MST-Department of Special Needs Education

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    Sources of Information About HIV and AIDS among Students with Disabilities in Institutions in Rwanda,
    (Educational Research International, 2017-08) Habinshuti, Gonzague; Wamocho, Franciscah Irangi; Njoroge, Michael
    This paper examines a study designed to investigate access to HIV and AIDS information by students with disabilities in institutions of higher education in Rwanda. Purposive sampling was used to select 154 students with disabilities, 5 deans of students, 5 medical doctors and 5 heads of HIV/AIDS clubs. Questionnaire was used to collect data from students with disabilities while the interview schedule was used to collect data from deans of students’ medical doctors and heads of HIV and AIDS clubs. The findings of the study revealed that students with disabilities are at increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS, they are sexually active and they constitute a special group which needs special attention. The study further showed that there is incorrect perception on the mode of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention among students with disabilities. The findings further revealed that the most available sources of HIV/AIDS information in the community were teachers, non-governmental organizations and health facilities, posters, radio, political party leaders and printed materials. Based on these findings the study recommended that the government of Rwanda, the organization of people with disabilities and other organizations working with people with disabilities should break down barriers by elaborating specific policy and providing training workshops to address the various misconceptions about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention among students with disabilities
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    Development of a Guidance Programme for Students with Special Educational Needs in Kenya: A Study on Personal Orientation
    (Blackwell Publishing, 2008) Wamocho, Franciscah I.; Karugu, Geoffrey K.; Nwoye, Augustine
    In this article, Franciscah Wamocho, lecturer and chairperson, Geoffrey Karugu, senior lecturer, both in the Department of Special Education, and Augustine Nwoye, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology, all from Kenyatta University in Nairobi, argue that people with disabilities are likely to need the support of counselling services. The study reported here sought to collect baseline data that could be used in designing a comprehensive guidance programme for students with disabilities in secondary phase special schools and vocational rehabilitation training centres in Kenya. A personal orientation inventory was employed to measure values and behaviours among 229 students with visual impairments, hearing impairments and physical disabilities. The results reveal that the students with special educational needs may be non-selfactualising. The trend suggests that students with special needs may be living in the past or future with a lot of regrets and negative sentiments. Taking account of insights derived from Maslow’s theory of self-actualisation and other related literature, the findings of this study appear to reinforce the need for a guidance and counselling programme to be developed for students with special educational needs in Kenya. This study reveals the direction that such a programme could take if it is to be of benefit to a Kenyan clientele with special educational needs
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    Teachers’ instructional strategies affecting performance in English among learners with mild intellectual disability in primary schools in Kiambu County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2022-05) Gachie, Mary Wanjiku
    The guiding principal purpose for the study was to establish the teachers' instructional strategies affecting performance in English among learners with Mild Intellectual Disability (MID) in primary schools in Kiambu County. Specifically, the study: assessed the English performance of learners with MID, established the effects of teacher qualification in special needs, teacher attitude and teachers’ instructional methods on the English performance of learners with MID in primary schools in Kiambu County. The study employed social constructivist theory to explore the teachers’ instructional strategies that had effect on the English performance of learners with MID in acquiring self-regulation. In this study 31 class six English teachers, 2111 class six learners and 31 school administrators within 3 zones were targeted in the descriptive survey study. A 20% sample was used to sample the learners, while purposeful sampling was used for the teachers and school administrators. The study used a sample of 31 school administrators, 31 teachers and 422 learners, all from the three identified zones. For data collection, the proposed study employed the following instruments: observational schedules, interview schedules and questionnaires. In this study, two questionnaires were used; for teachers, and for school administrators. Piloting was done in Gicharani primary school and helped in determining the validity of the research instruments while test and re-test method was used to test the nstruments’ reliability. Quantitative data questions were analyzed by descriptive statistics using frequencies, percentages and measures of central tendencies. The study found that the majority of learners with MID performed below average. Similarly, the majority of their teachers believed that inclusive approaches could help the learners with MID. Most teachers had certificate and diploma while some had degrees in Special Needs Education (SNE). It was found that the teachers with these qualifications were likely to have their learners with MID performing averagely as compared to those without the training. The p value 0.034<0.05 was significant which showed that the teachers’ qualification in SNE training had statistically significant influence on the learners with MID English performance. Findings further revealed that the teachers’ attitude was positive with some having a negative attitude. The chi-square analysis revealed that the p-value was statistically significant at 0.018 implying that the teachers’ attitude towards the learners affected the learners with MID’s English performance. Furthermore, findings revealed that the teachers and school administrators generally believed that group discussions were critical in helping learners with MID. However, the observation revealed that group discussions were rarely used in class. The chi square results revealed that the MID learners’ English performance was influenced by the teachers’ instructional methods which was supported by the statistically significant p value 0.010<0.05. The study recommended the ministry of education to develop policies to assess learners’ intellectual ability to ensure that learners with MID were identified early in order to provide early intervention to ensure their achievement was at par with their peers.
