MST-Department of Agricultural Resources Management (ARM)

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Organization and development of Kikuyu agriculture, 1880-1920
(2012-05-17) Muchoki, F.M.
The study focuses on the organization and development of Kikuyu agriculture in Kiambu District between the years 1880-1920. It investigates the internal dynamics and innovative changes that characterized Kikuyu agriculture in these years. It examines the indigenous principles through which the Kikuyu farmers interpreted, predicted and intervened in the natural environment. It also examines the local social organization and the external political and economic factors, which affected the Kikuyu agricultural system in these years. It is argued that Kikuyu agriculture whose organization was complex underwent major structural changes and was capable of initiating and accepting novel practices. In this study, we do not enquire about traditional systems to glorify them as halcyon days, but rather we are seeking to establish Kikuyu possession of knowledge about environment and ecology and the adaptation that the Kikuyu have made to them. We are interested in understanding how the Kikuyu agricultural system functioned in order to understand how it has been transformed. Recent theoretical formulation of colonial agriculture especially the dependency accounts, while correct in essential respects, are seen to have certain shortcomings. As Zeleza (1983, 162) has pointed out, "Writers are so overwhelmed by the structural forces of colonial state pressures against the peasants, that in the final analysis, they lose sight of the peasants, that is, how they have struggled against, adapted to and conditioned the penetration and subsequent development of capitalism in peripheral areas". Despite the dominance of settler farming, Kikuyu commodity production and agricultural output increased rapidly. However, while the establishment of colonial rule was to provide new opportunities for some Kikuyu to expand their trade and agricultural output, "it was also to hinder and in some cases to ruin certain traditional patterns of agriculture" (Zeleza 1983, 162). Colonialism not only drastically altered the social and political organization of the Kikuyu but it also altered the ecological organization. This study will examine the nature of this reorganization.
Demand for tractor services in Trans-Nzoia district
(2012-05-17) Obilo, Jeremiah Abok
The current study was formulated to investigate into the factors that affect the demand for tractor services among smallholders in Trans-Nzoia district. Questionnaire was used to collect data and about 113 small farm holders were interviewed. Multiple regression analysis was then used to determine the association between the use of tractors and the various postulated independent variables. The empirical findings of the study indicate that there is a strong correlation between use of tractors and the following: land acreage, the tractor hire charges; though contrary to a priority expectations, empirical evidence of this study show apparently a weak relationship between income variations and the demand for tractor services. The researcher suggests that this might be a reflection of low-income levels of small farm holders. Other variables like age of the farmer; education levels, and their main occupation were statistically insignificant at the 5 per cent level. The study also revealed several tractor services, which small farm holders utilize. Among these, ploughing activity was the most used tractor service; and 92.5 per cent of the respondents had used tractors for ploughing during the period of data collection. Other tractor services, which were identified, were re-ploughing, harvesting, planting shelling and transport. Finally, based on the statistical results various policy implications were suggested.
Characterization of Soil Mineralogy in Relation to Soil Fertility Functional Properties for Selected Countries in Africa
(2013-08-13) Kamau, Mercy Nyambura
Africa’s development depends heavily on soil ecosystem services. However current soil degradation coupled with increasing pressure on land is threatening the soil resource base. There is an urgent need to establish soil health surveillance systems to guide investments and monitor trends in soil health status and impacts of interventions. Surveillance systems require appropriate and rapid, low cost methods that directly measure soil functional properties and can be applied at larger scale. Spectroscopic methods that directly measure organic and mineral composition hold promise for fulfilling this role. Infrared molecular spectroscopy (IR) is one method that has shown promise for predicting many soil functional properties. Xray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) is another promising method, which directly determines soil mineral composition, but has been little researched as a tool for quantitative prediction of soil functional properties. However a comprehensive knowledge of soil mineralogy in Africa is lacking due to poorly and fragmentally coordinated scientific investigations coupled with the limitations in the traditional analytical techniques. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid XRD measurement protocol and evaluate the ability of X-ray diffraction technique to rapidly predict soil functional properties based on mineral composition. Geo-referenced samples associated with the Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS), taken from a set of 10 sentinel sites randomized over sub-Saharan Africa, were used for characterization. A total of 160 topsoil samples taken from 16 randomized points of ten 100-km2 sites: Tanzania (3 sites), Malawi (2 sites), Mali (1 site), Burkina Faso (1 site), Kenya (2 sites) and Ghana (1 site) were characterized for chemical properties, particle size distribution, engineering properties and bulk mineralogy. Variation of the mineralogy within and between sites was explored using principal component analysis using the R statistical software, as a precursor to exploring relationships with directly measured soil properties and soil fertility diagnostics. The clustering of individual minerals and the distributions of the soil fertility variables identified across the sites appeared to relate to differences in mineralogical functional groups, supporting the hypothesis that mineralogical data could be used to predict functional properties. The findings therefore suggest opportunity for improving soil assessment using information on soil mineralogy. For instance XRD information on mineralogy can be combined with information from soil physico-chemical properties, to provide powerful diagnostic capabilities, for low cost and rapid prediction of soil functional properties. Further work should aim to develop direct quantitative predictive relationships between soil functional properties and mineralogical composition using the full set of AfSIS reference samples.
