Phytochemical, Anti-Inflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antipyretic and Toxicity Analysis of Dichloromethane and Methanol Extracts of Five Selected Plants Using Animal Model
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Date
2022
Authors
Mutuma, Gitonga Godfrey
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Kenyatta University
Abstract
Inflammation results from irritants causing body injury. Pain is discomfort associated
with illness or injury while pyrexia can be defined as elevated body temperature.
Common conventional anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic agents are expensive
and have severe adverse effects. Traditional medicines are regarded by various
communities as safe, efficacious with little or no adverse side effects. The study aim was
to evaluate phytochemical profile, in vivo anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic
activities as well as safety associated with Senna didymobotyra, Eucalyptus saligna,
Bidens pilosa, Mangifera indica and Prunus africana. Plant samples were collected from
Kanjagi sub - location, Kirima – Itune location, Giaki division, Meru County in Kenya.
Extractions of phytochemicals were carried out using dichloromethane and methanol.
Edema, pain and fever were induced in test animals using 1% carrageenan (0.5 ml), 2.5%
v/v formalin (0.05 ml) and 20% v/v turpentine respectively. Wistar rats and albino mice
were used in this study. The animal models were grouped into normal, negative, positive
and experimental test groups I - III. Experimental test groups I, II and III were treated
with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of the plant extract respectively. Anti-inflammatory and
antinociceptive activities associated with extracts were evaluated against the standard
anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive drug (Diclofenac), while antipyretic activities
were established against aspirin. The herbal extract of Senna didymobotyra, Eucalyptus
saligna, Bidens pilosa, Mangifera indica and Prunus africana and the reference drugs
indicated some in vivo anti- inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects. For
anti-inflammatory activity, the extracts were associated with reduced hind paw diameter
in relation to what was observed in control groups. The inhibitory rates observed in paw
edema ranged from 1.59 - 11.05%, Diclofenac edema inhibition was ranging between 0.1
and 8.78%. For the analgesic study, the Senna didymobotyra, Eucalyptus saligna, Bidens
pilosa, Mangifera indica and Prunus africana extract reduced paw licking time by 1.38-
48.26% during early phase and between 28.45-83.90% during late phase while diclofenac
pain inhibitory rates ranged between 12.20-80.20% in both phases. The herbal extract of
Senna didymobotyra, Eucalyptus saligna, Bidens pilosa, Mangifera indica and Prunus
africana were associated with 0.16 and 3.95% antipyretic activity while aspirin was
associated with 1.52 and 3.60% antipyretic activities. The qualitative phytochemical
evaluation indicated positive results for alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid,
saponins, steroids, tannins terpenoids and phenolics compound which are associated with
anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities. The herbal extract of Senna
didymobotyra, Eucalyptus saligna, Bidens pilosa, Mangifera indica and Prunus africana
were not associated with any significant repeated dose toxicity at p<0.05. The study,
confirms the role of Senna didymobotyra, Eucalyptus saligna, Bidens pilosa, Mangifera
indica and Prunus africana extract by Meru community in disease management
associated with inflammation, pain and fever. The results support the need to preserve or
protect the biodiversity of the Senna didymobotyra, Eucalyptus saligna, Bidens pilosa,
Mangifera indica and Prunus africana
Description
A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in (Medical Biochemistry) in the School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, March 2022
Keywords
Phytochemical, Anti-Inflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antipyretic, Toxicity Analysis, Dichloromethane, Methanol Extracts, Five Selected Plants, Animal Model