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    Perspectives of Aphasia Patients and Caregivers on Effectiveness of Speech Therapy in Enhancing Communication Skills in Nairobi City County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Muchene, Salome M.
    The purpose of this study was to assess the perspectives of aphasia patients and their caregivers on the effectiveness of speech therapy in enhancing communication skills in Nairobi City County. The study sought to: determine the extent of satisfaction of aphasia patients and their caregivers with speech therapy in enhancing communication, ascertain the perceptions of aphasia patients and their caregivers on the quality of speech therapy services in Nairobi County, explore caregivers' views on their involvement in speech therapy delivery, and establish the views of aphasia patients and their caregivers on the intervention strategies applied to enhance their communication. The study was guided by Higgins' discrepancy theory and Schaffer's fulfillment theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design, focusing on aphasia patients and their caregivers, as well as speech therapists in Nairobi County. Purposive sampling technique was employed in selection of study participants. A pilot study was carried out at a Hospital in Nairobi City to determine the reliability and validity of the research instruments. Data was collected via the administration of questionnaires to the patients and caregivers, and interview guides were used for the speech therapists. The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the collected data. The study findings show that more than a half of the respondents were positive about the role played by speech therapy in enhancing communication after brain damage. Those caregivers got involved in speech and language therapy; in some cases after initiative from the therapists. Strategies used were found to be always personalized and are focused on the patient’s immediate needs. Similarly, therapy objectives are also always typically customized to a patient’s needs; hence speech therapy may differ from patient to patient depending on the degree of aphasia. The study suggests that the Ministry of Health and similar organizations should increase awareness of the importance of speech therapy for communication issues caused by brain damage. Moreover, caregivers should be empowered by providing them with understanding, resources, and consideration of their needs, thereby making them essential partners in the speech therapy process for individuals with aphasia.
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    Influence of Parental Involvement on Academic Performance of Pupils with Learning Disabilities in Public Primary Schools in Migori County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2024-08) Oduor, Paul Omondi
    The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of parental involvement on academic performance of pupils with learning disability in public primary schools in Migori County, Kenya. This was a descriptive design study which sought to investigate the influence of parental involvement on academic performance of pupils with learning disability in public primary schools in Migori County, Kenya. It was guided by the following objectives; find out parents’ awareness on learning disabilities in their children and its effects on academic performances, to explore the type of activities parents engage in to get involved in the learning of their children, to assess parent-teacher collaboration in education of pupils with LD, to investigate the influence of parent-teacher collaboration on academic performance of pupils with LD and to explore factors which hinder parental involvement in learning of pupils with LD. The study was guided by Constructivist Theory developed by Jerome Bruner (1966). Descriptive research design was utilized. The target population was 47 primary schools, 1000 pupils in grade three, 113 parents of pupils with learning disabilities, 47 grade 3 class teachers and 47 head teachers in Migori County. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the primary schools. Grade three pupils, class teachers, parents and head teachers were selected using purposive sampling technique. The sample size consisted of 11 primary schools, 11 grade 3 class teachers, 11 head teachers and 55 grade 3 pupils and 22 parents. Researcher-constructed questionnaires, pupil rating scale, test and interview schedules were used to collect data. To establish the validity and reliability of the research instruments, a pilot study was carried out in one primary school in Migori County. The collected data were descriptively analyzed using means, frequencies and percentages. Pearson product moment correlation analysis was used to examine the nature of the relationships among the study variables. The results were presented using tables. The data from the interview schedule for the head teachers were analyzed thematically and the results incorporated in the quantitative findings. Findings indicated that most parents were not aware of learning disabilities in their children. Most parents do not also participate in school activities leading to unawareness of the LD in their children as well as contributing to a poor academic performance. It was further established that most parents were not collaborating with teachers in the education of their pupils with LD. The study concluded that school leaders play a vital role in educating parents about their pivotal role in their children's education, contributing to improved academic performance among pupils with LD. The study recommended that teachers and MOE officials in the county should create time and meet the parents and teachers to sensitize them about LD and their needs to improve learning outcomes of such learners.