Effects of Lime, inorganic P and inoculation on Soil Chemical properties and Grain Yields of Maize and Soybean in Western Kenya
(2013-10-17) Onyango, Maurine Akinyi; Danga, B. O.; Odendo, Martins
Low crop responses to fertilizer application among small holder farms are common phenomena in degraded acidic soils of western Kenya. Continuous growing of maize without commensurate soil nutrient replenishment coupled with application of soil acidifying fertilizers, especially Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Sulphate of ammonia (SA) have aggravated the soil acidity problem. An on-farm trial was sited in Shianda sub-location, East Wanga division in Mumias district, Western province, Kenya during the 2011 long rain (LR) and short rain (SR) seasons to determine the effect of lime, inorganic P, inoculation on soil chemical properties and yields of soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). The treatments included, 2 lime rates (0, 2.5 t/ha), 2 inorganic Prates (0, 30 kg P/ha) with or without inoculation (Rhizobium japonicum) of soybean. The eight treatments were arranged as factorial in RCBD with four replicates. All data were analyzed with the ANOV A procedure of the GENST AT statistical software and treatment means separated using least significance difference at (P < 0.05). Regression analysis was performed to examine relationships between plant and soil parameters. Benefit-cost analysis was performed on maize and soybean grain yields to determine the treatments with the most profitable returns. A combination of Lime + P + inoculation recorded the highest maize (4490 kg/ha, 3470 kg/ha) and soybean (970kglha, 830kglha) grain yields during the first and second seasons, respectively. Sole P treatment gave a higher average nodule number per plant and plant biomass (g), respectively (8 and 21.8) than sole inoculation (4 and 19.2) and sole lime treatments (2 and 16.8) during the first season. Lime application at Z.5 t/ha increased soil pH from 4.9 to 5.58. Increase in soil available P was in the order' of lime> P > inoculation (9.35 > 6.50 > 5.10) mg/kg. Sole lime treatment proved 'to be a more profitable investment for the farmers as it gave. a net benefit of Ksh 89,015.20 with a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.2. Therefore, integration of lime, inorganic P and inoculation needs to be disseminated among small-scale farmers in western Kenya for improved maize and legume production.
Effect of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers on maize yield and soil properties in Huye and Bugesera Districts of Rwanda
(2014) Munyabarenzi, Innocent
Agriculture in Rwanda is today characterized by low agricultural productivity due to soil fertility decline. This is mainly attributed to the mining of nutrients due to continuous cropping without adequate external addition of inputs. The adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) technologies such as the combination of organic manure and mineral fertilizers is being taken as one of solutions to this situation. A study was therefore, conducted to investigate the effects of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers on maize yield response, crop nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and to evaluate changes of bio-chemical soil properties brought about by the treatments applied. The study was conducted at the Research Stations of Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB), namely, at Rubona in Huye and at Karama in Bugesera Districts in Southern and Eastern provinces of Rwanda,respectively. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three factors : nitrogen, phosphorus fertilizers and farmyard manure. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were applied at three levels, 0, 50 and 100 Kg/ha for nitrogen and 0, 25 and 50 kg/ha for phosphorus while Manure levels were two (0 and 10 tons/ha). Maize was the test crop and was planted in plots measuring 4.5 x 4.5 m with a spacing of 75 x 30 cm. The experiments were replicated three times. Soils samples were analyzed for soil pH, soil organic Carbon, total N, available phosphorus,Potassium, CEC, ECEC, Exchangeable acidity and microbial status of the soil. Maize grains were dried after harvest and weighed at 12.5% moisture content. The data was analyzed by ANOVA using general linear model of SAS software. Regression and correlation were used to establish relationships between measured parameters. The results showed that maize grain yield,1000 grain weight and stover biomass were influenced significantly (P<0.05) by the application of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers. The combined applications produced yields which were significantly higher than organic or inorganic alone and the control. The highest grain yields of 8.92 tons ha-1 and 7.11 tons ha-1 were obtained in the combined treatments of farmyard manure with mineral fertilizer at a rate of 100 kg ha-1 N, 50kg ha-1 P mineral fertilizer and 10 tons ha-1 manure at both sites (Rubona and Karama), while the controls recorded the lowest grain yields of 4.61 tons ha-1 and 3.23 tons ha-1 for Rubona and Karama sites,respectively. The combined treatments generally showed significantly higher nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency than the sole organic and inorganic fertilizers. In the evaluation of soil properties, total nitrogen, K and pH significantly decreased in plots treated with organic and inorganic fertilizers while soil organic C, available P, Ca, Mg and CEC increased generally in treatments under inorganic plus organic fertilizers. In the case of microbial biomass, there were slight increase for both bacteria and fungi after NP fertilizers and manure combined treatments. In both sites, maize yields responded more to nitrogen fertilizer than P fertilizer, an indication of low nitrogen content in the soils of Rubona and Karama.
Improving sorghum grain yield through use of mineral fertilizers and farm yard manure for smallholder farmers in Makueni and Machakos Counties
(2014) Mwadalu, Riziki Umazi
Reduced food productivity in smallholder farms is the principal cause of food insecurity in semi-arid parts of Kenya. This is mainly attributed to decline in soil fertility, low and unreliable rainfall, land degradation and adverse effects of climate change. The solution lies in the efficient use of nutrients and planting of drought tolerant crop varieties that can cope with the low rainfall in the ASALs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of FYM, mineral fertilizers and their integration on the production of Gadam sorghum and change in soil properties in Makueni and Machakos counties. The experimental design was a factorial arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. The study consisted of two experiments in each site. The first experiment was a pure mineral fertilizer experiment with two factors (nitrogen and phosphorus) each at four levels (0, 25, 50, 75 kg/ha). The second experiment tested a combination of FYM (0, 5 & 10 tons/ha) and NP fertilizer in form of CAN and TSP, respectively, at 0 and 50kg/ha each. The first experiment involved 16 treatments while the second experiment involved 6 treatments. The results of grain yields in the first experiment were significantly different in the various treatments (p=0.02) at Kampi ya Mawe and (p=0.04) at Katumani. Nitrogen increased sorghum yields more than phosphorus, but not significantly. However, combining N at 75 kg/ha and P at 50 kg/ha gave the highest yields of 4859.1 kg/ha at Kampi ya Mawe, which was an increase of 135% above the control. At Katumani, combining 50kg/ha N and 25 kg/ha P gave the highest grain yield of 2485.1 kg/ha which was 68.3% above the control. In the second experiment, combining FYM with NP fertilizer at 50kg/ha NP and 10 tons/ha FYM gave the highest yield of 5393kg/ha compared to the control treatment (4233.1 kg/ha) at Kampi ya Mawe, which was 13.7% more. At Katumani, however, combining FYM and NP fertilizer had less yields as compared to the control. FYM at 10ton/ha and NP 50 kg/ha gave 1566.4 kg/ha which was not significantly different compared to 1669.4 kg/ha for the control. The amount of available N in the soil increased proportionately with N application and declined gradually throughout the growing season. Nitrogen uptake by sorghum also increased with increased N application while soil microbial population was increased with the application of FYM. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was optimal at 50 kg/ha N and declined with increased application of N while Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was highest at 50 kg/ha P. Sorghum was more efficient in utilizing nitrogen than phosphorus. Based on the results, a combination of FYM and NP fertilizer can be recommended for sorghum production both at Kampi ya Mawe and Katumani. The findings of this study will be valuable in extension efforts towards increasing sorghum productivity and awareness by farmers of best ISFM practises in semi-arid eastern Kenya
Characterization of soils using infrared scanning in South kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Bigabwa, Janvier Bashagaluke
Understanding soil properties is an essential pre-requisite for sustainable land management. Assessment of soil properties has long been done through conventional laboratory analysis, which is costly and time consuming. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative cheaper and faster techniques for soil analysis. In recent years, special attention has been given to Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and chemometrics. ear Infrared Reflectance (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy techniques are rapid, convenient and simple non-destructive techniques for quantifying several soil properties. This study aims to characterized soil based on based on infrared spectroscopy. This method were to predict soil pH, soil organic C, total N, exchangeable AI, Ca, Mg, and K, CEC and soil texture for soil samples collected in Sud-Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo. A total of 530 composite soil samples were taken from two locations (Burhale and Luhihi) at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 ern) using a spatially-stratified random sampling design within an area of 100 km2. After minimal sample preparation, the MIR spectrum of a soil takes about two minutes for the analyses. Ddifferences in characteristics were evaluated between the two locations, land use (cultivated vs. non-agricultural land) and soil depth. A random subset of the samples (10%) were analyzed using standard wet chemistry methods, and calibration models developed using MIR data to estimate soil properties for the full soil sample set. Partial least squares regression (PLS) method gave acceptable coefficients of determination between 0.71 and 0.93 for all parameters hence good prediction. Soil organic matter levels were higher in cultivated plots in Luhihi (3.9% C) than in Burhale (3.0% C), suggesting lower levels of soil fertility in the latter area. For both sites, soil pH (water) was generally very low (less than 4.8) This indicates high levels of acidity, which is likely to limit crop production in the area. Phosphorus deficiency was acute for both locations but more for Burhale (2.4 mg P kg') than Luhihi (5.4 mg P kg"). Aluminium toxicity was prevalent in both sites which is attributed to low pH values. The recommended soil management strategies therefore involve liming with dolomite material since Ca/Mg > 4. In both locations, low levels. of Ca and Mg indicate that soils may be susceptible to " deficiencies of both elements. No risk ofK deficiency was observed in the area. These findings suggest new opportunities for monitoring soil quality in the region which can benefit multiple actors in the agricultural and environmental sectors. More efforts are needed to improve the use of these new technologies of monitoring soil and land degradation across developing countries.
Effect of Combining Cattle Manure and Inorganic P-fertilizer on Soil Properties and Maize Yield in Acidic Soils in Beira Corridor, Mozambique
(2014-02-19) Muambole, Arlindo; Danga, B. O.; MIGUEL, MAGALHÃES A. MIGUEL
Mozambique lags behind all other Southern and Eastern African countries in maize production leading to maize imports. Soil nutrient depletion, lack of combination of organic resources with mineral resources coupled with high soil acidity has been identified as the main causes of the declining crop yields. Maize yield in smallholder systems in central Mozambique can be increased by optimum utilization of mineral fertilizers combined with cattle manure and other locally available organic resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combining cattle manure and inorganic P-fertilizer on soil properties and maize yield in acidic soils along Beira Corridor, Mozambique. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of combined incorporation of cattle manure and mineral fertilisers on soil properties and maize yield; to determine the optimum rate of manure-inorganic fertiliser interactions for increased fertilizer use efficiency and to assess the profitability of combined application of cattle manure and mineral fertilisers for small scale farmers. The experiment consisted of combination of three levels of inorganic P-fertilizers (TSP) at 0; 25 and 50 kg ha-1 (P2O5) with three levels of cattle manure (0, 5 Mg/ha and 10 Mg/ha). The total treatments tested were nine and arranged in RCBD with four replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis, and treatment means were compared at probability (p<0.05) using Least Significant Difference (LSD). Cattle manure at 10 Mg/ha combined with TSP at rate of 50 kg/ha gave higher maize grain yield of 4.87 Mgha-1 compared to 0.55 Mgha-1 of the control. Combination of mineral fertilizers with manure significantly increased phosphorus use efficiency by 98%; phosphorus agronomic efficiency by 87%; phosphorus recovery efficiency by 0.46 g kg-1 and utilization efficiency by 98%. Inorganic P-fertilizer use was cheapest when TSP as source of P was combined with manure at rate of 5 Mg ha-1 having Value Cost Ratio of 8.12 but P-fertilizer (as TSP) was most expensive when applied without manure, having VCR of 3.40. Advocacy on combination of cattle manure that is locally available with TSP should be increased to improve soil properties, crop yield, fertilizers use efficiency, income and profit to farmers.
Effects of Different Limes on Soil Properties and Yield of Irish Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum. L) in Burera District, Rwanda
(2014-02-19) Nduwumuremyi, Athanase; Mugwe, J. N.; Ruganzu, V.
