PHD-Department of Psychology

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Secondary traumatic stress among young people orphaned by AIDS in Kenya: prevalence, severity and predictors
(2011-08-15) Mumah, Solomon Juma; Nwoye, A.; Kigen, E. M.; Muga, Richard O.
Recent advances in Psychological research suggests that family, friends and professionals are susceptible to developing traumatic stress symptoms from being empathetically engaged with victims of traumatic events. The phenomenon of learning about another's traumatic ordeal, and in the process, experiencing traumatic stress is called Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), and the condition of AIDS orphans is suspect to this. Many are dispossessed of their parents' property and must contend not only with the normal stress, dissatisfaction or work, but also with the emotional and personal feelings for their parent(s) and suffering sibling(s). This study assessed prevalence and extent of severity of STS among young people orphaned by AIDS, thereby identifying factors that predispose them to STS. Some 309 orphans from Rachuonyo District in Kenya participated in the study. The single cross-sectional survey adopted the questionnaire as the main tool for primary data collection. Quantitative data were collected using the STS test at three levels: burnout (BO), compassion satisfaction (CS) and compassion fatigue (CF). These were analyzed quantitatively. Based on results, orphans exhibited at least 17 of the 30 symptomatologies of STS investigated at a level that is comparable to people who would seek treatment for those symptoms. On the overall, more males (57.7%) than females (42.3%) exhibited symptoms of STS. The respondents also reported experiencing moderate levels of risk for BO (mean=25.6616), high levels of potential for CS (mean=27.7374), and high levels of risk for CF (mean=29.940). Greatest risk for STS was associated with BO and CF whereas the least risk for STS was associated with CS. Average scores of the participants were significantly higher on all the three sub-scales while the observed differences were statistically significant at a = 0.01 (2-tailed); and at a = 0.05 (2-tailed) (p<0.001). Regarding the relationship between STS symptoms and the development of STS, the study established that CF was more strongly correlated to STS (correlation=0.875; p<0.001) [a = 0.01 (2-tailed); and at a=0.05 (2-tailed)] than 130, which was more strongly correlated to STS (correlation=0.633; p<0.001) than CS (correlation=-0.148; p<0.05). Further relationships were established between STS and sex of the respondents (F=4.947; p= 0.027), level of formal education attained (F=3.013; p=0.034), number of years of paternal orphanhood (F=4.812; p=0.003), number of hours per day spent in caregiving (F=9.827; p= 0.000), person(s) to whom such care was rendered (F=9.202; p=0.000) and the involvement with household chores (F=3.348; p=0.021). The major predictors of STS were established, thus: sex (t=-2.083; p=0.045), level of formal education attained (t=-2.019; p=0.051) and number of years of paternal (t=2.199; p=0.035) and maternal (t=2.702; p=0.011) orphanhood. Thus, there is need for additional studies about the process of how some orphans develop STS symptoms while others appear not to be in distress. Research on emotional expression will offer important conceptual understandings by providing evidence to support the deleterious effect that orphanhood-realted emotions have on overall well-being of AIDS orphans. Research to help develop theory related to STS will be worthwhile in addition to a longitudinal study to help clarify the cumulative effects of STS
Relationship between parental behaviour towards adolescents and their manifest aggression in Nairobi secondary schools
(2012-01-20) Kinai, T. K.
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of parental behaviour on adolescent manifest aggression in Nairobi Secondary Schools. It examined whether adolescent aggression was related to: parents' emotional interactions with adolescents, parental supervision, parental methods of controlling and disciplining adolescents, consistency of parents in enforcing discipline, family interactions and parents' socio-economic status. The study explored whether there were sex differences in manifest aggression of adolescents. The study sample consisted of 672 secondary school students (336 boys and 336 girls) from 6 schools stratified and randomly selected from Nairobi Province. The Chi-square test of significance at the p < 0.05 level was used to test the hypotheses. The findings of the study showed that: adolescents whose parents were harsh were significantly more aggressive than those adolescents whose parents were loving. Adolescents whose aggressive than those adolescents whose parents monitored their movements, activities and social contacts. Adolescents whose parents used punishment and threats were significantly more aggressive than those adolescents whose parents used inductive reasoning and reinforcement. Adolescents whose parents enforced discipline inconsistently were significantly more aggressive than those adolescents whose parents enforced discipline consistently. Adolescents who experienced tension and conflicts in their families were significantly more aggressive than those from harmonious homes. There were significant sex differences in manifest aggression of adolescents. Boys were found to be more aggressive than girls. Parents' socio-economic status did not seem to influence adolescent manifest aggression. Factor analysis of the variables of parental behaviour that influenced adolescent manifest aggression showed that Factor 1 accounted for 68.2% and was composed of parental methods of disciplining and controlling adolescents, family interactions and parents' emotional interactions with adolescents. Factor 2 accounted for 22.2% and was composed of consistency of parents in enforcing discipline and parental supervision. Factor 3 accounted for 9.6% and was composed of parents' socio-economic status. In relation to these findings it was recommended that: (i) Parents should establish good relationships with their adolescents, monitor their movements, activities and choice of friends, give guidance and correct antisocial behaviours which emerge. (ii) They should use inductive reasoning and reinforcement rather than punishment and threats, since inductive reasoning is related to responsible adolescent behaviour and punishment tends to increase hostility in the punished persons. (iii) They should enforce discipline consistently for adolescents to know what is expected of them. (iv) They should create conducive family environments where members respect and support each other for proper development of adolescents. (v) They should teach their children good manners including how to solve their problems amicably. The general conclusion was that parental behaviour seemed to influence adolescent manifest aggression in Nairobi province, an urban area. More research should be carried out in other areas in Kenya to get a wide scope of the relative influence of parental behaviour on adolescent aggression. Research to investigate the influence of other variables such as peer pressure, television and comics on adolescent aggression needs to be done.