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    Language Disorders and Learners’ Performance in Class Activities in Selected Inclusive Primary Schools in Kitui County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Kivelenge, Pamela Kunu
    Achieving academic excellence is the aim of all learners in inclusive primary schools. However, language disorders in primary school children negatively affect their performance in class activities. This research sought to investigate language disorders and learners’ performance in class activities in selected inclusive primary schools in Mumoni Sub-County, Kitui County, Kenya. The objectives for the study included: the prevalence of learners with language disorders, assessment of how language disorders influence learners’ performance in class activities and to determine the strategies teachers use to improve learners’ performance in class activities. The study was guided by the Liberal Theory of Equal opportunity which was propounded by Bryman. The dependent variables were the learners’ performance in class activities and the independent variables were language disorders. The study incorporated descriptive study design. This design for a research study was ideal in determining language disorders and learners’ performance in class activities in selected primary schools in Mumoni Sub-County, Kitui, Kenya. The study considered an entire population of 46 teachers in Mumoni Sub-County where an average of two teachers was purposively sampled as the target population from the 23 inclusive primary schools in Mumoni Sub-County, Kitui County. The study purposively sampled 26 learners for in-depth interviews from PP1, PP2 and grade 1, 2 & 3. The researcher used structured research questionnaires and interview method to aid the collection of primary data from the study respondents. To achieve adequate content validity, the expert judgmental method was adopted. Sample of questionnaires were rendered to the research supervisor who carried out an examination and later gave out feedback on the same. Test re-test method was used to determine the reliability of the research instrument. A tenth of the entire sampled population of the study was put into consideration for piloting and was not included in the actual study. The survey collected both qualitative and quantitative data. In analyzing the quantitative data, SPSS software was used and descriptive statistics was employed to report the data. Presentation of the same data was done through percentages, frequencies, tables and charts while qualitative data was written in themes and presented in narrative form. The respondents’ consent was sought and they were assured their confidentiality. The study found that the common prevalence language disorders were both expressive and receptive language difficulties, reading, writing and spelling challenges. Further, the study found that learners with language difficulties have low performance in class activities which resulted to low self-esteem. Moreover, the study found that teachers give support to learners with language disorders, however, there were no collaboration and team work with other professionals and teachers lacked in -service training. The study found that there were inadequate resources to provide services to learners with language disorders. The study recommended that TSC should supply trained teachers and in-service training to be conducted for teachers to have skills to support learners with language disorders. Further, the study recommended that the government to provide resources to inclusive schools to enable headteachers source for qualified professionals.
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    Evaluation of Access Arrangement and Assessment of Dysgraphic Learners in Public Primary Schools in Vihiga County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Mulima, Emmanuel Ian
    The study focused on exploring the impact of access arrangements on assessing learners with dysgraphia in lower-primary schools in Emuhaya Sub-County, Vihiga County. It aimed to understand the existing access arrangement methods, assess the prevalence of dysgraphia, and evaluate student performance through assessment tests. The study was framed within Robert Gagne’s Conditions of Learning theory from 1965. A pilot study was conducted in two public primary schools, not included in the main data collection. Data was gathered through questionnaires and interviews from a sample of 60 respondents: 50 learners with special needs, five class teachers, and five county education officers. Qualitative data underwent content analysis, while quantitative data was analyzed using frequencies and percentages with SPSS. Results indicated that schools in Emuhaya utilized various access arrangements for students with dysgraphia. The most common methods were providing extra time (32.5%), supervised rest breaks (30%), and separate invigilation (20%). Other methods such as prompting, scribing, transcription, and word processing were used less frequently. Five students who underwent pre- and post-intervention assessment showed a 5–10% improvement in performance after intervention. Notably, when provided with 25% extra time, students could complete exams more effectively. Access arrangements available to dysgraphia students in public lower-primary schools included prompters, scribes, extra time, transcripts, separate invigilation, word processors, and supervised breaks. Supervised breaks, extra time, and separate invigilation were the most common, while others were used less frequently or in combination. Dysgraphia was found to negatively impact academic performance, but with intervention, student performance improved by 5%–10% in successive exams. Students reported a positive change in attitude towards education due to the intervention, feeling supported by the school. The study recommended a unified approach in the county to address dysgraphia students' academic needs, early identification methods for learning disabilities, and implementation of recommended interventions to improve student attitudes towards education.
