RP-Department of Environmental Studies and Community Development

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Beyond Land Titling for Sustainable Management of Agricultural Land: Lessons from Ndome and Ghazi in Taita-Taveta, Kenya
(Kassel University Press, 2002) Waswa, F.; Eggers, H.; Kutsch, T.
This paper is based on a 1996-1999 case study that was done in semi-arid Ndome and Ghazi, Taita-Taveta District, in Kenya to determine the root causes of persistent erosion damage in the area. More than 10 years after land adjudication was done in these areas, more than 70% of the farmers still operate under tenure insecurity mainly due to lack of title deeds (r = 0.94**). Contrary to conventional expectation of land development, owning of land under private property rights was motivated by the sense of belonging, wealth, power and to some degree for speculative purposes. Adoption of structural soil and water conservation measures was still well below 50%. Preference was still given to indigenous land and water management (ILWM) technologies, with adoption rates ranging from 60% to more than 90%. No evidence existed that directly linked land improvement to land titling. For sustainable land management, land titling remains a critical incentive to farmers. However it will have to be accompanied by land use policy reforms that address four main issues, thus: deliberate efforts to preserve agricultural land, equitable distribution of available land, putting as much land as possible to agricultural use, and mechanisms to enhance prevention and control of land degradation. How these objectives can be achieved within the Kenyan context is the conceptual gist of this paper.
Domestic Stock Age Profiles and Herd Management Practices: Ethnoarchaeological Implications from Maasai Settlements in Southern Kenya
(2005) Mutundu, K. K.
Age profiles of domestic stock from East African late Holocene archaeological sites have been used to make inferences regarding the advent and development of early pastoral economies ca 5000 to 2000 years ago. This ethnoarchaeological study among contemporary pastoral Maasai of southern Kenya was undertaken to examine the basis of these inferences in particular, and the interpretations that have been made regarding prehistoric herd management practices generally. Age profiles at the Pastoral Neolithic sites and those of contemporary Maasai settlements appear to be very similar. This supports the hypothesis that modes of subsistence and herd management practices at the prehistoric sites may have been closely similar to modern ones. Results also show that natural factors of mortality, rather than intentional culling contributed significantly to faunal accumulation on the Maasai settlements studied. I suggest that the reconstruction of prehistoric herd management on the basis of age profiles should consider the role of natural causes of mortality, and the possibility that intentional strategies of culling may play a more limited role in the formation of the zooarchaeological record than previously suggested.
Environmental risks of urban agriculture in the Lake Victoria drainage basin: A case of Kisumu municipality, Kenya
(ELSEVIER, 2007-12) Mireri, C.; Peter, Atekyerezab; Aphonse, Kyessic; Nimrod, Mushic
This paper examines the environmental risks threatening sustainable urban agriculture in Kisumu municipality. The issues covered in the paper are: review of policy and institutional framework, infrastructure and service delivery, pollution analysis of irrigation water and crops and urban agriculture waste management. In addition, the paper proposes measures for sustainable urban agriculture. Household survey and pollution analysis of irrigation water and crops (kales and yams) were conducted in the study area. To capture spatial distribution of farmers in the municipality, the municipality was stratified into four strata and in each stratum a combination of stratified-systematic-simple random sampling was used to sample 194 households. Structured household questionnaire was administered to the sampled households.
The Primary Solid Waste Storage Gaps Experienced By Nairobi Households
(African Journals Online, 2009) Afullo, A.O.; Odhiambo, Frank
This study identifies and analyses the solid waste management service gaps and situations in these different socio-economic setups. The objectives of this study were: (i) To assess households’ current bin types; (ii) To assess households’ desired bin types; and (iii) To identify the bin gaps experienced by households. A total of 430 households were selected through stratified sampling from dwellings with different social status, as represented by estate to give the quantitative data. The qualitative methods such as key informant interviews, observation surveys, and secondary data were also used. All the 8 divisions in Nairobi were represented, in a ratio proportionate to households from slums, low income, and middle income estates. There is a bin gap of about 15% households needing bucket; 26% excess plastics; and a deficit of 12% households needing but short of metal bins; and a 6% deficit of the 5-10litre bins; a 13% excess of bins less than 5 litres; 1.6% deficit of 10-15 litre bins, and 14 % deficit of households needing bins larger than 20 litres. 30% of households have heavy to very heavy bins. Entrepreneurs should improve availability of storage bins of correct specification (size, material and make) as preferred by various households. Correct specifications of garbage bins should be designed to satisfy these household needs.
