Determining Pollinators, Floral Calendar and the Effect of Pollination Deficit of Avocado Persea Americana Mill in Kandara, Murang’a County, Kenya
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Date
2019-11
Authors
Mulwa, Joseph Mutunga
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Kenyatta University
Abstract
Avocado Persea americana Mill is an important fruit in Kenya. It is a source of
vitamins, oil and income to farmers. However, its optimal production is
dependent on insect pollinators. This study was undertaken to determine
diversity and abundance of insects visiting avocado flowers, their diurnal
visitation counts, the crop floral calendar and the effect of pollination deficit of
avocado at Kandara, Murang’a County. The study was carried out in farmers’
fields in upper midland 2 agro ecological zone, for three cropping seasons, from
August 2015 to March 2017. A total of 60 trees were randomly selected from 12
farms for the study with a minimum distance of 10 m and 200 m between trees
and between farms, respectively. Treatments included unlimited access and no
access of flowers by pollinators. On each tree, two randomly selected terminal
branches with inflorescences of the same age and size were identified, where
one was bagged using nylon mosquito nets to deny access by pollinators while
the other was left open for unlimited access by pollinators. As soon as flowers
wilted, the nets were removed, and fruits on the tagged terminal branches
counted. Data collected included identity of the pollinator, number of
individuals observed pollinating per species, time of the day, the time (seconds)
taken by the pollinator on the flower per visit, the percentage flushing,
percentage flower buds, percentage flowering and percentage fruiting. Number
of male and female flowers was recorded from 0900 h to 1700 h. Fruit counts
were done monthly. At maturity, fruits were harvested and their weight, polar
diameter, equatorial diameter, seed weight, ovary polar and equatorial diameters
were determined in the laboratory. Pollination deficit data were analyzed using
Student’s t-test. Findings showed that honey bees Apis mellifera were the major
flower visitors followed by blow flies Chrysomya putoria. Others included
hoverflies Eristalis tenax, wasps Polistes sp., butterflies Colias electo, ants
Iridomyrmex reburrus and beetles Drypta ruficollis. Opening and maturity of
female and male phase flowers overlapped between 1200 h to 1659 h, with the
peak overlap from 1300 h to 1359 h. Fruit set was significantly (P <0.001)
higher in flowers where terminal branches were allowed unlimited access to
pollinators (19.85±2.00) compared to those denied access (9.38±1.55). Further,
a more than two folds increase in final fruit yield was recorded in terminal
branches where flowers were exposed to unlimited access (0.46±0.08) by
pollinators compared with those denied pollinator access (0.17±0.05). Based on
the yield differences, a 64.5% pollination deficit was recorded for avocado.
Laboratory results showed existence of significant statistical differences in seed
weight (P=0.001) with those from terminal branches exposed to unlimited
access having 15.41 ±1.75g compared with those denied access (7.13±1.07g).
The differences also existed for ovary equatorial diameter (P=0.001) and fruit
equatorial diameter (P=0.035). This study thus confirmed that pollination plays
a significant role in avocado production. Farmers are advised to adopt
appropriate pollination management plans for their avocado orchards such as
provision of honey bee colonies and ensuring presence of diverse community of
pollinators, which will enhance pollination provision by honey bees.
Description
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Science in Crop Protection (Entomology Option) in the School
of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenyatta University, November 2019
Keywords
Pollinators, Floral Calendar, Pollination Deficit, Avocado, Persea Americana Mill, Kandara, Murang’a County, Kenya