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    Implementation of National Government Constituency-Funded Projects and their Contributions in Nairobi City County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2024-08) Katonon, Walter Kipkoech
    The absence of appropriate public engagement, resource mobilization, project duration, and legal framework were commonly cited as the reasons for disparity in Embakasi South constituency when it comes to national government constituency-funded projects. The purpose of this study was to examine the affect of national government constituency-funded initiatives carried out in Nairobi. The objectives of the study are to ascertain the effect of involvement, to determine the effect of resource mobilization, investigate the effect of time, and the effect of the legislative framework on the execution of these projects in the Embakasi South Constituency. The theoretical framework for this study was anchored in project implementation theory, Stakeholder Theory, and resource-based theory. This study utilized a descriptive research design. The target population of 166 composed of 10 national government officials, and Sub County Accountant, 95 committee members, 59 beneficiary stakeholders, and the manager of NGCDF in Embakasi South Constituency. A sample of 83 was used. The study employed a stratified random sampling method. The study utilized primary data, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative data. Data was collected using questionnaire and Interview schedule, SPSS software was used for data coding and analysis. Data was presented in tables. According to the findings, there is a positive association between the influence of public participation, resource mobilization on implementation. The study established that there is a positive significant association between influences of project and association between influence of legal framework on implementation of national government constituency funded projects in Embakasi South Constituency. The R-Squared is the proportion of variance in the dependent variable which can be explained by the independent variables. The R-squared in this study 57.2% of implementation of national government constituency funded projects in Embakasi South Constituency. The researcher concluded that while there is a perception among respondents that the mere availability of resources might not impact project implementation, specific challenges related to the acquisition of physical resources are acknowledged. The study recommends that various institutions involved in decision making on CDF should develop and implement comprehensive strategies to enhance community engagement throughout all phases of project development, including identification, design, implementation, and project closure. The study recommends that there is need for future researchers to determine effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation of both government and private sector projects in Kenya.
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    Efficacy of Auditory Verbal Therapy in Hard of Hearing Learners’ Speech Enhancement in Machakos School for the Deaf Machakos County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Okwach, Linnah Akinyi
    Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) gives caregivers the knowledge needed to develop the listening and spoken language abilities of their child after being appropriately fitted with hearing technology. The hard of hearing learners in Kenya have lacked therapists who are qualified in supporting and encouraging AVT, and they are mainly inclined to use Kenya Sign Language (KSL). The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of AVT in enhancing the speech of hard of hearing learners in Machakos School for the Deaf, Machakos County, Kenya. The objectives were to find out the learners' level of perception of speech before using hearing aids and Auditory Verbal Therapy strategies, examine the effects of using hearing aids and Auditory Verbal Therapy strategies on perception of speech, determine the role selected learner's demographical characteristics play on the efficacy of Auditory Verbal Therapy and establish the teachers’ and caregivers’ views on using hearing aids and Auditory Verbal Therapy strategies for hard of hearing learners’ speech enhancement in Machakos School for the Deaf Machakos County Kenya. The study was guided the Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro Theory (BCM, 2012). It adopted a mixed research design combining quasi-experimental and descriptive qualitative research designs. The target population was 242 learners with hearing impairments, 5 caregivers and 12 teachers. The study sample included 17 hard of hearing learners, 5 caregivers and 10 teachers who were purposively sampled to form the study population. The pilot study was conducted at St Michael’s School for the Deaf Kitui County which had similar characteristics as the study locale. Data was collected using adapted McCormick Toy Test and Manchester Picture Test for the learners and interview schedules for the caregivers and the teachers. The researcher used descriptive statistics for analyzing quantitative data, but qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings from this particular study established that AVT when used to compliment consistent use of hearing aids resulted in the improvement of speech perception skills in younger children with a less degree of hearing loss. Furthermore, lack of awareness, financial constraints and cultural issues were found to be barriers to effective application of AVT. It is recommended that learners who are hard of hearing be amplified early and be trained to listen so as to improve their speech outcomes and caregivers, policy makers, curriculum developers as well as all relevant stakeholders be encouraged use of AVT as well as and hearing aids for children with hearing loss. More so, parents and caregivers need to be trained to enroll young children in intervention programs like AVT as soon as they have been amplified and awareness of AVT and hearing aids should be created among teachers and caregivers of children with hearing loss.