The problem of acidic soils is complex and threatens food production in many parts of Africa and Rwanda in particular. Rwanda is a small land locked country in sub-Saharan Africa and its population density is currently the highest in the region and continues to grow. Agriculture supports 82% of the population and hence it is the most important sector that needs to be explored in order to enhance food security. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of agricultural and local liming materials, their effects on selected soil physical and chemical properties and yield of Irish potatoes in Burera district. This was achieved through a laboratory based quality analysis and a field experiment. The field trial followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and it was established in September, 2011. The treatments comprised of the four lime materials (Agricultural lime, Karongi, Musanze and Rusizi liming materials) applied at three levels (1.4, 2.8 and 4.2 t ha-1 of CaCO3 equivalent) and control. Soil properties were monitored over a period of 16 weeks (112 days) after limes application. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test. The findings showed that, agricultural and Rusizi limes had the highest CCE (86.36 % and 85.46%, respectively). In terms of fineness factor (FF), agricultural lime and Musanze lime had higher FF compared to other limes. Lime rate of 2.8 t ha-1 of Musanze and agricultural limes had similar and highest effects in increasing soil pH. At the rate of 2.8 t ha-1 they increased the soil pH by 0.65 and 0.64 units, respectively. On the other hand, at a rate of 4.2 t ha-1, Rusizi lime had a higher Lime Efficiency (LE) (102.3%) in increasing soil pH than Musanze and agricultural lime (LE of 100% respectively). Lime rate of 4.2 t ha-1 of agricultural, Rusizi and Musanze limes reduced exchangeable Al. The effectiveness of Musanze lime at the rate of 2.8 t ha-1 had the highest LE (100.8%) among all the limes making it the best in reducing exchangeable Al, while Karongi lime was the poorest. Lime rate of 4.2 t ha-1 of agricultural lime had the highest effect in increasing available phosphorus compared to other limes while Karongi lime had the lowest effects in increasing available phosphorus. Lime application rate of 1.4 and 4.2 t ha-1of agricultural lime significantly (p<0.001) reduced the ECEC. At the rate of 2.8 t ha-1, agricultural and Musanze limes increased 0.24% and 0.21% of total nitrogen, respectively. Notably, all lime rates of Karongi lime were the lowest in increasing total nitrogen. Musanze lime had higher Relative Agronomic Efficient (RAE) than other local limes. At a rate of 1.4 t ha-1, Musanze lime had 113.04% of RAE, an indication of yield increase by 13.03%. Economically, lime rates of 1.4t ha-1 of Musanze lime had the highest economical efficiency (121.81%), which makes it to be more economically efficient than other limes and rates. Therefore, this study recommends the use of Musanze lime applied at a rate of 2 to 4 t ha-1 in acidic soils of Burera district.
Lime and Manure Application to Acid Soils and their Effects on Bio-Chemical Soil Properties and Maize Performance at Kavutiri - Embu County
(2014-02-22) Gitari, Harun I.; Danga, B. O.; Mochoge, B.O.
Soil acidity is widespread globally, accounting for about 40% of total arable soils. In Kenya, acid soils cover about 13% of total land area and are distributed widely in the croplands of central and western Kenya regions, covering over one million hectares. The main limitation of crop productivity in Kavutiri, Embu, is soil acidity and more specifically aluminium toxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of agricultural lime in combination with farmyard manure (FYM) on soil properties (exchangeable acidity, pH, and microbial biomass) and maize growth. The treatments include: goat manure at 3 levels (0, 5 and 10 Mg ha-1) and agricultural lime (CaCO3) at 6 rates (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 Mg ha-1). The study was carried out in two phases. Phase 1 was carried out at the greenhouse with pots arranged in a complete randomised design (CRD) and replicated thrice while phase 2 was carried out on a farmer’s field at Kavutiri where the soil samples for phase 1 were taken. Only the best three performing treatments in phase 1 were selected and verified during phase 2 in a complete randomised block design (CRBD) with three replicates. In each phase, maize was the test crop and was grown for a period of 8 weeks. The biophysical data generated from the study was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Genstat statistical package. Treatment means were compared at probability p< 0.05 using Fischer’s least significant difference (L.S.D). Results of this study indicate that soil acidity decreased with increase in manure and lime levels. The treatment M10L12.5 –with 10 Mg ha-1 of manure and 12.5 Mg ha-1 of lime - recorded the highest pH of 6.3 and 5.9 for greenhouse and field trials, respectively. Maize growth parameters (root length, height and biomass dry weight) were found to increase significantly as levels of manure and lime increased. Treatment M10L12.5 from greenhouse trial recorded the highest values for root length (41.3 cm), height (150.3cm) and dry biomass weight of 755.4 Kg ha-1. Microbial biomass was found to be higher in the field than in greenhouse trials with the highest value of 28.8 × 105 and 26.7 × 103 Colony forming units (CFU) for bacteria and fungi, respectively. This marked significant increases (P < 0.05) of 772.7 and 86.6% for bacteria and fungi, respectively above the control. From the study, it was concluded that combining 10 Mg ha-1 of FYM and 12.5 Mg ha-1 of agricultural lime could be a promising alternative amendment for acid soil management strategy for increased maize production at Kavutiri and other related soils in Kenya.
Effect of Cattle Manure, Mineral Fertilizer and Rhizobium Inoculation on Climbing Beans Production and Soil Properties in Burera District, Rwanda.