Issues in the controversy surrounding the introduction of family life education in Kenyan schools 1987-1997
(2012-03-14) Gecaga, Margaret Gathoni
This study set out to investigate the issues in the controversy surrounding the introduction of Family Life Education (FLE) in schools. Two protagonists can be identified in this controversy. On the one hand are the researchers on health and government officials who advocate for the inclThe United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 26 of 1948 states that "Everyone has the right to education." The "Everyone" includes all children who have a right to education regardless of their handicap, ethnic background or social status. UNICEF (1994) estimates that 140 million children with significant impairments are living in developing countries and official estimates from such countries put it that for every hundred children with special needs, only one receive some form of schooling. UNESCO report of 1991 notes that in some regions, especially Africa, children with blindness and sight deficiencies form a very large group. In fact Bhalerao (1986) points out that visual impairment is the most crippling disablement. A UNICEF report of 1994 on the situation of disabled persons points out that there are few educational opportunities for disabled girls and women. In a report by Mogaka (1995) the population of disabled persons in Kenya was estimated at 2.6 million and that girls are the majority among identified cases of children with impairement. Muigai (1995) also notes that the particular situation of disabled girls has not been highlighted adequately. The study set out to investigate the factors that influence the participation of visually impaired girls in primary education at Thika and Kibos Special School for the visually impaired. Research questions were formulated which guided this study which included cultural and religious attitudes, occupation and educational level of household heads (parents), the effect of household chores and the school based factors and factors responsible for varied participation rates of visually impaired girls in primary education. The sample for this study was drawn from a population of 388. The population comprised of 328 pupils from both schools, 2 head teachers, 50 teachers and 8 parents. In Thika school, there were 119 boys and 111 girls whereas, Kibos had 59 boys and 39 girls. The sampled population for tire study consisted of 175 pupils, 2 head teachers, 12 teachers and 6 parents. Out of the sampled pupils, Thika had 61 boys and 53 girls and in Kibos there were 38 boys and 23 girls. The data was collected through questionnaires administered to head teachers, interviews held with parents and pupils, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) held with selected teachers. Analysis of data was done quantitatively and qualitatively. From the findings of the study, the following factors were identified as influencing visually impaired girls' participation in primary education at Thika and Kibos Special Schools: • Due to the value attached to socio-cultural practices such as marriage and bride wealth by certain parents and communities, the visually impaired girls are regarded as worthless persons who are not well prepared for motherhood and hence their education is not given priority. • Negative attitudes and over-indulgence by parents limit the development of mobility and independence skills of the visually impaired girls and this was reflected in their low performance of household tasks. • Socio-economic factors such as low level of parental education, poor economic status of parents, and the way parents perceive economic benefits accruing from educating the boy-child rather than the girl-child, negatively influence the visually impaired girls' participation in education. • School related factors that were found to be influencing the participation of visually impaired girls in education included the role of female teachers, teacher-pupil interaction, availability and proximity of schools. Lack of training of some teachers in special education limit their ability to deal with differential needs of visually impaired pupils from a gender perspective. The practical-oriented curriculum and lack of essential facilities also negatively influence the participation of visually impaired pupils in education. On the basis of the stated findings, the study recommends the following: • There is need for literacy campaigns to be carried out to create awareness on the value of providing education to visually impaired children irrespective of gender, which may change parents' attitudes and community's perception about them. • The curriculum should be revised to cater for the special educational needs of the visually impaired. The training of teachers also need to be intensified and courses offered that articulate gender awareness should be incorporated. • Parents should provide household chores to their visually impaired girls as a means of enhancing their mobility and independence skills. • NGOs that seek to empower women should devise projects that would benefit visually impaired girls' participation in education and involve visually impaired women in such projects. usion of FLE in the school curriculum. They argue that there is need to fill the information gap that is apparent among the young people. On the other, are the religious organisations (the Kenya Catholic Secretariat (KCS), National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK) and the Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims (SUPKEM) which disqualify the schools in dealing with matters related to sexuality and reproductive health. The controversy comes at a time when the HIV/AIDS scourge, teenage pregnancy, sexual promiscuity and abortion are issues hanging menacingly on the Kenyan adolescent population. This study employed the purposive sampling technique to identify respondents from governmental and non-governmental organisations (LAGOS) significant in the controversy. These included the KIE, NCPD, CAFS, KCS, NCCK, and the CCEA. In addition to these organisations respondents were drawn from 15 selected secondary schools in Nairobi Province. The field research entailed conducting interviews and administering questionnaires to the 144 adult and 150 student respondents. The questionnaire data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The recorded interviews were transcribed into a narrative form. The results were presented in tables of frequency distributions and percentages. The study revealed that in the indigenous African Communities, FLE was offered in the context of the general indigenous education process from childhood through to adulthood. Other results indicated that changes in familial and societal patterns have also resulted in a relaxation of social constraints on sexual behaviour. With the erosion of the traditional mechanisms for teaching FLE and specifically SE, parents and institutions such as the church and the schools are expected to have a significant role to play. But it is established in this study that to some extent adolescents lack parental guidance on sexuality issues due to lack of communication between parents and the children among many Kenyan communities. The church-based organizations such as the KCS and the NCCK have FLE programmes, they only cater for a small percentage of the adolescent population. In school, some aspects of FLE have been taught alongside Home Science (HS) and Geography, History and Civics (GHC) in primary schools and in Christian Religious Education (CRE); Geography and Home Science among others in secondary schools. In this case the depth of coverage has been limited. As a result of differing opinions, a religio-moral conflict has emerged from the religio-cultural heritage of the church and especially the body-spirit dualism expressed in Greek culture and philosophy. This tradition seemed suspicious of sexual pleasure and safeguarded sex by linking it with procreation in marriage. Christianity has failed to eliminate the dualistic views about sexuality. The study indicates that if the FLE programme is to be successfully developed and implemented, parents, religious leaders (church leaders), the youth and all stakeholders in the education sector must be fully involved at all the stages. Using Coser's theory of conflict management, it is established that the formation of a national commission of inquiry into the controversy will help address the issues of FLE theory and practice. Drawing from the primary and secondary data, the overall objective of FLE will be to prepare the youth for responsible adulthood. It is concluded that there is also a need for a radical transformation in the way sexuality is viewed. This can be done by deconstructing the symbolic message that debases sexuality and recover its (sexuality) value. This is possible because the expression of our sexuality is socially constructed.
Relationship Between Perceived Parental Nurturance and Problem Behaviours among Secondary School Students in Selected Counties in Kenya.