Irrigation Suitability Assessment of Effluents From West Kano Rice Irrigation Scheme, Kisumu, Kenya
(African Journals Online, 2009) Augustine, Afullo Otieno
This paper assesses the suitability of West Kano Rice Irrigation Scheme effluents for recycling. Water and wastewater quality variables of ten samples from two sites were determined. The variables were Temperature, Electrolytic conductivity, Total suspended solids, pH, Calcium, Nitrates, Potassium, Sodium and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The results were used to compute the Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and further compared with FAO irrigation water standards. The wastewater recorded statistically significant gain in Calcium, Nitrates, and TDS, depicting a heavy loss of these vital soil constituents to Lake Victoria. Nitrate levels indicated a deficit in lake water, and an excess in effluents. The excess nitrates in effluents pollute the lake, but could help as crop nutrients when recycled, while low nitrate levels in the lake water would require an addition of fertilizers to the irrigated soils. Annually, a total of 12.26 million m3 of water and 8.94 million m3 of effluents is pumped into and out of the scheme respectively. The effluent and Lake water has SAR of 35% and 18% respectively, rendering both of poor irrigation quality, though the effluents have a compensatory advantage due to its higher levels of Calcium (0.91me/l), compared with the Lake water’s 0.48me/l. The wastewater, with an irrigation suitability rating of 45%, was found more suitable for irrigation than the Lake water’s 40%. It was concluded that the irrigation wastewater was more suitable for use in the scheme than the Lake Victoria waters. It was recommended that the recycling of the irrigation wastewater should be adopted.
Communicating complexity: Integrated assessment of trade-offs concerning soil fertility management within African farming systems to support innovation and development
(Elsevier Ltd, 2010) Giller, K.E.; Tittonell, P.; Rufino, M.C.; Van Wijk, M.T.; Zingore, S.; Mapfumo, P.; Aldjei-Nsiah, S.; Herrero, M.; Chikowo, R.; Corbeels, M.; Rowe, E.C.; Baijukya, F.; Mwijage, A.; Smith, J.; Yeboah, E.; Van Burg, W.J.; Sanogo, O.M.; Misiko, M.; De Ridder, N.; Karanja, S.; Kaizzi, C.; Kung’u, J.B.; Mwale, M.; Nwaga, D.; Pacini, B.
African farming systems are highly heterogeneous: between agroecological and socioeconomic environments, in the wide variability in farmers’ resource endowments and in farm management. This means that single solutions (or ‘silver bullets’) for improving farm productivity do not exist. Yet to date few approaches to understand constraints and explore options for change have tackled the bewildering complexity of African farming systems. In this paper we describe the Nutrient Use in Animal and Cropping systems – Efficiencies and Scales (NUANCES) framework. NUANCES offers a structured approach to unravel and understand the complexity of African farming to identify what we term ‘best-fit’ technologies – technologies targeted to specific types of farmers and to specific niches within their farms. The NUANCES framework is not ‘just another computer model’! We combine the tools of systems analysis and experimentation, detailed field observations and surveys, incorporate expert knowledge (local knowledge and results of research), generate databases, and apply simulation models to analyse performance of farms, and the impacts of introducing new technologies. We have analysed and described complexity of farming systems, their external drivers and some of the mechanisms that result in (in)efficient use of scarce resources. Studying sites across sub-Saharan Africa has provided insights in the trajectories of change in farming systems in response to population growth, economic conditions and climate variability (cycles of drier and wetter years) and climate change. In regions where human population is dense and land scarce, farm typologies have proven useful to target technologies between farmers of different production objectives and resource endowment (notably in terms of land, labour and capacity for investment). In such regions we could categorise types of fields on the basis of their responsiveness to soil improving technologies along soil fertility gradients, relying on local indicators to differentiate those that may be managed through ‘maintenance fertilization’ from fields that are highly-responsive to fertilizers and fields that require rehabilitation before yields can improved. Where human population pressure on the land is less intense, farm and field types are harder to discern, without clear patterns. Nutrient cycling through livestock is in principle not efficient for increasing food production due to increased nutrient losses, but is attractive for farmers due to the multiple functions of livestock. We identified trade-offs between income generation, soil conservation and community agreements through optimising concurrent objectives at farm and village levels. These examples show that future analyses must focus at farm and farming system level and not at the level of individual fields to achieve appropriate targeting of technologies – both between locations and between farms at any given location. The approach for integrated assessment described here can be used ex ante to explore the potential of best-fit technologies and the ways they can be best combined at farm level. The dynamic and integrated nature of the framework allows the impact of changes in external drivers such as climate change or development policy to be analysed. Fundamental questions for integrated analysis relate to the site-specific knowledge and the simplification of processes required to integrate and move from one level to the next.
