Dynamics in Hydro-Diplomacy in the Nile Equatorial Lakes; 1929-2023
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2025-10
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Kenyatta University
Abstract
This study examined dynamics in hydro-diplomacy in the Nile Equatorial Lakes region. Hydro-diplomacy has been a central feature in international relations in the Nile Basin for nearly a century. The basin has been a dynamic arena for evolving hydro-diplomatic dynamics. The study explored hydro-diplomacy dynamics in the Nile Equatorial Lakes between 1929 and 2023. It analysed the key events, treaties, and negotiations that have shaped hydro-diplomacy in the region over nearly a century. The study analysed the historical factors that have shaped hydro-diplomacy efforts in the basin, the dynamics of hydro-diplomacy in the basin and particularly under the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program among the member states and concluded by evaluating River Basin Organisations effectiveness in promoting hydro-diplomacy for sustainable-shared waters management. The study employed collective action theory to analyse hydro-diplomacy in the region by examining how multiple states with competing national interests manage and negotiate the shared use of the Nile’s water resources. The study utilised both primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained using a key-informant interview guide and a focus group discussion guide, while secondary data was obtained by reviewing relevant journals, books, and reports. The study established that there exists a conflict in the Nile basin driven by historical water rights agreements, climate change, increasing population, unilateral actions, hydro-politics, and a lack of basin-wide institution. Various legal and institutional frameworks, like the Nile Basin Initiative, have been instituted to address these challenges at the regional and international levels. In 1999, the Nile Basin Initiative was instituted as a transitional organisation to promote basin-wide cooperation for the sustainable and equitable development of the Nile River resources. The Nile Equatorial Lake Subsidiary Action Programme, one of the Nile Basin Initiative subsidiary action programs, has been instrumental in promoting hydro-diplomacy through Water Resources Management and Development and Power Development and Trade Sub-Programs. In its pursuit of these, the subsidiary institution has faced challenges ranging from a lack of political will, hydro-hegemon politics, and limited funds. The study also established that River Basin Organisations are effective mechanisms for managing shared water resources, providing platforms for information sharing and exchange, joint development priorities and conflict prevention. While challenges persist, they are instrumental in promoting cooperation and sustainable development. This study was important because it enriches the body of knowledge on the management of transboundary resources by providing a more nuanced understanding of the complex issues surrounding the management of shared water resources.
Description
A Thesis Submitted In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations and Diplomacy in the School of Law, Arts and Social Sciences of Kenyatta University. October 2025
Supervisors
Susan Waiyego Mwangi
Francis Mulu