(2013-08-01) Muchiri, Karega
Despite the heavy investment in education that the Kenyan Government makes each year, problem behaviours amongst adolescent students continue to affect the goals of effective training and skill building among many young Kenyans and thus undermining efforts at poverty alleviation and wealth creation in the country. This is because problem behaviours lead to lost class and study time as students spend much time and energy completing punishments and suspensions as opposed to learning. Behaviour problems sometimes also lead to expulsion from school. Attempts at reducing problem behaviours have included setting up committees and task forces to investigate their causes and make recommendations on the same. Studies on behaviour problems among adolescents especially in Kenya have focused mainly on the influence of parental affection on adolescent behaviour, adolescent-parent relationships, parental controls, and parenting styles. However, there was a general absence of data on the role of parental nurturance in the behaviour of adolescents. To fill this gap in knowledge, the current study sought to investigate the relationship between perceived parental nurturance and problem behaviours amongst the adolescent students in selected counties in Kenya. A correlational research design was used to test the hypothesis that perceived parental nurturance is significantly related to problem behaviour among adolescent students. Proportionate stratified sampling was used to obtain a sample of 714 students in five counties (in two former provinces) in Kenya. Problem Behaviour was assessed using a self-rating Problem Behaviour Scale. Parental Nurturance was assessed using and the Parental Nurturance Scale developed by Buri, Kirchner and Walsh (1987). The findings revealed high perceived parental nurturance scores for both male and female students as well as low occurrence of problem behaviours. The study also found that widowed fathers were perceived as the most nurturing parents. The study also found that there was a higher occurrence of internalizing problem behaviours compared to externalizing problem behaviours. Spearman Rank Correlation was used to test the relationship between perceived parental nurturance and problem behaviour while one way ANOVA and t-test were used to test for differences across demographic variables in parental nurturance and problem behaviour. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences in perceived parental nurturance with regard to sex and provinces. There were significant differences however, across marital status. The findings also revealed no significant differences in problem behaviour between the provinces, parental level of education and parental marital status. The study found a significant negatively correlated relationship between perceived parental nurturance and problem behaviour among the adolescent students. Based on the findings, it was suggested that in developing policies for school management, the possible influence of parents on the behaviour of adolescent students be given more serious consideration. It was also suggested that when addressing problem behaviour issues in schools, educators should pay more attention to the relationship between perceived parental nurturance and problem behaviour. This is to avoid focusing on correcting problem behaviours without considering the possible influence of parental dynamics.
Relationship Between Emotional Intelligenc and Job Performance Among Service Providers in Rehabilitation Schools in Kenya
(2013-08-14) Mwathi, Kathungu Beatrice
The Kenya government has established various rehabilitation schools to help in rehabilitating and reintegrating into society, children who commit various offences and end up in the hands of the juvenile justice system. These schools are staffed with various service providers such as Children‟s officers, teachers, nurses, religious leaders and housemothers who ensure successful rehabilitation of these children. Studies have shown that there lacks clarity as to the most appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes that such service providers need to possess to be effective in their job performance. Review of literature indicated that emotional intelligence is important for job performance across a variety of work settings such as business, leadership and education in general. However, there was a general absence of data on the role of emotional intelligence in the job performance of service providers in the behavioral rehabilitation sector. To fill this gap in knowledge, the current study sought to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance among service providers in rehabilitation schools in Kenya. A correlational research design was used to test the hypothesis that, emotional intelligence is significantly related to job performance among service providers of rehabilitation schools in Kenya. Stratified proportionate sampling was used to obtain a sample of 81 service providers from a target population of 103 service providers in rehabilitation schools. Due to non response rate, final data was obtained from 63 service providers. Emotional intelligence was assessed using an adapted version of items borrowed from the tests of Emotional Intelligence developed by Wood, & Tolley (2003), while job performance was assessed using supervisor and self-ratings on a 5 item Likert scale. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance and one way ANOVA to test for differences across demographic variables in emotional intelligence and job performance separately. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences in emotional intelligence as well as in job performance across various demographic variables namely, age, sex, educational qualifications and length of service. In terms of the relationship between the two variables, the study found a significant, moderate and positive relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance among service providers in rehabilitation schools. In addition, it revealed that some dimensions of emotional intelligence such as motivation and social skills were significantly related to job performance, while the empathy dimension was significantly related to teamwork dimension of job performance. Based on the findings, it was suggested that emotional intelligence testing could be factored into recruitment of service providers of rehabilitation schools and that emotional intelligence development programs could be used as an intervention to ensure higher job performance of service providers in rehabilitation schools. In addition, the motivation, social skills and empathy dimensions of emotional intelligence need special attention when it comes to promoting job performance of service providers for rehabilitation schools.
The role of professional counseling associations in professional counseling practice in Kenya
(2014) Kimiru, Mwangi Peterson
There are several roles of Professional Counseling Associations (PCAs). Major among them is for accountability purposes of a professional practitioner. PCAs provide the checks and balances necessary in the maintenance of professionalism. From a global perspective, Western countries seem to have succeeded in coming up with PCAs with globally drawn membership. They regulate and standardize counseling practice. This study surveyed the role of PCAs in the professionalization of counseling practice in Kenya. It adopted the theory of communities of practice in the theoretical framework, and a descriptive survey design in the methodology. The research was primarily done in Nairobi City, but it involved counselors who practiced from different parts of the country. Purposive sampling method was used to identify the PCAs and their executive officers who participated in the study. The population consisted of counselors affiliated to PCAs who were sampled using systematic random sampling. The data collection instruments included a questionnaire and an in-depth interview guide. Use of the two instruments and a sample drawn from both the counselling practitioners and their executive officials enhanced validity and reliability. The quantitative data was processed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18.0. It was then analyzed and summarized into tables. The qualitative data was analyzed by organizing the data into themes, before it was summarized and interpreted. The findings revealed that there existed different criterion among PCAs in their recruitment of members. The main consideration for membership was academic and professional qualifications. It was rated at 96% by the respondents. Even in the same association, there were hierarchies denoting various levels of membership ranging from individual to corporate. The PCAs offered various professional services. A major service offered was the creation of a platform for counselors to network as was rated by 81.5% of the respondents. PCAs also offered accreditation, continued education and research opportunities. The study identified various ways of enforcing professionalism among the PCAs in Kenya. Although they are not legally binding, the existing codes of ethics provided a professional understanding for members to base their practice on. Respondents had varied opinions about their associations. Most of them were “highly satisfied” that their associations are professional agents who positively influenced the respondents counseling practice. Respondents view was that better commitment of members including the embracing of collaborations would help the associations to be more influential in carrying out their professional roles. A major recommendation of this study was the need to fast-track the suggested Counseling and Psychological Bill in order to professionalize counseling practice in Kenya through a legal framework which was identified as currently lacking. It is expected that when this is accomplished, accreditation, licensing, supervision, counselors training, and enforcement of the codes of ethics would be done in a professionally organized manner. Therefore the need for the formation of an umbrella association for all counseling practitioners in Kenya was identified as imperative. Such an association could ensure that the roles of PCAs are professionally done and assist in filling the gaps identified in the study.
Effectiveness of drug and substance abuse prevention programs in selected public and private universities in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Kemei, Ronoh C.; Mwenje, M.; Otengah, W. A. P.