Vulnerability of Schools to Floods in Nyando River Catchment, Kenya.
(PubMed, 2010-07) Ochola, S. O.; Eitel, B.; Olago, D. O.
This paper assesses the vulnerability of schools to floods in the Nyando River catchment (3,600 km(2)) in western Kenya and identifies measures needed to reduce this vulnerability. It surveys 130 schools in the lower reaches, where flooding is a recurrent phenomenon. Of the primary schools assessed, 40% were vulnerable, 48% were marginally vulnerable and 12% were not vulnerable. Of the secondary schools, 8% were vulnerable, 73% were marginally vulnerable and 19% were not vulnerable. Vulnerability to floods is due to a lack of funds, poor building standards, local topography, soil types and inadequate drainage. The Constituencies Development Fund (CDF), established in 2003, provides financial support to cover school construction and reconstruction costs; CDF Committees are expected to adopt school building standards. In an effort to promote safe and resilient construction and retrofitting to withstand floods, this paper presents vulnerability reduction strategies and recommendations for incorporating minimum standards in the on-going Primary School Infrastructure Programme Design.
Drought Related Impacts on Local People’s Socioeconomic Life and Biodiversity Conservation at Kuku Group Ranch, Southern Kenya
(International Journal of Ecosystem, 2012) Wangai, Peter; Muriithi, J.K.; Koenig, Andreas
The 2009 drought invokes painful memories to pastoralists and conservationists living and working in southern Kenya. The livestock economy predominant in the region was severely affected and wildlife was lost in large numbers. Death of livestock caused meat prices to increase rapidly while nature based tourism revenues decreased significantly due to wildlife deaths. This paper assesses the actual losses of both livestock and wildlife species at Kuku Group Ranch (KGR) during the 2009 drought and the subsequent homegrown socio-economic alternatives to adapt to the drought. The study conducted between late 2009 and early 2010 shows the actual losses for cattle, goats and sheep were significantly high at 84%, 77.8% and 72.8% respectively resulting into huge monetary losses. Key wildlife species central to nature-based tourism such as Zebra (Equus burchelli) and wildebeest (conochaetes taurinus) were severely affected by the drought where they died more than any other wildlife species in the area. The drought increased the livestock and herbivorous depredations by carnivores in the area. The study concludes that despite re-stocking in the case of livestock and re-introduction strategies in the case of wildlife, other sustainable alternatives for adaptation to droughts needed to be integrated to replenish the livestock and wildlife numbers to levels that can ensure stabilizing Maasai people’s livelihoods and also incomes from nature based tourism ecotourism.
Analysis of woodfuel supply and demand balance in Kiambu, Thika and Maragwa districts in central Kenya
(Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 2012-04-01) Githiomi, J. K.; Kung’u, J.B.; Mugendi, D. N.