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    Vocal Hygiene Awareness and Voice Function Among Teachers in Selected Public Primary Schools in Migori County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2023-12) Oogo, Cynthia Achieng’; Tom Abuom
    Vocal hygiene awareness education is a productive method of disseminating knowledge, reducing vocal misuse s and preventing acquisition and progression of voice disorders among teachers. Nevertheless, vojce disorders among teachers, do occur and persist due to limited vocal hygicne awareness and practices. The purpose of this study was to examine ic relationship between vocal hygiene awareness and voice function among pu!\hcl primary school teachers in Awendo Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya. The "h‘“‘“"% of this study sought to investigate the level of vocal hygiene awareness among teachers in Awendo Sub-County, assess the physical environmental factors within the sch_m_)l that influence voice funetion among teachers and to find out the programs and policies in schools that promote healthy vocal function among teachers. Further, it sought 10 assess thf: possible influence of teachers’ awareness of vocal hygiene practices on their voice function. The study was guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecological Model. The study adopted correlation research design which employed a mixed research methodology. The target population was teachers in all public primary schools in Awendo Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya. Two sampling procedures were used to select the respondents in the study: Simple random sampling for teachers and purposive sampling for the head teachers. The sample size consisted of 82 teachers and 8 Head teachers. Data was collected using self-scoring questionnaire and interview schedules. Descriptive statistics was used to describe and summarize quantitative data in terms of graphs, frequency tables, pie charts and percentages with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer program, while qualitative data was analyzed and presented thematically. The results show that majority of teachers had vocal hygiene awareness. Also, there was a significant negative association between voice hygiene awareness among the sampled teachers and their voice function. That is; with increase in the level of vocal hygiene awareness, there was a decrease in vocal function problems thus higher levels of vocal hygiene awareness translated to better vocal function. The study further found out that more than half of the schools had physical environmental factors that may affect the voice function of the teacher such as; dust in the school environment including chalk dust, noise, insufficient drinking water and undisciplined learners. Also, there were no programs in schools to promote vocal health of teachers. Even though there were policies against noise making and indiscipline in schools; such policies only applied to pupils. In conclusion, vocal hygiene awareness should form an integral part of the teacher training curriculum. Also there should be modification of the school environment so as to improve and (or) eliminate factors that may affect the voice of teacher. Finally policies and programs aimed at improving the voice function of the teachers should be introduced in schools. The study recommends further research on the prevalence of voice disorders among teachers in Kenya to enable asses the actual burden of voice disorders on teachers.
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    Influence of Speech Disorders On The Development of Sosial Skills Among Preschoolers in Meru County, Kenya.
    (Kenyatta University, 2023-10) Okindo, Nyaboke Eznah; Tom Abuom
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    Instructional strategies of educating learners identified by teachers as gifted and talented in primary schools in Wareng district, Kenya
    (Kenyatta university, 2011-11) Sambu, Mary Cheptanui; Geoffrey Kamau Karugu; Warkach kipkorir tonui
    The main purpose of the study was to establish instructional strategies teachers use to educate learners who are gifted and talented in Primary schools in Wareng district, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Wareng district was purposively selected for the study because of its good performance in academics and sports. The objectives of the study were; identification of these learners, their characteristics, instructional strategies and their effects, and teachers’ opinions. Literature was reviewed according to the objectives of the study. The research study adopted mixed method approach design. The study sampled ten schools using purposive sampling techniques using the criteria of performance status. Ten head teachers were purposively picked and ninety teachers were selected using simple random technique getting a sample size of one hundred respondents. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides for teachers and head teachers respectively. A pilot study was carried out to establish the validity and reliability of the instruments. Descriptive statistics in SPSS such as frequency tables, percentages, graphs and charts were used to analyse quantitative data while thematic texts were used to analyse qualitative data. The data were then triangulated to generalise conclusions on the findings of the study. The results of the findings showed that: observation was a widely used method of identifying gifted learners, major characteristics of gifted and talented included being active and aggressive, outstanding performance and giving extra work was indicated as a major strategy of instructing these learners. The study showed that majority of teachers were conversant with various strategies of teaching the gifted, however, they preferred using only one, that is, giving extra work, indicating a limitation on teacher`s competence to meet the diverse needs of gifted and talented learners. It is thus recommended that teachers be inserviced and trained to equip them with knowledge and skills on identification and programmes of gifted and talented. Further research should be done to determine the effectiveness and competence of teachers in educating learners who are gifted and talented in schools.