Substantial outcry about the problem of drug and substance abuse and its rippling effects echoes from many sectors of the society today. Families, learning institutions and places of work undergo agonizing consequences of drug abuse. In the university, the problem is rampant aggravated by many factors such as personal independence, a lot of free time, a wide range of demands on the individual student, psychosocial impact of interpersonal interactions, transition to university life and making new peers. Drug and substance abuse impacts negatively not only on student abusers and the university goal attainment but also causes problems to students who don‟t abuse drugs, their families and care providers. In response to this problem, universities have established prevention programs and Social Support Services to implement interventions. Information from the literature review demonstrates that some prevention programs can be effective whereas others may not be. This study sought to assess effectiveness of drug abuse prevention programs in selected Public and Private Universities in Kenya with specific objectives which were to establish; objectives of various levels of prevention programs and activities, implementation methods, student utilization of prevention activities, challenges facing prevention services and factors which sustain drug abuse in the universities. Self-efficacy and Ecological Systems Theories including principles for effective prevention programs endowed insight into this study. It was a cross-sectional survey applying both qualitative and quantitative techniques to benefit from their complementary nature. This study was carried out in 2 Public and 2 Private Universities in Kenya. Multi-stage sampling techniques were employed in selection of 499 respondents consisting of 395 students and 104 Social Service Providers. Four data collection tools consisting of Student Questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions, Qualitative Interview Schedule and Structured Observation Guide were used. Data analysis was done with the aid of SPSS and NVIVO 10. Findings revealed homogeneity in respondents‟ characteristics and use of drug abuse (Chi-square P-value, 0.145) amongst universities under study. Findings demonstrated that primary prevention level was the predominant intervention activity with low rate (30.8%) student awareness of prevention programs and activities. It also showed poor student participation (14.1%), inadequate resources, poor implementation methods and negative student attitude being the major challenges to effective implementation. Study findings revealed that drug abuse is sustained by factors related to social, psychological, economic and cultural. The study recommended to DSAPP to apply scientifically based approaches. It recommended to the University Management provision of comprehensive support to DSAPP. It was recommended to NACADA to strengthen personnel training and dissemination of information at all educational levels and in all counties. This study also recommended to the Ministry of Education to integrate Drug abuse courses in the curriculum in all education levels from Primary to the university. Suggestion for further research should target specific drugs and prevention models which are contextual to universities in Kenya.
Societal factors and behaviour maladjustment of the boy-child: a case of boys in selected rehabilitation institutions in Nairobi and Kiambu counties, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Mvungu, Eunice Njeri; Sirera, M. A.; Mweru, M.
Throughout much of history and across cultures, greater value has been placed on the male child. This is because of the roles he was presumed to take in the family and the society at large. Despite the high premium in which the boy-child is held, he has been internationally and locally featured causing havoc to the same people he is expected to be providing security to. The purpose of this study was to establish the societal factors that contributed to the behaviour maladjustment of the boy-child in selected rehabilitation institutions in Nairobi and Kiambu Counties, Kenya. The study looked at the role of parenting, society and peers on behaviour maladjustment of the boy-child. In addition, the study sought to find out what needs to be done to encourage pro-social behaviour among boys with behaviour maladjustment. The study was guided by social learning and psychosocial stages theories. To achieve the purpose of the study, ex post facto design was used. Purposive sampling was used to select three boys’ rehabilitation institutions while convenience sampling was used to select 92 boys, three institutional managers, nine rehabilitation staff and nine boys’ parents/guardians. A questionnaire and interviews were used to collect the data. Quantifiable data was coded and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) whereas qualitative data was analysed using thematic descriptions. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) which gives output similar to SPSS was used in testing the hypotheses for this study. The findings are presented as per themes pertinent to the research questions. The study established that parenting and models in the society contributed to the boy-child’s behaviour maladjustment. Two parenting and two society related variables were found to be statistically associated with the outcome variable of maladaptive behaviour at (p=0.014 and p=0.04) and p=0.05 and p=0.017 respectively. However, the test found peers to have no significant influence on the behaviour of the boy-child which contradicts other past studies that have mostly found peers to influence each others’ behaviour. To encourage pro-social behaviour, effective parenting approaches and appropriate role modelling at family and society levels which could be achieved through Psycho-education for parents on responsible parenting was suggested. Based on the study findings, the following recommendations were given: i) Counseling for both the boy-child and the parents/guardians, ii) Empower parents/guardians through psycho-education, iii) Economic empowerment for the parents, iv) Psycho-education for the parents and the rest of the society. It is hoped that the findings of this study have shed some light to the society on some of the factors responsible for the behaviour maladjustment exhibited by the boy-child thus, embrace appropriate parenting and positive role modelling
Relationship between Family Expressed Emotion and Relapse Occurence among Inpatient Alcoholics in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Githae, Eunice Njango
Alcoholism is a family illness that requires treatment of the whole family, because recovery after rehabilitation seems mostly achievable when both the individual and their family are involved in relapse prevention. While studies have demonstrated that family plays an important role from diagnosis to treatment of alcoholism, few studies have focused on the interpersonal dynamics of family members which would maintain the alcoholic behaviours and lead to relapse. Such interpersonal dynamics would include the family emotional expression (EE) and how it may relate to relapse. In this study, the relationship between family EE (characterized by hostility, criticism and emotional over-involvement) and the occurrence of relapse in alcoholism was examined. The Family Systems Theory informed the current study in helping understand the complex dynamics of interactions of family members and how such interactions maintained maladaptive behaviours such as alcoholism. Samples were derived from populations of inpatient alcoholics (N=186) and their family members (N=135) in Nairobi County, Kenya. The instruments used in the study were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to assess for alcoholism. The Family Member Attitude Scale (FMAS) and the Individual Attitude Perception Scale (IAPS) were used for assessing family EE. In addition, individual interview schedules were developed to assess how both the alcoholic and family members perceived family EE and how this may have contributed to relapse. Pearson correlations were used to test the relationship between the dependent variable (relapse) and the independent variables (hostility, criticism, and emotional over-involvement). Regression analyses were used to clarify the nature of the relationship of the variables, and to assess the statistical significance using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found out that EE was statistically significant at p=0.000<0.05 and had a predictive power of 34%. While hostility was found to have an inverse relationship with relapse (β=-.133), criticism was found to predict relapse at 28.2% and overinvolvement at 47.1%. This could mean that EOI was the major EE predictor variable for relapse among recovering alcoholics. The EE/relapse association was also evidenced by interviews by the participants. It was concluded that high levels of family EE were a contributing factor to returning to heavy drinking after treatment of an alcoholic.