This study was undertaken in Kiambu, Thika and Maragwa districts of Central Kenya and it aimed at developing micro-level wood energy plan that would act as a case study for future decentralized wood energy plans in Kenya. Primary data was collected from households, service/production institutions comprising of factories/industries, schools, restaurants, hospitals and prisons using structured questionnaires. The study established a deficit between supply and demand balance of -41.7, -45.6 and -50.1% of woodfuel in 2006 for Kiambu, Thika and Maragwa districts respectively. The strategies suggested in micro-level wood energy plans to curb these deficits include allocation of gazette plantation forest to fuel wood production, increase of improved stove technology, increase of on-farm tree land area and use of alternative energy sources. The combination of all these strategies gave a surplus of 22,903, 46,947 and 32,409 tons of woodfuel in Kiambu, Thika and Maragwa districts, respectively by 2018. The study recommended implementation of the identified strategies aimed at reducing the huge deficit between supply and demand, enhancing inter-institutional collaboration in all sectors related to wood energy development, developing clear policies to guide charcoal and firewood production and marketing and having regular wood energy surveys
The impact of participatory forest management (PFM) on forest integrity and biodiversity in Arabuko-Sokoke forest, Kenya
(WILEY, 2012-06) Mireri, C.; Ogol, C.K.P.O.; Paul, Matiku
Bird communities composed of habitat specialists suffer considerable loss of species following disturbance (Ecol. Monogr. 41, 1971, 207–233). Participatory forest management (PFM) aims to ensure local ownership and support for forest conservation. This study determined if forest birds and forest quality in places under PFM is significantly higher than areas without PFM in Arabuko-Sokoke forest. Forest quality data were collected in the PFM and no PFM zones in the Mixed forest (MF) and Cynometra Woodland (CW). Plot-based approach was used to collect vegetation data along 1 km transects at intervals of 1 km sampling twenty transects and 200 plots in each of the study zones. Birds’ data were collected using 10-min point-counts along 88, 1 km long transects placed 1-km apart sampling in 30 m radius-plots at intervals of 100 m. Data were collected in 2008 and 2009. The results showed higher measures of forest quality in PFM zones than no PFM zones which showed higher measures of forest disturbance. The results did not show statistical differences in birds’ diversity indexes between PFM and no PFM zones indicating that the human-induced disturbance has not reached critical ecological thresholds to affect birds’ species diversity. It can be deduced that PFM investment is leading to improved forest management.
Community Development for Sustainable Environmental Conservation and Management in Kenya's Coast region
(2013) Obade, P.; Adongo, C.; Njuguna, S.
Kaya forests of the Kenyan Coast have long been regarded highly for their cultural heritage values as well as natural resources. Most of these Kayas are now inscribed as world heritage sites. While many forests in Kenya have undergone tremendous degradation, Kaya forests on the other hand, have been one of the best-conserved forests in Kenya owing to their sanctity and significance to the Mijikenda community (Githito, 1998). However, in recent times, (Adongo, 2007) this has changed as a result of global changes and challenges encompassing the social, cultural, economic, political as well as environmental aspects. It is interesting that the same people who initially conserved these forests, today show apathy towards their conservation and are indifferent towards sustainable utilization of this natural heritage resource, endowed with immense biodiversity values. Today, land use pressures compounded by the impacts of global changes and challenges threaten the existence of these unique forests. Again, the indigenous institutions mandated to control access to the forest resources have been weakened. Presently, almost 50% of the original area of the Rabai Kaya forests has been cleared (Nyamweru, 2007) and people continue to extract forest products from them on an unsustainable level. Have these sites lost their sacredness, or has demand for natural resources and environmental stress coupled with conservation and management regimes overridden the cultural heritage values that initially protected these forests? This paper examines the concept of functional integrity as a lens through which to view resource dynamics while illuminating its implication in the sustainability of natural resource.
Environmental issues and socio-economic problems emanating from salt mining in Kenya: a case study of Magarini District
(2013) Gordon, Ocholla O.; Bunyasi, M. M.; Asoka, Gilbert W.; Pacha, Ongere; Mbugua, Henry; Mbuthi, Paul; Mbiti, Stella; Wendo, Hausner K.; Kamau, Peter K.
Salt mining generates colossal profits for the investors and towards Kenya’s revenue margin. However, salt farming in Magarini District has increasingly elicited social concerns locally and ecological stress at large. Subsequently, this paper presents the findings of a study that explored the socio-economic and environmental issues associated with salt farming. Primary data sourced from the local community provided bulk of the information. Through multi-stage cluster and snowball sampling techniques, a sample of 120 households and 12 institutions were identified after which appropriately designed questionnaires were administered. This was augmented by interviews and focus group discussions with key informants and observations. The results documents myriad of issues including: perceived forced evictions, delineations, pollution, health hazards, unacceptable labor conditions, intimidations and corrupt local leadership, among others. This informs the need to develop effective monitoring systems that guarantees environmental and social management plan compliance by this industry.