(2014-02-24) Musaninkindi, Nadia; Mochoge, B. O.; Muhinda, Jean Jacques Mbonigaba
Agriculture is the major engine of Rwandese economy, accounting for about 40% of the GDP, 85% of employment and 80% of exports. Known as “meat for the poor”, beans constitute a predominant source of proteins in Rwandese diet since they supply 65% of national dietary proteins compared to 4% from animal sources. However, the on-farm bean productivity is about 0.8 – 1.0 tons/ hectare which is quite low compared to 5 tons/hectare that is achieved under optimal management conditions. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effect of cattle manure, mineral fertilizer and Rhizobium inoculation on production of climbing beans and subsequently the soil properties in Burera District. The experimental design was a split plot in completely randomized design (CRD) with two main plots (with and without Rhizobium inoculum); four sub-plots (Cattle Manure, DAP, Cattle manure + DAP, untreated control) with quantities applied at single level for each treatment, i.e. 20t/ha for Cattle manure, 50 kg/ha for DAP and 100 g of inoculum which was mixed with 15 kg of beans. The experiment involved 8 treatments which were replicated three times to give 24 plots. The mean bean grain yields from inoculated treatments and non-inoculated treatments showed statistically significant difference (P< 0.0001), that is 3900 kg/ha from inoculated plots and 2946 kg/ha from non-inoculated. Statistical significant differences were also found among treatments (P<0.0001) with the highest mean yield of 4782 kg/ha obtained from treatment Inoculum + DAP + Cattle Manure against 2640 kg/ha from untreated (control) plots. The mean number of nodules was significantly different (P< 0.0001) between inoculated (60 nodules) and non-inoculated (15 nodules) plots. The highest number of nodules (95) was recorded from plots that were treated with Inoculum + DAP + Cattle Manure and the lowest (14) in the untreated control plots (P<0.0001). Regression analysis between yield and nodule number showed a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.8 and a p value of < 0.0001, which confirmed the dependence of the yield on nodules number. In terms of cost-benefit analysis, in the highest yielding treatment (I+FYM+DAP) scenario, a farmer is likely to earn around 1,330 USD per season per hectare; while in the middle and lowest yielding treatment (I and UNTREATED CONTROL), the farmer is likely to lose 43.8 USD and 388 USD per season per hectare, respectively. On the effect of treatments on soil chemical properties, no tangible changes were observed in pH, CEC and organic matter at the end of season. According to these results a combination of mineral fertilizer, inoculum and cattle manure application gave the best results in terms of bean yield, nodulation and nitrogen uptake and therefore could be better considered for recommendation to climbing bean growers in the region.
Effects of Phosphorus Sources and Starter Nitrogen on Soybean Yield and Selected Soil Properties in Tharaka Nithi and Meru Counties of Kenya
(2014-02-24) Abuli, Jackson Sianje; Mugwe, J. N.; Mucheru-Muna, M.
Integration of legumes into farming systems is one of the Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) options for improving soil fertility. Farmers can save their cost of production by using legumes, which, in association with rhizobia, can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Soybean is an important legume compatible with the smallholder farming systems in Tharaka Nithi and Meru counties. However, low P and N, a situation prevalent in the two counties can limit its performance. The study was carried out in Kigogo in Tharaka Nithi County and Kamujine in Meru County. Sources of P, with or without starter N application were evaluated while pursuing the following objectives: (1) to determine the effects of different phosphorus sources and starter N on soybean yield and selected soil chemical properties, (2) to evaluate the effects of different phosphorus sources and starter N on nodule numbers and soybean growth parameters. Finally, the study assessed the effects of different phosphorus sources and starter N on the amount of N fixed by soybean and their economic suitability. A trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), having 13 treatments with four replications each on a 4.0 m by 4.5 m plot size. The P sources were Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Minjingu rock phosphate, Mavuno fertilizer, diammonium phosphate (DAP), animal manure and fortified manure (animal manure with Minjingu fertilizer at 1:1 ratio) all providing 30 kg P ha-1. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) was reference input as it has both P and N and was the farmers’ choice in the study area. Data collected were soybean growth parameters, biomass and grain yields, soil chemical characteristics and soybean and fertilizer market prices. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using t-test and Least Significant Difference (LSD) (P<0.05). The use of Mavuno fertilizer in combination with CAN as nitrogen source significantly (P<0.01) improved soybean yield and significantly (P<0.05) enhanced BNF compared to the control and ranked higher than TSP, DAP, Minjingu and animal manure. Addition of CAN alone as starter N restricted BNF in N rich Kigogo but enhanced it in N deficient Kamujine, giving 56.32 kg ha-1yr-1. This increase was however not significant. Starter N did not enhance soybean nodulation but increased yield in combination with other P sources by 14.95% in Kamujine and 14.28% in Kigogo. The least costly source of P was DAP and therefore recommended for use in soybean production with consideration for liming to address possible reduction in soil pH. Farmers may also improve soybean yield and enhance their incomes while sustaining their soil fertility by using Mavuno fertilizer suppliments or Minjingu phosphate rock.
Effect of Tithonia Biomass and Mineral Fertilizer Application on Soybean Perfomance in Degraded Technosols from Tantalum Mining in Gatumba, Rwanda
(2014-02-26) Ndoli, Alain; Mochoge, B. O.; Naramabuye, F.
Large areas of the Gatumba Mining District (GMD) in Rwanda are covered by Technosols (pegmatite or pegmatite-soil mixtures) resulting from coltan mining activities. These substrates are poor in soil plant nutrient contents and are low in soil productivity. Due to agricultural land shortage in Rwanda, almost all the available land is farmed. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tithonia and inorganic fertilizers on plant nutrient uptake and biomass production of soybean grown in Gatumba soils that are affected by the previous coltan mining activities. A greenhouse pot experiment and a field trial were conducted using pegmatite substrate alone and pegmatite-Lixisol Bt mixture in a completely randomized design (CRD). Another experiment was set on cambisol in a farmer’s field to compare the treatments from the technosols (affected by mining). Tithonia biomass (T) was applied at 5 tonnes (t) dry matter (DM) ha-1 alone and combined with triple superphosphate (TSP), Matongo rock phosphate (MtRP) (for the greenhouse), Minjingu rock phosphate (for the field trials) and ammonium sulphate (AS). Soybean biomass, grain yield as well as its total N, P and K were measured at harvest while soil total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and carbon (C) were analyzed before and after the trials. The results demonstrate that soybean DM, grain yield, N, P and K accumulation were higher on pegmatite than on the mixture, The combination of T, MtRP and TSP also gave higher grain yields on both pegmatite (2.1t ha-1) and mixture (1.7 t ha-1) in the greenhouse. In the field, T+MRP and AS treatments, compared to other treatments, gave highest grain yields (1.5 ha-1) followed closely by T+MRP+TSP (1.49ha-1) on pegmatite while on the mixture, T+MRP+AS gave highest grain yields (0.87 ha-1) followed closely by T+MRP+TSP (0.7 ha-1). At the end of the greenhouse experiment, all treatments on both pegmatite and the mixture showed a general increase in pH, total N, exchangeable K and total organic C with the exception of the available P in the mixture which had declined. The same increase in soil nutrients was observed also in the field trial with the exception of total N that declined in all soil types and treatments. The combination of tithonia green manure and different inorganic fertilizers significantly (<0.05) increased the N, P and K accumulation of soybean grain, shoot and root biomass over tithonia alone. The results indicate that soil plant nutrients generally increased in all treatments in both greenhouse and field trials which is a good indication that these technosols can be reclaimed for agricultural use.