Conceptualisation of abnormal behaviour among residents of Kibera informal settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya: implications for mental health intervention
(2015-05) Nthangi, Agnes
expected to be afflicted by one form of a mental or neurological disorder at some point in their lives. Although great advancements have been made in its understanding and treatment, abnormal behaviour is still misconceptualised by many individuals, sub-cultures and cultures world-wide. The purpose of this study was to investigate how abnormal behaviour is conceptualised by residents of Kibera informal settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya; and how this conceptualisation influences the mental health interventions sought by the residents. The Biopsychosocial (BPS) model of abnormal behaviour and the Fourth Edition (revised text) of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) informed the formulation of research objectives and instruments. A cross-sectional survey design employing a mixed concurrent triangulation method of data collection was adopted for the study. Quantitative data was gathered via a researcher-generated questionnaire while qualitative data was generated via a focus group discussion (FGD) guide. Purposive, stratified, simple random and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 433 study participants. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) aided in the analysis of quantitative data from the questionnaire; which were subjected to descriptive analysis using percentages, frequencies and mean scores; and inferential statistical analysis using Independent T-tests, one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and subsequent Post-Hoc test; and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) test. Textual thematic analysis was done for qualitative data from FGDs. The study established a substantial misconception of the nature of abnormal behaviour (Mean=29.36); an average support for scientific psychosocial causes (Mean=54.39) and a causal misconception (Mean=74.07). Gender variable significantly influenced how the nature of child developmental disorders was conceptualised (t=2.639,df=382,p=0.009). Gender, age, and level of education variables significantly influenced how scientific causes of abnormal behaviour were conceptualised (t=-3.983,df=383,p<0.001), (F(3,381)=5.547,p=0.001), F(3,381)=4.240,p=0.006); while age variable significantly influenced how non-scientific causes of abnormal behaviour were conceptualised (F(3,381)=3.551,p=0.015). A treatment intervention misconception (Mean=59.78) was also established. A correlation was found between support for scientific/non-scientific causes and use of scientific/non-scientific treatment interventions (r=0.258;p<0.001;r=0.178,p<0.001); and between support for scientific/non scientific causes and use of non-scientific/scientific treatment interventions (r=0.199,p<0.001; r=0.125,p=0.014). The two most highly supported measures to mitigate abnormal behaviour were ‗building of mental hospital‘ and ‗educating residents on issues of mental health.‘ The study concluded that there is a misconception of abnormal behaviour among residents of Kibera informal settlement especially in relation to its psychosocial causes which is likely to lead to delayed or improper interventions. Moreover, there is a possibility that residents of Kibera do not use an integrated approach in treatment of abnormal behaviour due to this misconception. The study recommends structured educational programmes on mental health for residents of Kibera informal settlement aimed at correcting the established misconception.
The relationship between pornography viewing and sexually aggressive behaviours among male students in selected Universities in Kenya
(2015-07) Wamathai, Ann Njoki
Pornography viewing has become a widespread social phenomenon in the world; Kenya notwithstanding. Studies have indicated that pornography viewing is correlated to sexual aggressive behaviours among college students. Using the Social Learning Theory and Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression, this study sought to examine the relationships between pornography viewing and sexual aggressive behaviours among male students in selected universities in Kenya. The study also sought to fmd out the extent and nature of pornographic materials used, reasons for pornography viewing and extent of sexual aggressive behaviours among students. The study adopted a correlational research design. The study population consisted of 530 students and four students' counselors. Proportionate random was used to obtain a sample of four universities for the study. The topic being sensitive in nature, convenience sampling technique was employed to select the sample of 530 students' participants. Students' counselors were purposively sampled from the selected universities. A reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.72. A mixed method approach was used for data collection. Quantitative data was collected using closed and open ended questions while a structured interview guide were used to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square and Pearson correlation coefficient while the qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found out that students used various sources of pornographic materials; magazines, videos, television or internet at 77%, and images depicting sexual intercourse at 58%. Almost half of the students (48%) indicated they viewed pornography to satisfy their curiosity, followed by 43% to acquire information about sexuality and for entertainment (43%).The average frequency of sexual aggressive behavior stood at 21% while getting her/him drunk/high in order to convince her/him to have sex strategy was the strongest predictor of regarding pornography viewership with highest standardized coefficients ~ of 0.129. The multiple regression model to test whether there was relationship between frequency of exposure to pornography and sexual aggressive behaviours was statistically significant (F= l.827, df=6), p= 0.049 significant at 0.05 level). The multiple regression coefficient R was 0.356 and R2= 0.365. This was reaffirmed by test of the full logistic regression model which was also statistically significant, indicating that the predictors as a set reliably distinguished between respondents who noted that that noted that it is harmful at X2= 12.222, p=0.032, P < 0.05. This indicated a moderately strong relationship between pornography viewing and sexually aggressive behaviours that could put the pornography viewers at risk if not addressed. The study has therefore, contributed knowledge on pornography use and sexual aggressive behaviours among male students in universities in Kenya. Further, the study recommends creation of awareness of effects of pornography use and the need for strong policies and programmes to regulate pornography production and consumption so as to prevent the psychological and social harms to consumers.
Relationship between Selected Childhood Parental Factors and Victimization to Intimate Partner Violence among Men in Nyeri County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-03) Maingi-Ngunjiri, Lydiah
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent problem that threatens the societal welfare both in developed and developing nations. Most efforts to alleviate it have focused on women victims of male perpetrated IPV. Despite increasing media reports of men experiencing IPV, there is paucity of information on the prevalence of such victimization and the risk factors associated with it especially in Kenya. This study sought to establish the relationship between selected childhood parental factors and intimate partner violence (IPV) among men in Nyeri County. The selected childhood parental factors included exposure to parental intimate partner violence, harsh physical parental disciplining and parental involvement. Based on social cognitive and the attachment theories, the study utilized an Ex post facto correlational design to establish the nature of associations between the independent and the dependent variables. The target population for the study was married or once married men in Nyeri County aged between 18 and 65 years. A multi-stage probability sampling was used to arrive at the sample. Four structured scales were used to collect quantitative data namely; childhood exposure to parental IPV scale, harsh parental discipline scale, parental involvement and IPV scales. Focus group discussions were used to collect qualitative data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic factors, prevalence and forms of IPV. Correlations between childhood parental factors and IPV were established using Pearson‟s Product Moment correlation Coefficient. The study findings provided evidence that IPV against males in Nyeri County was prevalent with 87.9% reporting to have ever experienced some form of IPV. The study also revealed that there were significant positive relationships between experience of IPV and the following childhood factors; exposure to parental IPV and harsh parental disciplining. Paternal involvement had significant negative correlation to IPV except for the physical form of IPV. Maternal involvement was found to have insignificant negative correlation to IPV except for physical form of IPV. A major implication and recommendation of the study was that there is need for intervention programmes for male survivors of IPV to be initiated. Educating the public on how to identify male victims of IPV and the law enforcers on how to deal with them was also recommended. The study also recommended premarital education and counselling, couple counselling, and community awareness creation on issues related to IPV. Parental education was also recommended in an effort to promote parental involvement and prevent exposure of children to parental IPV and harsh physical disciplining. The male survivors of IPV, mental health professionals and parent educators as well as policy makers are among those who were expected to benefit from the study findings
Personality traits, political efficacy and electoral outcomes: a survey of selected female parliamentary contestants in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-04) Maweu, Jonathan Kathungu
