Browsing by Author "Ongwae, Jemimah Kwamboka"

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    Ukiukaji wa Kanuni Bia za Greenberg Katika Miundo ya Tungo zenye Vihusishi Katika Lugha ya Kiswahili
    (Kenyatta University, 2024) Ongwae, Jemimah Kwamboka; King'ei, Kitula Osore, Miriam
    This research investigated the violation of some of Greenberg’s linguistic universals in structures with Kiswahili adpositions. The research is derived from the field of linguistic typology. This field aimed at researching and analyzing the common properties and structural diversity for grammatical phenomena across the world`s languages. We followed Greenberg’s (1963) proposed set of 45 linguistic universals based primarily on a set of 30 languages considering the measure of orderliness of grammatical constituents in different language families. Kiswahili language was among the languages considered in his sample. Even so, it seems that some non-implicational universals proposed by Greenberg do not exist in the definitional characteristics of this language because Kiswahili got both prepositions and postpositions. This study focused on achieving the following objectives: It described the specific positions in which adpositions appear in sentences, to scrutinize different prepositional and postpositional structures and how they affected the structure of sentences and analysed the linguistics environments that trigger the violation of some of Greenberg’s universals in structures with Kiswahili adpositions. This research was guided by X-bar theory of Chomsky (1970). This is a substantive theory that analyses phrase structure properties of natural languages. Greenberg`s universals of language were also used too. Research data was Kiswahili prepositions which were collected by purposeful sampling method by reviewing literature from grammar books, journal articles and the other internet materials. Data analysis and presentation was based on the objectives through descriptive content analysis. This research revealed that when prepositional incorporation occurs to governing verbs, it affects the structure of the sentence by removing the preposition and causing displacement of the direct object. We were also able to determine that Kiswahili is a language of adpositions. However, when prepositions are placed between two nouns, especially when a-conjuctions are analyzed in X-bar theory, Kiswahili seems to be a prepositional language. Some of Greenberg’s universals were violated in Kiswahili structural sentences due to to Kiswahili language having both prepositions and postpositions. Although it was also revealed that some of Greenberg’s universals bring some validity and compliance in the Kiswahili language. The study has contributed to the copus on word order, typology of languages and Kiswahili syntax. It has benefited grammarians and linguistics researchers interested in structural analysis, especially Bantu linguistics.
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    Ukiukaji wa Kanuni Bia za Greenberg katika Miundo ya Tungo Zenye Vihusishi Katika Lugha ya Kiswahili
    (EANSO, 2023-11) Ongwae, Jemimah Kwamboka; Githinji, Peter
    Makala haya yalidhamiria kubaini ukiukaji wa baadhi ya kanuni bia za Greenberg katika miundo ya tungo zenye vihusishi vya Kiswahili. Katika utafiti wake, Greenberg (1963), alipendekeza kanuni bia 45 na kutafiti lugha 30 ili kuchunguza mpangilio wa vipashio vya kiisimu katika makundi mbalimbali ya lugha. Lugha ya Kiswahili ilikuwepo mojawapo ya sampuli alizoteua. Hata hivyo, katika kuzingatia uwekaji vihusishi, inaonekana kukiuka baadhi ya kanuni hizo. Kwa hivyo, mkabala wa Greenberg (1963) ulitumika. Kanuni bia za Greenberg hasa zile zinazozungumzia vihusishi pekee zilitumika kuchanganua miundo na mazingira ya kiisimu yanayosababisha ukiukaji wa baadhi ya kanuni za Greenberg katika uwekaji wa vihusishi vya Kiswahili. Data iliyotumika ilikuwa ni tungo zenye vihusishi. Mbinu ya usampulishaji wa kimakusudi ilitumika kuteua vihusishi hivi na vilikusanywa kwa kusoma vitabu vya sarufi na makala kutoka kwenye majarida na makala ya mtandaoni. Data ilichanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa kwa kuzingatia mkabala wa kanuni bia za Greenberg kupitia ufafanuzi wa data kwa njia ya maelezo na unukuzi wa kanuni bia za Greenberg. Ilijidhihirisha kuwa baadhi ya kanuni bia za Greenberg zina ukiushi katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Ukiushi hasa ulitokea kwa sababu sifa A haikumiliki sifa B kwa kuzingatia sheria ya uchanganuzi iliyopeanwa. Haya yalibainika hasa kwa kuwa lugha ya Kiswahili inamiliki aina mbili za vihusishi; vihusishi vya kabla ya nomino na vihusishi vya baada ya nomino katika umbo lake la nje. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya kanuni bia zingine zilionyesha utiifu. Aidha baadhi ya kanuni hizi zina utata ambao unaleta changamoto katika juhudi za kutoa kauli jumlishi. Makala haya yatachangia katika kongoo ya utaratibu wa vipashio katika sentensi, taipolojia ya lugha na sintaksia ya Kiswahili.