Risk and benefit analysis of investments in conservation technologies under varying climate in Eastern Kenya.
(2014-08) Ngugi, Lucy Wangui
Soil degradation and moisture stress remain the major constraints and environmental threat to agricultural productivity in the semi-arids of Kenya, which account for more than 80% of the total land mass. Government development partners and donor institutions have been promoting soil and water conservation technologies aimed at reducing soil erosion and in making more water available for agricultural production. Investments in soil and water conservation technologies can be undertaken when sufficient returns are guaranteed and the risks thereof are known. This study assessed soil and water conservation technology investment by farmers, examined factors that influence investment into soil and water conservation technologies, quantified the costs and the benefits of short term investments in soil and water conservation technologies and finally, it identified the potential opportunities to reduce risks of investments in soil and water conservation technologies under variable climatic conditions. The study was carried out in Mwania and Kalii watersheds in Machakos and Makueni Counties of Eastern Kenya. Two stage sampling method was used to obtain the sample size of farmers used for the household surveys. First the watersheds were delineated, and the number of HHs picked from sub locations depending on the sampling frame of that sub location to obtain a sample size of 380 households. Purposive sampling method was later used to obtain total of 120 households based on the SWC technologies invested by the farmers. Descriptive statistics were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The crop simulation model APSIM was used to generate yield data under irrigation, tied ridges and terraces which were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOV A) using R-statistical software. Results indicated that terraces were the most used SWC technology in both sites while tied ridges and mulching the least invested technology in Mwania and Kalii respectively. High cost and input unavailability locally were the key factors constraining investments in SWC technologies. On the other hand, benefit accrued after investing in SWC technologies was the significant factor promoting the investments. Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) during 2010/2011 SR season indicated that irrigation and tied ridges yielded the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1.3 and 2.5 in Mwania and Kalii respectively in maize production. Terraces gave the highest BCR (1.5) in Kalii under bean production. ANOV A results indicated that the technology used, fertilizer rate applied and the season type were significant in both maize and bean production. Modeling results indicated that investing during above normal seasons was risky in all technologies but beneficial during normal seasons. Model simulations further indicated that fertilizer application led to up to 73% and 61% yield gains in maize and beans production when up to 30kg Nlha fertilizer was applied. The study recommends development of strategies that will ensure reduction of prices of farm inputs and their availability in the study area, farmers' economic empowerment to enhance investment in irrigation and tied ridges to ensure food security in semi-arid Eastern Kenya.
Assessment of water quality and soil properties for irigation in the horticultural crops producing areas of Alhegaina, North Kordofan State Sudan
(2014-08-26) Adam, hamed mohammed ibrahim
Sudan is a large country with a great diversity of climatic and agro-ecological zones. The horticultural acreage in the Sudan is estimated at 273,000 hectares, representing about 3% of the total crop area. The area under horticultural crops is on the increasing for it is fetching good money for the farmers. Horticultural crops comprise the groups of vegetables,fresh legumes, fruit trees, ornamental plants, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and spices. The present study was conducted in Alhegaina area, North Kordofan-Sudan,with an aim of assessing the quality of water used for irrigation and soil properties for the production of horticultural crops mainly onions and tomatoes. The data of the study were obtained from two sources, from soil and water samples analysis, and from a questionnaire which was prepared to assess the farmers’ perception on the factors affecting horticultural crops production in Alhegaina. Soil samples were taken from depths 0-15, 15-30 and 30-40 cm and were collected from 10 small scale farms, in which 5 farms used surface water while the other 5 farms used ground water for irrigation. Six water samples were collected during dry and wet seasons, three from surface sources (dams) and the other three from sub-surface normal wells. The sampled soil and water were analyzed for various parameters in the laboratory. Using the questionnaire, fifty six small garden holders (10%)were interviewed randomly. For data analysis, statistical mean comparisons based on T-test using Excel and SPSS packages were used. The results of the study indicated that water sources, that is from sub-surface and surface sources did not differ significantly and that their chemical values were within the limits acceptable for irrigation and crop production. However, the concentrations of the bi-carbonates were somewhat high (between 50-135mg/L) while for other chemicals, the concentrations (Na, Ca ,Mg, K and even EC and TDS) were fairly within the permissive limits for use. For example, EC of water and that of soil extracts were between 0.03-0.1 for water and 0.38-0.01 dS/m for soil extracts. Surface water pH was slightly alkaline (7.38 – 7.68) while that from sub-surface was slightly acidic (6.98-6.69). The soils generally were of low soil fertility with very low values of N and P, and in some cases K. With the farmers’ perception on horticultural crops production, farmers were generally poorly informed, have low education and rarely use fertilizer inputs in crop production. There is need therefore to improve their knowledge on crop management and production. The Government has to come up with a policies on farmers’ education,on inputs usage especially fertilizers and on credit facilitation to farmers.
