a predominant use of quarried stones for all buildings; this has increased the cost of housing production beyond the reach of many Kenyans. Yet other alternative materials that are both environmentally friendly and economical exists but are not being used sufficiently to provide housing. On this understanding, the research project attempted to answer questions regarding, why the predominant use of natural stones, against other selected alternatives and proposed a framework for utilizing locally available building materials for sustainable housing. Factors that contributed to the over-reliance on natural stones were evaluated, along with some environmental and socioeconomic issues. Policies and institutional framework that contribute to the observed practices of housing construction were also evaluated. To achieve the objectives of the study, Juja location in Thika district in Kenya was the target area, where housing developers and providers, materials producers, the local government, and central government respondents, provided primary data through questionnaires, interviews, observation guides, and photography were utilized to collect primary data. Both systematic random and purposive sampling techniques were used to gather the sample from the target population. Data was analysed with the aid of computer packages: SPSS and Microsoft Word Excel. The generated output was illustrated in form of pie charts and histograms. The main limitation to this study besides insufficient time and money was that the respondents were not willing to give information as they felt that the information being sort was personal and sensitive; this was true especially for material producers/suppliers. The data derived from the research showed that the policies, laws and by-laws that govern extraction and utilization of building stones, encourage over-reliance on natural stones, environmental degradation and unsustainable housing production. These policies, laws and regulations also facilitate little social economic benefit to the communities living within the area. Information obtained from developers showed that the people, lacked sufficient information in choosing materials for house building. They choose to use natural stones, because they perceive them to be durable and of favorable maintenance quality, and as much as many respondents wished to use alternative materials, they lacked information on other viable products, especially the researched options. This has encouraged un-sustainability in housing production and use of materials of construction. A framework for encouraging production and use of other viable alternatives has been proposed. This product will involve planning and management of the potentially locally, available building materials in Juja; a framework that has the potential for being adapted country wide.
Impact of bush meat poaching of wildlife and its conservation in Tsavo East national park- Kenya
(2011-08-08) Murimi, Peter
This study was conducted in Tsavo East National Park, Northern Area from December 2006 to June 2007. It was delimited to the Northern Area covering Kasaala and Kimweli sub-locations in Ikutha division of Kitui district. The main objectives of this research were: to evaluate the extent of bush meat poaching and its impacts; to review the existing policies and legal framework, and its effectiveness pertaining to bush meat poaching; to examine the social-economic factors influencing bush meat poaching and to prepare a log frame for sustainable development of Tsavo East National Park ecosystem. To collect the data, both primary and secondary data sources were acquired. Primary data was gathered using questionnaires, interview schedules, focused group discussions and observation. Secondary data was gathered through literature review from both published and unpublished materials, internet, maps and records from Kenya Wildlife Service and the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust database. Simple random sampling technique was used to acquire a representative sample, purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were employed to get information from resource persons. Data collected was coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) to generate frequencies and descriptive statistics. The illegal killing of wildlife for meat is believed to be one of the greatest direct causes of wildlife decline in East and South African regions. In Kenya, wildlife resource is an important foreign currency earner through tourism and its significance contribution to National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been largely responsible for influencing wildlife policy to focus almost exclusively on non-consumptive wildlife utilization systems. In the study area, there has been substantial increase in human population which has led to habitat loss through increasing sub-division of land for agriculture, and soil degradation caused by the continued promotion of unsuitable land use in a semi-arid and infertile district. This has contributed to bush meat poaching as most households struggle to eke out a living amidst endemic poverty and frequent famine. Poaching with snares in Tsavo East National Park - Northern Area is rife as witnessed by enormous number of snares lifted over the past few years. Over 17,000 wire snares, for example, were recovered between the year 2002 and 2004. According to the field study, cheapness of bush meat which accounted to 70% is by far the most cited reason for use in comparison to domestic meat which sells at Ksh. 120 per kilogramme. One kilogramme of bush meat sells at approximately Ksh. 40. For any meaningful fight against bush meat poaching, therefore, it is recommended that the community be involved in conservation and benefits from the park be felt. Poverty is the main driver to poaching with 54% of the households earning less than I dollar (Ksh. 70) per day. Efforts should be sort to improve the living standards of the community through alternative sources of livelihood. The study concludes that, it is through good government policies that focus on poverty alleviation for sustainable development that bush meat poaching can be alleviated. The policy and legal framework that govern wildlife management is not effective in curbing bush meat poaching. Penalties and sentences for apprehended poachers are cheap and affordable and in most cases poachers are pardoned not to repeat the offence. The Wildlife policy which is currently under review should ensure that the community appreciates wildlife conservation which is only possible if the community is involved in conservation and benefit sharing.
Challenges and opportunities for sustainable water supply and demand management in Ruiru municipality
(2011-08-09) Njogu, Wanjiku Jacqueline; Ndungu, A.; Nyaoro, W.