Personality traits and political efficacy judgments independently influence the types and the level to which people participate in political activities. All reviewed studies on the role of personality traits and political efficacy judgements in political participation were done in the West, and the Eastern countries. Studies on women‟s political participation show that by November 2015, their global average stood at 22.6%, 23.4% in Sub Saharan Africa and accounted for 19% of legislators in Kenya. This study investigated effects of personality traits and political efficacy on electoral outcomes among selected female parliamentary contestants during 2007 general elections in Kenya. It used purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data was collected using the BFI and PES Scales. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse participant‟s demographic information. A One-way ANOVA was used to examine differences while a Chi-Square was used to examine associations between successful and non-successful contestants. The participants mean age was 49.45, ranging from 25 to 68 years. Their personality traits distribution was 35.71% conscientiousness, 33.33% agreeableness, 21.43% extraversion, 9.52% openness and 0% neuroticism. The distribution of political efficacies was 54.76% internal, 2.38% external and 42.86% cynicism. Chi-Square results yielded no evidence for association between personality traits and electoral outcomes χ2 (2, n=42) = 1.367, p = .242; but, the distribution of traits among participants and their differences in personality traits across electoral outcomes showed that personality traits determine electoral outcomes. The study found a positive association between external efficacy and electoral outcome χ2 (2, n=42) = 8.04, p = .005. An ANOVA yielded no significant difference in extraversion between successful (M = 4.18, SD = 1.00) and non-successful (M = 0.519, SD = .519) participants (F (1, 40) =.984, p = .327); no significant differences in neuroticism between successful (M = 2.00, SD =.54) and non-successful (M = 1.99, SD =.533) participants (F (1, 40), .005, p = .946); no significant difference in openness between successful (M = 3.89, SD =.563) and non-successful (M = 3.72, SD =.734) participants (F (1, 40), .717, p = 402). But, there was a significant mean difference in conscientiousness between successful (M = 4.43, SD =.319) and non-successful (M = 4.05, SD =.54) participants (F (1, 40) = 7.232, p. = .010); and a significant difference in agreeableness between successful (M = 4.03, SD =.266) and non-successful (M = 4.38, SD =.446) participants (F (1, 40) = 9.615, p. = .004). In political efficacy, it found a significant difference in internal efficacy between successful (M = 3.956, SD = 1.525) and non-successful (M = 4.476, SD = .5063) participants (F (1, 40) =10.69, p = .002); a significant difference in external efficacy between successful (M = 3.06, SD =.604) and non-successful (M = 2.603, SD =.7468) participants (F (1, 40) = 4.820, p. = .034); but, there was no significant difference in cynicism between successful (M = 4.437, SD = .730) and non-successful (M = 4.14, SD = .712) participants (F (1, 40) = .919, p = .191). In conclusion, the study found personality traits and political efficacy judgments as able to determine electoral outcomes. It was evident that external and internal political efficacy associated with electoral success and moderate the effect of personality traits. It is proposed that female political aspirants should seek personality assessment and counselling to enhance self-understanding, harness the strengths of their personality trait and manage its weaknesses and they should nurture personality traits and political efficacy judgements that enhance their connection and favour with the electorate.
Women’s perception of endogenous factors influencing them to stay in abusive spousal relationships: A case of women rights awareness program in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-05) Limukii-Kaaria, Zipporah Kailu
The decision whether to stay or end abuse in an intimate relationship is a complex one for victims. Most past studies have focused on socioeconomic factors influencing women to stay in abusive spousal relationships and the interventions addressing the factors. However, statistics indicate that a great number of women continue to stay in their abusive relations jeopardizing their wellbeing and that of their families. Few studies have been done to explore the internal psychological (endogenous) factors and how women could be helped to free themselves from such abusive marriages.Using the Cycle of Violence and Psychological Entrapment theories, this study explored the women’s perception of endogenous factors that influence their stay decisions. The study used a Phenomenological research design. The target population was women who were in abusive spousal relationships and those that had resolved their abusive situations (survivors). The sample size was thirty (30) women; twenty were selected purposively from Women Rights Awareness Program (WRAP); a shelter for abused women in Nairobi County, and ten survivors of spousal abuse were selected through snowball sampling from Embakasi Subcounty. Data were collected by use of an in depth semi-structured interview schedule, focused group discussions, participant observation and field notes and triangulated to provide a thick description of the findings. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically by use of interpretative phenomenological analysis and presented in verbatim. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented by use of proportions, frequency tables and percentages. The findings revealed that women together with their children experienced multiple, severe and chronic physical, psychological, economic and sexual violations which had led to adverse psychological effects that rendered women helpless and contributed to their entrapment in abusive marriages. The study revealed that beliefs such as; need for identity, marriage is permanent, need for father figure,abuse is normal and feelings such as hope that the abuser would change and love for the abuser coupled with coping mechanisms characterized by denial, rationalization of abuse,avoidance and keeping oneself busy influenced women’s stay decisions. Based on the findings from the survivors, the study revealed that women could be helped to reappraise the endogenous factors leading to new beliefs, thoughts and feelings appropriate for resolving spousal abuse. This could be achieved through conceptualizing resolutions to abusive relations from the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change and addressed through Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy. The process of resolution of abuse needs to incorporate men for the stability of the family unit and the children for holistic healing and functioning of the society. The findings may provide empirical evidence useful in prioritizing interventions for helping abused women deal with their perception of endogenous factors that maintain abusive spousal relationships.
Effect of Group Therapy in Restoring Psychological Wellbeing of Sexually Violated Women of 1994 Tutsi Genocide in Rwanda
(Kenyatta University, 2017) Ntete, Jeanne Marie
Sexual violation of women has been found to leave permanent scars on the victims, affecting all spheres of life, therefore, compromising their psychological wellbeing. However, sexual violation is a vice shrouded with social instigated shame and guilt that leaves many victims stigmatized, thus making it difficult for them to seek help. Group therapy has been found to be characterized with curative factors that could circumvent the shame and guilt associated with sexual violation thereby bringing about healing. Ibuka organization has employed group therapy in helping the sexually violated women of the 1994 Tutsi genocide regain their psychological wellbeing in the year 2009. However, since inception of group therapy in Ibuka, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the group therapy towards restoring the psychological wellbeing of the women who were sexually violated. Using a biopsychosociospritual theory and group therapy model, this study evaluated the effectiveness of Ibuka group therapy in restoring the psychological well being of the sexually violated women during the 1994 Tutsi genocide. The main design used for the study was a descriptive survey. The targeted population were the sexually violated women who were members of Ibuka group therapy. A sample size of 80 participants in Musanze District drawn from Busogo, Kinigi and Muhoza Sectors under Ibuka group therapy participated in this study. The questionnaire, face to face interviews and focus group discussions were used as methods of data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings show that Ibuka group therapy uses integrated group therapy model to address various needs of the sexually violated women. Through these approaches, group therapy has been effective in helping women overcome their shame and work through trauma experienced during the genocide to foster personal growth, with 87.5 % saying they have experienced personal growth, 82.9 % have improved relationship with others while 84.4 % said they have purpose in life and make plans for their future. Of the sexually violated women under Ibuka group therapy, 76.3 % feel that they experience autonomy while 75.1 % said they cope well with their environment. In general, 80.4 % of the women sexually violated said that they have regained their freedom. These findings were corroborated with the qualitative findings in which women identified several curative factors that have worked for them. Based on these findings, the study concluded that group therapy model is effective in addressing the psychological conditions that are shrouded with shame and guilt that often prevent victims from seeking help. The study therefore recommends that group therapy model should be adopted by other organizations and groups that work with people who experience emotional pain but find it difficult to talk about it due to societal stigma, to help bring about their psychological wellbeing.
