Browsing by Author "Ichani, Xavier"

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    Efforts towards Gender Mainstreaming Policies and Performance of Women Officers in Kenya Police Service in Nairobi County
    (International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2024-10-07) Njue, Cathrine Murungi; Ichani, Xavier
    This paper looked at the efforts towards gender mainstreaming policies and performance of women officers in Kenya police service in Nairobi County. In relation to this, it examined the laws, policies and practices, organizational culture, gender bias, and gender sensitization in service delivery to female police officers. Survey research design of descriptive nature was employed. The study target population was 1200 police officers from 10 police posts in Nairobi County. The respondents comprised of 290 senior officers, gender relevant government officials from Nairobi and a section of the public. The primary data was collected using closed and open-ended questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used while carrying out this research. Coming to the main questions of the study, it is possible to conclude that there is a professionally positive and statistically significant relation between institutional legal framework, gender discrimination, and community perception and the performance of Kenyan policewomen. Thus, the conclusion with following the main findings of research was that, gender mainstreaming should be considered as efficient tools to improve the performance and activity of women within the sphere of national security. The main recommendations was Compulsory Gender Polity Training.
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    Kenya's Role in Promoting Peace and State (Re) building in Somalia
    (Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024-07) Bosh, Alinoor Moulid; Ichani, Xavier
    Kenya had an intricate role in promoting peace and state (re) building efforts in Somalia. Kenya's intervention was driven by a combination of regional stability concerns and the need to address the spillover effects of insecurity and terrorism. The analysis explored Kenya's contributions through military intervention as part of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), diplomatic efforts aimed at fostering a Somali-led peace process, and the provision of humanitarian assistance. There were acknowledgements on the achievements of Kenya's intervention, including territorial gains against al-Shabaab and the creation of space for the Somali Federal Government to establish its authority. However, there were challenges associated with Kenya's military presence, including accusations of human rights abuses and potential destabilization of local communities. The study delved into the importance of diplomacy and political engagement in fostering sustainable peace. Kenya's role in hosting peace talks and advocating for inclusivity was highlighted. The analysis explored the crucial role of humanitarian assistance in addressing immediate needs while simultaneously strengthening local governance structures and promoting state legitimacy. Drawing on insights from existing literature on the effectiveness of military intervention, diplomacy, and humanitarian assistance in state (re) building, the study emphasized on the need for a nuanced approach. The study employed a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys alongside descriptive research. Data collection included surveys, interviews, document analysis, and observation of diplomatic meetings, military operations, and peace negotiations. The target population included representatives from various stakeholder groups in Kenya and Somalia (n=291). The study found that Kenya played an intricate role in Somalia's state (re)building efforts. This included diplomatic initiatives, military engagement through AMISOM, humanitarian aid provision, and economic cooperation. Kenya's diplomatic efforts facilitated dialogue and political solutions. Military intervention addressed security challenges and created space for reconstruction. Humanitarian aid alleviated suffering and bolstered resilience. Economic cooperation projects fostered regional integration and development. The study concludes that Kenya's contributions were significant but highlights the need for long-term solutions. It recommends a focus on political reconciliation, economic development, and transparency in economic cooperation alongside continued security measures. By implementing these recommendations, Kenya can further strengthen its positive contributions to lasting peace and stability in Somalia. Key Words: Kenya, Somalia, Diplomacy, Governance, Intervention, Security, Stability & State (Re) building
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    North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military Intervention and Regime Change in Libya
    (Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Murungi, Isaac Muthaura; Ichani, Xavier; Otieno, Isaiah Oduor
    The purpose of this article is to examine the activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations’ (NATO) military intervention and implications on regime change in Libya. The United Nations (UN) continues to sanction humanitarian intervention against states purported to violate fundamental human rights of their citizens. Some of these interventions have transcended to sanctioned regime change that have attracted intense academic discourse. We seek to contribute to this ensuing debate using the case of the NATO’s intervention in Libya, by critique of nature of crisis warranting intervention, the rationale of humanitarian intervention in the context of Libya and to evaluate the role of foreign military intervention in precipitating regime change in Libya. Anchored on the two opposing theoretical paradigms of realism and liberalism, we argue that humanitarian intervention by the NATO was motivated by the need to promote geopolitical interests of the intervenors and that the military intervention by the NATO was anticipated and orchestrated process of extending the Western democratic values in Libya. Based on existing secondary data and interviews conducted, we conclude that while it was evident that the NATO played a major military role in forestalling the Libyan insurrection, the use of force in supplanting democratically elected government was unwarranted and failed to meet the aspirations of many in Libya. Therefore, sanctioned humanitarian intervention against states purported to violate fundamental human rights of their citizens may at times fail to serve the intended goal of self-preservation of the sovereign power of the state in question. We recommend that mandates for all humanitarian interventions be clearly spell out and that interveners’ interests must not override state sovereignty and the aspiration of the people.