Ecotourism Ideals, Contradictory Actors Practices and Environmental Conservation in Kenya's Tourism Destinations
(Scientific & Academic Publishing., 2013) Muriithi, J.K.
Kenya adopted ecotourism in the 1990s as a strategy to address environmental and local development problems facing many of her tourism destinations. After two decades, most of the problems that ecotourism sought to address still persist. In and around protected areas, there exist many contradictions as conventional mass tourism practices coexist with sustainable practices associated with ecotourism. Using an evaluative approach, this paper analyses the persistence of practices in three tourism destination (the Mt Kenya, Maasai Mara National Reserve and the Amboseli national park). The paper finds that despite introduction of interventions such as policy and legal framework and certification to establish sustainable and responsible ecotourism sector, these destinations still face many challenges of environmental nature. First, there is widespread violation of set regulations governing use of the protected areas especially by tour operators/drivers. Secondly, increasing visitor numbers in protected areas impact the carrying capacity by eroding their ecotourist appeal. Tourism entrepreneurs exacerbate the problems by constructing tourism accommodation and leisure facilities in disregard of environmental requirernents thus eroding the destination's ecotourism allures. Finally, community activities also threaten the establishment of a responsible ecotourism practice as increased crop farming interests exposes these protected areas to encroachment risks.
Gender Disparities in Uptake of Information on Soil Fertility Management in the Central Highlands of Kenya
(TJPRC Pvt Ltd, 2013-03) Kimaru-Muchai, S. W.; Mucheru-Muna, M.; Mugwe, J. N.; Mairura, F.S.; Mugendi, D.N.
Low soil fertility is a fundamental constrain to crop production in the central highlands of Kenya. The aim of the study was to assess gender disparities in sourcing information and preference of extension methods used in dissemination of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) in the central highlands of Kenya from a comparative perspective. Data were collected from 240 respondents through the use of structured interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and bivalent correlation analysis. There were significant relationship ((χ 2 =27.43, df=9 P=0.001) between gender and sources of information on use of animal manure. Demonstration was scored more significantly (P=0.042) by male farmers than female farmers in training on the use of animal manure. There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.218, P<0.01) between number of non-formal trainings attended and reliability of government extension agents on inorganic fertilizers. Resource constrain followed by lack of individual follow up by extension agents were scored as the most critical constraints in dissemination of soil fertility management practices. Extension agents should increase their interaction with both female and male farmers to enhance their participation in extension programmes which is envisaged to improve reliability of extension agents as a source of information on ISFM practices.
Eco-certification and Insertion of Socioeconomic and Cultural Best Practices in Ecotourism Operations in Kenya
(International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2013-03) Muriithi, J.K.
The eco - rating scheme, a certification initiative for the tourism sector has existed in Kenya since the year 2003 when eco - labels were awarded to the first five tourism accommodation facilities. Since then, interest in certification by tourism faci lities has been increasing with close to sixty (60) tourism facilities having received various levels of awards by mid 2012. As with many certification scheme s, the eco - rating scheme uses a composite criteria comprising environmental, socioeconomic and cul tural indicators in assessing whether a tourism facility qualifies for an eco - label award. In many certification schemes, the environmental criterion is better known and has received much more analysis compared to the economic, social and cultural criteria . This paper examines how destination level communities have benefitted from the eco - certification initiative in Kenya by looking at how economic, social and cultural factors are considered in ecotourism practice s of a certified ecotourism facility. The st udy finds that there are ecotourism operators with a genuine interest in working with local communities to improve their lot. Secondly there are real and tangible benefits that local people derive from ecotourism practices that serve as a motivation for th eir involvement in tourism endeavours. The study also suggests that local people ’s participation in ecotourism enhances interest in conservation of nature and culture as well as promoting development at the destination level.
Assessment of corporate management practices in public universities in Kenya
(International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 2013-05) Waswa, F.; Ombuki, C.; Migosi, J.