Determinants of Health Insurance Uptake by Urban Informal Sector Workers in Nairobi and Machakos, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-11) Muiya, Bernard Munyao
The informal sector in Kenya had employed 12.5 million people by 2015 who contributed substantially to the national GDP yet they are often excluded in healthcare systems and are therefore unlikely to access health benefits unlike persons in formal employment. This is despite the high risks associated with their work. Even though health insurance increases access to healthcare services and improves financial risk protection, only a few of these workers have a cover in Kenya. This study investigated the determinants of health insurance uptake among urban informal sector workers in Nairobi and Machakos Counties. The objectives of the study were to; (i) examine enrolment status and patterns into health insurance schemes by informal sector workers, (ii) explain the level and source of awareness of health insurance among informal sector workers, (iii) establish factors of enrolment into health insurance schemes by informal sector workers, and (iv) establish the key determinants of enrolment into health insurance by informal sector workers. The study used four hypotheses to test for independence between enrolment into health insurance schemes and awareness of health insurance, source of health insurance information, individual and household characteristics of informal sector workers. The Health Belief Model, the Weberian Stratification model and Rational Choice Theory guided the study. Cross-sectional survey design was used. Data were collected through a structured interview schedule and a focus group discussion guide. Four hundred and fifty six respondents from informal sector workers, healthcare facilities and NHIF officials were sampled through both proportionate (cluster) and non-proportionate (purposive) sampling techniques. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS through Chi-square, Cramer’s V and Principal Component Analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The study established that enrolment in health insurance for the sampled population was low (15 per cent). Even though there were high levels of awareness, there was limited understanding of health insurance benefits. The National Hospital Insurance Fund had an enrolment rate of 63 per cent compared to private health insurance schemes. Family members and friends were the popular source of awareness (43 per cent) of health insurance. Eight variables (marital status, income, age, level of education, number of dependants, reading of newspapers, television viewing, and awareness of health insurance) were significantly related to enrolment into health insurance. The relationships were, however, weak. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) extracted two components with high loadings on level of education, television viewing and reading of newspapers (Component 1) and number of dependants and marital status for component 2. This study recommends that health insurers conduct health insurance education through intensive outreach programmes and design flexible payment schedules to accommodate the irregular incomes for the informal sector workers in order to increase enrolment.
Effectiveness of Offender Rehabilitation Programmes in Addressing the Psychological Needs of Women Offenders Within the Prisons in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-08) Ondeng, Achieng Mary Jacinta
Globally, for the past decade there has been continuous growth of body of research on women in prisons with USA setting the pace. The studies have gained insights on female pathways to prison (see Collica-Cox, 2018; Bloom, Owen & Covington, 2005) necessitating the development and implementation of programs that are gender responsive to specific needs of women offenders. Such programs are those that address issues that may hinder rehabilitative success and eventually the reintegration of the women back to the society. Ineffective rehabilitation of women offenders remains one of society’s concerns all over the world today, Kenya included. However, few studies had examined women offenders in Kenya and a little extent the rehabilitation programs that address their psychological needs. The study sought to determine the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in addressing the psychological needs of the women prisoners in Kenya. The relational rheory of women’s psychological development and the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) model for offender rehabilitation were used to inform the study. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive research design, employing a mixed concurrent triangulation method of data collection. The target population included all convicted women prisoners within the 17 correctional facilities of women prisoners in Kenya with a minimum of class 8 education level. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 350 study participants. Quantitative data was gathered through use of questionnaire while qualitative data were collected from focus group discussions (FGD) guide and interview schedules. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in form of frequencies, means and standard deviations. Textual thematic analysis was done for qualitative data from FGDs and interview schedules. The study revealed that majority of women offenders in Kenya associated their criminal behaviors with psychological needs such as: histories of physical abuse- 46.8% in childhood and 51.3% in adulthood; 78.95% scored on posttraumatic stress disorder while parental distress was highly indicated with 62.6% having financial constraints to provide basic needs for their children, and 87% were constantly worried of their children’s future. The study established that there are few underdeveloped rehabilitation programs targeting psychological needs, with most programs focused on economic empowerment of offenders. The study finding led to a conclusion that the rehabilitation programs within the Kenyan women prison are not effectively addressing women offenders’ unique psychological needs contributing to their criminal behaviors. This is due to lack of gender responsive programming, lack of in-depth research on women and crime in Kenya, lack of curriculum training on gender responsive treatment to the wardresses and lack of proper planning and management of available funds both from the government and income generating from the prisons’ projects. The study notes as important the introduction of alternative rehabilitative practices for less risky and petty offenders to decongest the prisons. The study further recommends contextual researches on women and crime that would lead to the development and implementation of gender-responsive programs in women’s correctional facilities in Kenya. The study contributes to knowledge gap by providing useful information that the prisons department and stakeholders may use to improve policy and rehabilitation practices for rehabilitation of women prisoners in Kenya.