Effects of manure, lime and phosphorus fertilizer on soil Properties and soybean (glycine max l.) yields in Embu County, Kenya
(2014-08-26) Benvindo, Serafim Manuel Mário Verde
Agricultural sector in Kenya, contributes with 25% on GDP, yet this sector is far to supply adequate food for an increasing population due to declining soil productivity. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is relatively new crop being introduced in smallholders farming system in the Central Highlands of Kenya as source of nutrition, income generation and soil fertility improvement. However, the crop yields are below the national average. Soil acidity and depletion of nutrients affect negatively performance and yields of soybean in the region. The study was carried out for two seasons in Embu County to determine the effects of manure, lime and phosphorus (P) fertilizer on: (i) soil chemical properties and soybean yields; (ii) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by soybean; (iii) soil microbial biomass. The treatments included goat manure (0, 5 and 10 ton ha-1), lime (0 and 2 ton ha-1), and P fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Soils samples collected before and after the experiment were analyzed for soil chemical properties and microbial biomass (MB). Soybean N and P uptake, N fixation and yields were determined. Data generated was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 95% significance level (p<0.05). The results showed that lime alone (2 ton ha-1) increased significantly soil pH (15.9%), extractable Ca (64.4%) and Mg (23.1%), and reduced exchangeable acidity by 3.5 times. Goat manure alone (10 ton ha-1) increased significantly extractable K by 6.8 times, CEC (55.8%), available P (37.9%), N and P uptake (98.2% for N and 120.8% for P) and microbial biomass (73.5%). Integrated application of 5 ton ha-1 of goat manure with 2 ton ha-1 of lime plus 30 kg ha-1 P2O5 increased significantly soil pH (14.1%), Ca (87.7%), Mg (30.8%), K (3.7 times) CEC (73.7%) available P (38.0%) and 59.3% on microbial biomass. The integrated application of 5 ton ha-1 of goat manure with 30 kg ha-1 P2O5 increased significantly the uptake of N (99.2%) and P (153.2%). Soybean grain yields were significantly increased by 2.5 and 2.3 times under sole application of goat manure (10 ton ha-1) and integrated application of 5 ton.ha-1 of goat manure with 2 ton.ha-1 of lime plus 30 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively. Goat manure proved to be an important soil amendment by providing nutrients, increasing soil pH, which in turn enhanced nutrient uptake, N fixation, microbial biomass, and increased soybean yields. Integrated application of manure with lime and P fertilizer contributed to improved soil chemical properties and soybean yields. Therefore, manure can substitute or supplement the inorganic fertilizers and could be recommended for the smallholder farmers of Embu County, Central Highlands of Kenya
The effect of method, rate and time of urea application on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of wetland rice in Rwamagana district of Rwanda
(2014-09-08) Nyampinga, Immaculee
Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world population and for most low income people especially in Asia. In Africa, over 50 million people depend on rice farming. In Rwanda, the livelihood of nearly half a million individuals is rice-based. Rice is often very responsive to nitrogen fertilization and the high yield potential of modern varieties cannot be realized without adequate nitrogen supply to the plant during the entire growing period. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mode of application, rates, and timing of urea on rice productivity in Rwamagana marshland, Rwanda. IRRI28 variety was used in the experiment. Two separate experiments were conducted. The first one assessed the effect of fertilizer at different rates and at two modes of application i.e deep and surface placement. The N fertilizer rates were at 4 levels (0, 40, 80 and 120kg N/ha) resulting into a total of 8 treatments. The experiment was factorial and was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).The second experiment assessed the effect of time and rates of nitrogen fertilizer applied in splits to the surface only. This second experiment was also arranged in a CRD with 11 treatments. All the treatments were replicated three times. For data analysis, JMP package statistical software was used to analyse data, and for means of separation, Fischer's protected LSD at the 5% significance level was used. Results of Grain yield components and grain rice yields were affected by different application methods but not significantly. Deep placement method appeared to be more effective and superior in rice performance, with grain yield of 5.6t/ha realized when 120kg/ha N was applied compared to 5.3tkg/ha with surface method, a difference of about 6%. Application of N in splits also influenced the rice yield components and grain yield but not significantly in relation to that of deep placement. In terms ofNUE (Nitrogen Use Efficiency), deep placement ofN again exhibited higher values than both surface and split methods which ranged between 7.5 and 13.5 kg grain/kg N applied. Nitrogen content in plant tissues and grain was generally low and less than 2% which is the recommended value in plant tissues. Again, deep placement exhibited higher % N content in plant tissues especially in Panicle Initiation where the content was more than 2 % than surface and split modes of application. In overall, deep method ofN application appeared more promising in rice productivity than surface and split modes of application in this study at Rwamagana, Rwanda.
Effects of manure, lime and phosphorus fertilizer on soil properties and soybean (glycine maxl.) yields in Embu county, Kenya
(2014-09-08) Benvindo, Serafim Manuel Mario Verde
Agricultural sector in Kenya, contributes with 25% on GDP, yet this sector is far to supply adequate food for an increasing population due to declining soil productivity. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is relatively new crop being introduced in smallholders farming system in the Central Highlands of Kenya as source of nutrition, income generation and soil fertility improvement. However, the crop yields are below the national average. Soil acidity and depletion of nutrients affect negatively performance and yields of soybean in the region. The study was carried out for two seasons in Embu County to determine the effects of manure, lime and phosphorus (P) fertilizer on: (i) soil chemical properties and soybean yields; (ii) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by soybean; (iii) soil microbial biomass. The treatments included goat manure (0,5 and 10 ton ha"), lime (0 and 2 ton ha"), and P fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 kg P20S ha"). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Soils samples collected before and after the experiment were analyzed for soil chemical properties and microbial biomass (MB). Soybean Nand P uptake, N fixation and yields were determined. Data generated was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 95% significance level (p<0.05). The results showed that lime alone (2 ton ha") increased significantly soil pH (15.9%), extractable Ca (64.4%) and Mg (23.1 %), and reduced exchangeable acidity by 3.5 times. Goat manure alone (10 ton ha") increased significantly extractable K by 6.8 times, CEC (55.8%), available P (37.9%), N and P uptake (98.2% for N and 120.8% for P) and microbial biomass (73.5%). Integrated application of 5 ton ha" of goat manure with 2 ton ha' oflime plus 30 kg ha" P20S increased significantly soil pH (14.1 %), Ca (87.7%), Mg (30.8%), K (3.7 times) CEC (73.7%) available P (38.0%) and 59.3% on microbial biomass. The integrated application of 5 ton ha' of goat manure with 30 kg ha' P205 increased significantly the uptake ofN (99.2%) and P (153.2%). Soybean grain yields were significantly increased by 2.5 and 2.3 times under sole application of goat manure (10 ton ha') and integrated application of 5 ton.ha' of goat manure with 2 ton.ha' oflime plus 30 kg P20S ha', respectively. Goat manure proved to be an important soil amendment by providing nutrients, increasing soil pH, which in turn enhanced nutrient uptake, N fixation, microbial biomass, and increased soybean yields. Integrated application of manure with lime and P fertilizer contributed to improved soil chemical properties and soybean yields. Therefore, manure can substitute or supplement the inorganic fertilizers and could be recommended for the smallholder farmers ofEmbu County, Central Highlands of Kenya.