In order to continue attracting and retaining high-class intellectual power and hence guarantee quality service delivery, public university management will need to change and adjust in line with increasing local democratisation and globalisation pressures. Scenarios that depict participatory decision-making and respect of divergent viewpoints will have to characterize the relationships among all stakeholders in the routine operations of universities. The purpose of this study was to assess the Corporate Management Practices in Public Universities in Kenya from the academic staff’s perspective. A likert-scale approach based on 19 selected items in total quality management (TQM) was used for data collection from a random sample of 45 academic staff drawn from public Universities from August to September 2011. Findings show that university academic staff are generally marginalised when it comes to decision-making even on issues that directly affect them. Subtle top-down management approach is still rife and impacts negatively on service delivery. Deliberate efforts are needed to adopt a people-centred management system built on the tenets of mutual trust, respect and intellectual cum professional symbiosis in pursuit of sustainable quality assurance.
Towards conceptual and theoretical foundation for identifying problems, challenges and mechanisms for municipal waste management in developing countries
(Innovative Space of Scientific Research Journals, 2014) Mwangi, M.W.; Thuo, A.D.M.
This article reviews conceptual and theoretical issues in municipal solid waste management. Definitions and explanation of different concepts in municipal solid waste management are assessed. This article also examines the integrated sustainable waste management framework to determine its relevance in developing countries context. It further analyses measures by different stakeholders in coping with the problems of solid waste management practices and factors that influence the choice of the coping mechanisms. Finally the article provides a synthesis in form of a conceptual framework that may be adopted in aiding in formulation and design of sustainable municipal solid waste management practices.
Farmers’ awareness level on the effect of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on agricultural production and its control in Nyando division, Kenya
(2014) Mutua, B.M.; Muriithi J. K.; Ombori, O.
Parthenium hysterophorus L. is an Invasive Alien Species (IAS) that poses threat to agricultural production. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness of the effect of parthenium weed on agricultural production and ways through which parthenium is controlled in Nyando division. The research was carried by interviewing 120 farm household heads using purposive sampling technique. This study established that majority of the respondents were unaware that parthenium interfered with milk production (95.0 %), livestock health (78.4 %) and crop yield (53.3 %). On the other hand, 63.3 % respondents were aware that parthenium lowered pasture availability. Physical methods (98.3 %) were majorly used to control parthenium as compared to chemical (1.7 %). This study established that, the ill-effects of parthenium weed on agricultural production were not directly associated to parthenium invasion. Therefore this research recommends that awareness creation campaigns on the adverse effects of parthenium weed on agricultural production and its control should be undertaken urgently. Similarly, integrated control methods should be adopted for effective management of parthenium weed
NGOs come and go but business continues: lessons from co-management institutional arrangements for governance of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve in Kenya
(Taylor & Francis, 2014) Ming’ate, F.L.M.; Hamish, G.R.; Ali, M.
The objective of this paper is to examine the current institutional arrangements for governance of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve (ASFR) and show their major contribution in the ASFR co-management business of conserving the forest and providing livelihoods to the poor forest-dependent communities. Despite the fact that funding from non-governmental organizations ended, the ASFR co-management business did not stall. The institutional arrangements for co-management were deemed to be the major component that contributed to the continuation of the ASFR co-management business. To demonstrate this hypothesis, the paper explores four main areas that shape the institutional arrangement of the ASFR co- management regime, informed by common property theories: (1) how governance arrangement structures for the ASFR are organized; (2) villagers perceptions and awareness of the co-management structure; (3) co-management arrangement for access, ownership and use of the various forest resources; and (4) importance of the forest resources to the households. The co-management piloting and non-piloting communities adjacent to the forest and who have been depending on the forest as a source of their livelihoods are compared in order to understand the role of the ASFR co-management institutional arrangements in the sustainability of its business
Maximising on Strategic Partnerships for Eradicating Slums and Human Deprivation in Kenya’s Cities
(2014) Waswa, F.; Mutisya, E
The rate of growth of Kenyan cities, in terms of population and infrastructure, is unprecedented. The country is experiencing one of the fastest urban growth rates in Africa. This growth has not been accompanied by an equivalent socio-economic and environmental development. Due to this, many cities in Kenya are fast growing into slums, with more than 50% of the urban population today living in informal settlements. To mitigate the growth of slums in the country, there is a need to implement and practice urban innovative approaches and strategies based on sustainability thinking. This paper proposes and recommends the collaboration of all urban development stakeholders in the national urban development process to eradicate slums conditions in Kenyan cities and towns.

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