Influence of Perception of University Students on Utilization of Peer Counselling Services in Selected Universities in Kenya
(2018-11) Kamina, Mary
Peer counselling refers to the help among and by people of the same age group or people operating at the same level who take charge of assisting each other on various issues that affect them. Based on this understanding many universities have established peer counselling as one of the ways of helping university students to cope with their day to day issues. The purpose of this study was to establish how the university students perceive peer counselling services and its influence on utilization of these services. The study utilized a descriptive correlational design, in which the researcher was primarily interested in describing relationships among variables. The site of the study was selected universities in Kenya and the target population was third and fourth year undergraduate students in universities in Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the universities. The third years and fourth year students were purposefully selected to take part in the study. The study used simple random sampling to select 400 students from the third and fourth years in the selected universities. Questionnaires and focus group discussion guides were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics in form of means, percentages and frequencies. Logistic Regression Model was used to establish the significant demographic variables that consequently had an influence on the relationship between perception and utilization of the peer counselling services at the universities. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.1 for Windows software was used to aid in quantitative data analysis while the qualitative data was grouped and analysed thematically. The findings of the study revealed that a large percentage of the university students (75%) had negative perception on Peer Counselling Services which subsequently influenced negatively on the utilization of the services. It also revealed that while 15% of the students utilized Peer Counselling Services at different levels, a larger percentage, 85% never utilized Peer Counselling Services at any time. The findings also revealed that more females (69%) than males (31%) had positive perception of the services. While the findings also revealed that more fourth years (51%) than third years (49%) had a positive perception, the type of university (public or private) did not have a significant influence on the perception of the students and the utilization of Peer Counselling. Some of the major recommendations the study made were: to consider the type of perception the university students have on peer counselling services, the university management need to provide relevant training to its peer counsellors and provide close supervision by the trained counsellors, peer counsellors are recommended to undertake all trainings offered by the university management which involves peer counselling activities, as well as sensitization of activities conducted in the university to all students. This information could help the students to have a more positive perception of PCS, and hence utilize the services more.
Relationship between Parental Conflict and Social Adjustment of Adolescent Students in Seconday Schools in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-03) Muriithi, Joel Kiambi
Parental conflict is a prevalent problem that threatens the social adjustment of adolescence children both in developed and developing nations. Despite evidence of parental conflicts in Kenyan families, there is scarce literature on the relationship of parental conflict and social adjustment of adolescence. This study sought to establish the frequency of parental conflict in families of students in secondary schools in Murang‘a County; To find out the types of parental conflicts in families of students in secondary schools in Murang‘a County; To assess the level of social adjustment of students in secondary schools in Murang‘a County; To examine the relationship between parental conflict and social adjustment of adolescent children in secondary schools in Murang‘a County; and To find out if there is any gender differences in social adjustments of students in secondary schools in Murang‘a County. The study was guided by attachment and interpersonal theories.This study employed a descriptive survey design with a quantitative approach. The study target population was 108,774 secondary school students in Murang‘a County. A Stratified random sampling was applied to draw a sample size of 400 students. Standardized instruments were used to collect data from the students. The Social Adjustment Scale developed by Reda Norton was used to measure social adjustment among the students while frequency of parental conflict and type of parental conflict was assessed using the Children's Perception of Inter parental Conflict Scale (CPIC). Data collected was coded and processed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Quantitative data collected was analyzed to generate descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages and mean. Correlations between parental conflicts and social adjustment of adolescence were established using Pearson‘s Product Moment Correlation Coefficients. The study showed that 55.8% reported low frequency of parental conflicts while 24.8% reported high frequency. On type of parental conflicts, the students reported perceiving both constructive and destructive parental conflicts with majority perceiving constructive conflicts. On social adjustment the students were predominantly pro social with 62.3% rating themselves high on pro social, 74.3% rated themselves low in offensive interpersonal behaviours and 74.8%rated themselves low in delinquency behaviours. The study revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between type of parental conflicts perceived and social adjustment of the students. The Pearson (r) correlation coefficient between parental conflicts and both offensive and delinquent behaviours were positive and significant at (r(257) = 0.241, P< 0.05) and (r(260) = 0.171, P< 0.05) respectively. However, the relationship between parental conflicts and pro social was negative but not significant. The study also revealed gender difference in social adjustment of the students. A t test result of the students social adjustment mean scores showed that there was gender differences in delinquent behaviors at and (t= 3.384, df = 319, P< 0.05) respectively. Thus more males than females were more likely to show delinquent behaviours in response to experienced parental conflicts. However, no difference was found in respect to pro social behaviours and offensive interpersonal behaviours. The findings of the student were in support of both attachment and interpersonal theories. The study recommended that schools strengthen counseling department to help students with social adjustment challenges. The study also recommended premarital education and counseling, couples counseling and community awareness creation on the harm of destructive parental conflicts to their entire family.
Influence of Psychosocial Well-Being on Alcohol Abuse among Public School Teachers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-04) Maingi, Beatrice Muthoni
Psychosocial wellbeing is important for effective functioning and plays a key role in individuals behaviour including alcohol abuse. There are few empirical studies that have examined the influence of psychosocial wellbeing on alcohol abuse. The purpose of the current study was to assess the influence of psychosocial well-being on alcohol abuse among public school teachers in Nyeri County. The objectives of the study were to establish the prevalence of alcohol abuse as well as determine the influence of environmental mastery, personal growth, self-esteem and social integration on alcohol abuse among the teachers.The study further aimed at identifying the intervention measures put in place to address alcohol abuse among teachers in Nyeri County. The study was guided by the Modified Social Stress Model (MSSM), a Theory developed by Rhodes and Jason and modified by the World Health Organisation/Programme on Substance Abuse (WHO/PSA). A mixed method approach employing correlational and phenomenological approach was used in this study. The target population consisted of teachers employed by the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) in public primary and secondary schools in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study utilized a multistage approach to obtain the sample required. The region was clustered into Sub-County and type of school (primary/secondary) after which a random sample was used to select the schools that participated in the research. In the schools, convenience sampling was used to obtain a sample of 386 respondents from a population of 6264 teachers. A self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. An interview schedule was conducted with the TSC County Director and teachers to capture the views concerning the alcohol situation in the county and specific school. Data were coded and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data were analysed thematically. The results from the questionnaire and interview schedules were triangulated to provide enriched data to address the concerns of the study. Results on the prevalence of alcohol use revealed that 59% of teachers consumed alcohol while 32.7% fell under the category of hazardous use as per AUDIT Scale. Chi-square test and t-test for the independence of means were used for inferential analysis. T-test results with a degree of freedom (df) of 384 showed that in the different facets of environmental mastery, there was significantly better financial resources (p=0.016), opportunities for acquiring new skills/information (p=0.002), participation and opportunities for recreation (p=0.002), and health and social care (p=0.039) among the teachers who were not abusing alcohol as compared to those who were abusing alcohol. Level of education, as well as responsibility in school, were noted to have a significant effect on alcohol abuse with teachers having lower levels of education noted to have higher levels of alcohol abuse. Self-esteem also had a significant influence on alcohol p=0.001). The spirituality (p=0.012), bodily image/appearance (p=0.021), and negative feelings (p<0.01) facets of self-esteem had a significant effect on alcohol abuse levels of the teachers. The findings were corroborated with qualitative data in which teachers who lacked social support, social responsibility and had lower educational qualifications were found to have higher levels of alcohol use than their counterparts. Overall, both the quantitative and qualitative data showed that psychosocial factors such as environmental mastery, personal growth, self-esteem and social integration may increase or decrease teachers vulnerability to alcohol abuse. The study recommends urgent interventional strategies targeting the enhancement of psychosocial wellbeing in the management of alcohol abuse among teachers.

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