The water resources upon which human life depends are under increasing stress and almost no country will be spared the negative consequences that are likely to be the result of this situation. Over the next 30 years, more than 60% of the world's population will face water related problems; that is, somewhere between four and seven billion people. Ruiru Municipality will not be an exemption. This study was designed to analyze the level of water supply vis-a-vis increasing demand in Ruiru Municipality. It also identified factors contributing to unaccounted-for water in the area. Further, it evaluated the existing Institutional Arrangements for water supply and demand management. In carrying out the study, questionnaires, interview schedules and guide and an observation recording sheets were used to collect the data. Data collected was collated, coded and analyzed. Data was analyzed descriptively using contingency tables that generated frequencies and percentages. The study established that there is acute water shortage in Ruiru Municipality as demand greatly surpasses water supply. This was attributed to many factors including poor infrastructural development, high water turbidity and pollution levels, lack of funds to invest in water supply facilities, low production capacity of the existing water treatments facilities and regular drought occurrence in the area. The study also found out that the level of unaccounted-for water in the Municipality averages 40%. This was caused by illegal water connections, pipe leakages and bursts and the dilapidated distribution system. It was also found out that the Ruiru and Juja Water and Sewerage Company is the one mandated with water service provision as outlined in the current Water Act. The study found several opportunities for sustainable water supply and demand management in Ruiru Municipality. A sustainable water supply and demand management plan was developed to outline the activities to be carried out in order to realize these opportunities. The study also came up with various recommendations including: proper policy formulations, implementation and enforcement of water resource management strategies, restrict and guide use of groundwater, full decentralization of government functions to the lowest levels possible, review water pricing policies, improve coverage of water supply, construction of a new water intake works, reduce the amount of unaccounted-for water and construction of a sewerage treatment facility.
Intergrated watershed management: a paragim for sustainable water supply in Iveti North hills, Machakos District.
(2011-08-10) Nthiwa, Lazarus Kivai; Onywere, S. M.; Nyaoro, W.
Watersheds, world over are of importance. They are valued for their critical functions. They provide terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They have a health function, through the provision of safe drinking water. Water from the watersheds performs a carrier function within the ecosystem by transporting dissolved and suspended materials. Some solid and liquid wastes that are products of human activities can be purified in a watershed. The importance of watershed has however, not been fully understood, appreciated, nor has adequate attention been placed on using water wisely and efficiently. As a result watersheds have been degraded. The root cause of these changes is continued increase in human population. With rising human population, more and more land is required for shelter, food production, forage requirements and fuel wood. People are forced to use marginal land, often in upper catchment areas. A stage has been reached where water issues have become the limiting factor for sustainable development and often result in conflicts amongst the various competing sectors. In order to achieve the anticipated economic growth, decent and civilized life in water scarce regions, innovative approaches should be adopted. Integrated management of catchments is the best solution to these problems. In an attempt to realize adequate water supplies, and to ensure protection of the watersheds in Iveti North Hills, the study explored the following objectives: it analysed the policy and institutional framework on water management, examined the causes of watershed degradation, evaluated measures that have been put in place to address watershed degradation, and developed an Integrated Watershed Management Plan for improved water supply. A survey was undertaken focusing on the core and pertinent variables ranging from land use, population growth, to the methods of irrigation. Stratified random, simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to draw the sample. Probability sampling procedures was used to achieve a representative sample of ninety households for the study. Analysis, conclusion and recommendations were made based on the findings of the study. The survey established that the watersheds in Iveti North Hills have seriously been degrade, a phenomenon that has reduced stream water supplies in the area. The survey recommends that an integrated approach should be adopted in order to manage and conserve the watersheds.
Actors and their contributions to solid waste management in Eldoret municipality,Kenya
(2011-08-10) Opinde, Godwin Omondi
Eldoret municipality, like any other principal urban center in Kenya has experienced phenomenal expansion over the last five decades coupled with organizational, fiscal and political problems. This has led to inability to cope up with the rapid rate of urban population growth resulting in excessive strain in service delivery including solid waste management. The inability of the municipality to effectively manage solid waste has resulted in increased pollution, potential public health problems, and ecological as well as socioeconomic impacts. This situation has necessitated a paradigm shift from state-led SWM to involvement of multiplicity of actors which has led to somewhat improvement in solid waste management. However the full potential of the actors has not been harnessed because of lack of clear operational structures and inadequate data on the activities of these actors leading to problems such as escalation of costs and unequal access to SWM services. This study sought to assess the contributions of actors to solid waste management in the municipality by reviewing policies and institutional framework governing multi-stakeholder involvement in solid waste management, assessing the activities of the actors, their capacity and suggesting measures to improve multistakeholder participation in solid waste management. The study sampled the registered Private waste collectors, NGOs and CBOs involved in solid waste management based on the lists obtained from departments of social services and environment in Eldoret municipality and Uasin Gishu district headquarters. Data collection techniques used in the study were observation with field trips, questionnaire and literature review. Eldoret municipal council, private waste collectors and CBOs provide services of solid waste management in Municipality. However they have inadequate capacity to effectively and efficiently provide solid waste management services. The Eldoret municipal council has inadequate refuse collection vehicles, unequal distribution of personnel in designated zones, in adequate personnel, in adequate equipment, poor infrastructure in peri- urban areas and they poorly enforce the laws governing solid waste management. The private waste collectors face problems of expensive and multiple licensing for service provision and poor response to payment for solid waste collection service by the households. The Community Based Organizations in Eldoret Municipality have poor organizational structure, inadequate equipment, inadequate finances for solid waste management and a weak relation with the municipal council. The NGOs have weak participation in solid waste management. The study thus concluded that the actors have positive contribution to Solid waste management in Eldoret Municipality and that the enhancement of their capacities and proper integration of their operations in an elaborate framework will enhance the efficiency and efficacy of solid waste management in Eldoret Municipality.