Effects of maize (zea mays l.) – soybean (glycine max (l.) merrill) intercropping patterns on yields and soil properties in two contrasting sites of Embu and Meru counties, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-01) Matusso, Jossias Mateus Materusse; Mugwe, J. N.; Mucheru-Muna, M.
In the central highlands of Kenya, the adoption of integrated soil fertility management technologies such as maize-soybean intercropping system is being promoted as one of the options to address low crop productivity and soil fertility depletion among the farmers of this region. This study aimed to: (i) determine the effects of maize-soybean intercropping patterns on yields, N uptake, and soil properties; (ii) determine the effects of different maize-soybean intercropping patterns on light interception and leaf area index; (iii) quantify the land equivalent ratio of various maize soybean intercropping patterns. The study areas were Embu – Agriculture Training Centre in Embu district (Embu County) and Kamujine in Tigania East district (Meru County). The main treatments were four maize – soybean intercropping patterns (conventional-1maize:1soya; MBILI-2maize:2soya; 2maize:4soya; 2maize:6soya) and two sole crops of maize and soybean, respectively. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, and plot size of 7.0 m by 4.5 m. The study was carried out in two seasons (long rain 2012 and short rain 2012). The soil was sampled at 15 cm depth. All biophysical data were subjected to Analysis of Variance and means separated using Least Significant Difference of mean at 95% (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed that, the maize-soybean intercropping patterns had significant effect on maize stover and grain yields during both seasons at Embu site. During the long rain 2012, the soybean yields were reduced by 60 and 81% due to the intercropping with maize, at Embu and Kamujine, respectively; whereas during the 2012 SR, the yields were reduced by 52 and 78% as effect of intercropping with maize at Embu and Kamujine sites, respectively. In general, the soil nitrate-N was reduced due to intercropping patterns. The soil organic matter was significantly (p≤0.05) affected by the treatments at Kamujine site. The intercropping patterns affected significantly (p≤0.0001) the photosynthetically active radiation intercepted and the leaf area index at both sites. During both seasons at both localities, the total land equivalent ratio values greater than unit. From the results of this study, the use of MBILI maize-soybean intercropping pattern can be recommended to the farmers of central highlands of Kenya because of more efficient resources use and higher yields
Effects of different organic residues on carbon sequestration, nutrient availability in soil and maize yields at Katumani, Machakos county Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-01) Mbaluka, Titus Luta; Danga, B. O.; Mugwe, J. N.
Reduced farm productivity in smallholder farms is the principal cause of food insecurity in semi-arid parts of Kenya. This is mainly attributed to soil fertility depletion, land degradation, low soil moisture and climate change. Climate change due to increased carbon dioxideemission into the atmosphere has impacted negatively on the food productivity in Africa.The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the effect of different organic residues on soil carbon accumulation in soil. 2) to determine the effect of organic residues on the availability of nutrients into the soil, and 3) to determine the effect of different organic residues on maize growth and yields. Field studies were carried out in two seasons (2011/2012 short rains and 2012 long rains) at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) – Katumani Dry land Research Centre in Machakos County. Maize residues and compost manure were used, under different application methods and a control where no organic residue was applied. This constituted seven treatment combinations as follows; 1) Control, no organic residue application; 2) 10 ton/ha compost, surface application; 3) 10 ton/ha compost, incorporated application; 4) 5 ton/ha maize stover, surface application; 5) 5 ton/ha maize stover, incorporated application; 6) 5 ton/ha maize stover, 10 ton/ha compost, surface application; 7) 5ton/ha Maize stover, 10 ton/ha compost, incorporated application). The seven treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block (RCBD) design with 3 replications. Soil samples were collected from 0-20cm and 20-40cm depths before planting, at six weeks after planting and at harvest. The soil samples were analyzed for total C, total N, soil pH, available P, Mg, Ca, Na, K and CEC. Maize grain yield and total dry matter was measured. Statistical analysis of data was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using LSD at p=0.05. Results of this study showed that total soil organic carbon increased with application of organic residues. Treatments that had 5ton/ha maize stover and 10 ton/ha compost, incorporated recorded the highest soil carbon accumulation of 0.36 Mg C/ha and 0.39 Mg C/ha at the end of season one and two, respectively while the control decreased by 0.02 Mg C/ha in season 1 and 0.03 Mg C/ha in season two. Nutrients concentrations in the soil were found to increase with application of organic residues where by incorporated 5 ton/ha maize stover and 10 ton/ha compost treatment recorded the highest concentrations of most nutrients in the soil. Maize yields increased with the application of organic residues. Treatments that had 5 ton/ha maize stover and 10 ton/ha compost under incorporated application gave the highest maize grains which was 145% more, compared to the control in season one and 248% in season two. In conclusion combining 5 ton/ha maize stover and 10 ton/ha compost under incorporated application could be a promising soil fertility management strategy for improved carbon storage in soils and for increased maize productivity.

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