Informal agroforestry tree seed quality tree seed quality and supply systems: a case of peri-urban Nairobi, Meru and Western Kenya
(2011-12-28) Kiura, Jonathan Muriuki
The supply of germplasm in sufficient quantities and quality at the small-scale users level is a limiting factor to agroforestry development. While the past trend has been to put more emphasis on central supply systems such as national tree seed centres and government nurseries, policies are now being adopted to encourage decentralized supply of seeds, seedlings or vegetative propagules. This study was therefore carried out to investigate the mechanisms of supply and quality of the seeds supplied by the informal supply systems, the species and amounts supplied by these systems in selected parts of Kenya. The study focused on the seed supply systems in Nairobi, Central (Meru district) and Western Kenya (Vihiga district). The selected districts were representative of the regions and though nurseries were based in the districts, seed suppliers from neighbouring districts were considered. The study involved a survey of the nursery operators and seed dealers in the districts and seed tests and nursery experiments at ICRAF to compare seed quality and early seedling vigour. The seed tests at the laboratory followed the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) rules on seed testing while the nursery experiment was on a completely randomised design to analyse seed quality and seedling vigour issues. Results revealed that informal suppliers were supplying more seeds at the farm level than formal systems with many seed dealers having joined the business after working with the formal sector. They however, mainly supplied seeds of orthodox exotic species that were easy to handle (collect, process and store). Many nursery operators considered physiological quality factors in their choice of tree seeds and thus the seed dealers' seeds were of similar physiological quality (purity and germination potential) as the seeds from the formal sector. This was also confirmed by the results of seed tests in the laboratory and seedling heights in the nursery experiment. These results were found to agree with others observed with supply of agricultural crops in different parts of the world. The genetic quality of the informally supplied seeds was found to be low as revealed by a low number of closely spaced mother trees the seeds were harvested from. Results were similar even for seed dealers who had undergone some training or had some level of experience in seed handling. The linkages between seed dealers and the formal sector represented by the Kenya Forest Seed Centre were found to be low and limiting their operations. Thus the seed dealers were not able to meet existing tree seed demand that they also had observed to be increasing. The study recommends the recognition of the informal tree seed suppliers since they contribute positively to agroforestry development by the formal sector. The formal sector should devolve the supply of the seeds of majority species to the seed dealers and only work to ensure that information on genetic quality issues is available to all actors so that seed quality is maintained. The study also recommends that the seed dealers form associations for closer linkages between themselves and the formal sector. The farmers who were found to be major recipients of the seeds from the informal suppliers should also be made more aware of quality issues so as to raise the quality premiums with the informal suppliers when procuring seeds.
Surface water resources in Yatta division: accessibility, variations, utilization and conservation aspects
(2012-04-17) Ogola, Pacifica F.; Kerich, Richard Kimutai; Jones F. Agwata
The thesis highlights the problem of water scarcity in Yatta Division of Machakos District. The study intended to find out what the community does to conserve their limited surface water resources. Basically the study was designed to identify the main surface water sources, the amount of water used in domestic and livestock sectors, the various conservation techniques used, how the community participated and the constraint that hinder their full participation. In the study, several methods were used. First, a pilot study was conducted to test the research instruments. Data was then collected from both primary and secondary sources. A household survey was carried out, with the use of observation sheets, questionnaires and interview schedules. Systematic and random sampling techniques were used to sample the households. Data was analysed using averages, percentages, deviations ranking and trend analysis. The results were presented in form of tables, graphs, pictures, sketches and maps. The findings show that the main water sources in the division are rainwater, rivers and other seasonal streams, which are both annual and seasonal. The daily pa capita consumption of water in the domestic sector is 6 litres while in the livestock sector cows consume 20 litres per head per day, goats and sheep consume 5 litres per head per day or less. The water conservation techniques practiced include terracing, roof and runoff harvesting. Afforestation is also practised although to a limited extent. The above techniques are however not widely practised mainly because of financial, religious, gender, labour, technical and institutional constraints. It was also observed that hardly any donor institution has effectively supported the community in their water conservation endeavours. There is therefore need for effective community involvement in water conservation activities in Yatta Division of Machakos District.

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