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    Teacher Competency as a Determinant of Mathematics Achievement among Class Six Learners with Dyscalculia in Kiritiri Division, Mbeere South Sub County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2023) Njiru, Christine Muthoni; Jessina Muthee
    Education is one of the fundamental factors that enriches people’s understanding of themselves and the world around them. Education is viewed globally as an ingredient of developmental process from both local and international perspective as an instrument for reducing poverty, gender inequality and discrimination owing to any disability form. Previous studies have noted that 10 children in every class of 40 pupils do not acquire mathematical numeracy in the sub-county. Further, among these pupils, those in class six achieved between 15% -18% in Mathematics subject. In this regard, it is expected that for inclusive education; teacher competency is considered a key determinant for mathematics achievement among class six learners with dyscalculia in Kiritiri division, Mbeere South Sub-County, Embu County. The purpose of this study was to establish whether teacher qualification, teacher's ability to use locally available materials, teacher’s classroom management skills and teacher's instructional delivery determines mathematics achievement among class six learners with dyscalculia. The study adopted a mixed method research adopting a descriptive survey design. The research was guided by the social developmental theory. The target population consisted of 378 pupils, 97 teachers from 14 primary schools and 1 QASO officer, giving a total of 476. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 38 pupils, 30 teachers, whereas purposive sampling was used to select the QASO officer. The main tools of data collection were: questionnaires and interviews. Piloting was done in one of the schools in the study area, which was omitted in the final study. Quantitative data realized from questionnaires was tallied, coded and analyzed descriptively (means, frequencies and percentages), with the aid of SPSS software, version 26. The study findings were presented tables and diagrams. Qualitative data from the interview was edited, transcribed, coded and analyzed thematically. The overall study findings showed that 60% of the teachers largely agreed that teacher competency contributed to mathematics achievement among class six pupils with dyscalculia. The study, recommended that, for greater mathematics performance among learners, the use of locally available resourced should be emphasized and teachers be encouraged to continuously enroll for in-service training courses to adequately learn novel approaches, skills and methods to better teach mathematics among learners with dyscalculia.
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    Instructional Strategies in Adapted Physical Education for Learners with Cerebral Palsy In Special Units of Kirinyaga County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2019) Maina, John Muturi; Nelly Otube; Jane W. Mwangi
    This study analyzed instructional strategies used by Adapted Physical Education (APE) teachers instructing learners with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in special units integrated to primary schools in Kirinyaga County. The core objective was to assess the availability of adapted PE facilities in the special units which enhance the implementation of APE. The study also sought to establish the professional qualification of teachers implementing APE in the special units. The study also aimed at analyzing the challenges affecting participation of learners with CP and their teachers in APE in the special units. The study utilized descriptive research design, employing survey method. The target population consisted of teachers and learners of special units and the respective head teachers of primary schools with special units in Kirinyaga County. A census of all the personnel in 6 special units was carried out. They included a total of 19 respondents and all of them responded. The study utilized questionnaires/interview schedules and observation guide to collect information. Data collected was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data was analyzed in percentages and presented in tables and charts with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), whereas the qualitative data was analyzed thematically using relationships of variables. Some of the major fmdings of the study were that 86 % of teachers agreed that adapted facilities were inadequate for use by learners with CP in APE, there were no Para-professionals to assist teachers of special units with severe cases of CP, 83 % of learners agreed the environment was not friendly and fmally all the head teachers administering the schools with special units are not conversant with issues in SNE. This study has highlighted important areas in the management of special units, and might assist educators on how to strategize for better implementation of the adapted PE in special units. In conclusion the study found out that APE was an important component of special education that enhances participation of learners with CP in PE and therefore needs special attention. To achieve this, adequate number of qualified teachers is needed to implement the APE curriculum and that the major challenges facing the implementation of the adapted PE curriculum have more to do with the provision of facilities suitable for the learners with Cerebral Palsy and also in provision of a more conducive learning environment. The study recommended that the government should get more involved in the provision of facilities, equipment, trained personnel and an appropriate curriculum for APE for learners with CP. The government should allocate more funds to upgrade special units through provision of physical facilities and employment of more teachers in order to make APE to be effective. Based on the study findings; it is recommended that similar research could be carried out in other parts of Kenya since types of disabilities may vary from one part of the country to another.
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    Enhancing access to braille materials for optimal Learning at Kibos primary school for the blind, Kisumu County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta university, 2022-10) Mmasi, Jeremiah L.; Jessina muthee; Margaret murugami
    The purpose of this study was to enhance access to Braille materials for optimal learning at Kibos primary school for the blind, this study was guided by four main objectives, which were: Establish the enrolment of learners who use Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind; Identify academic subjects most affected by inadequate Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind; Determine the causes of the shortage of Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind; Find out participants' views on enhancement of access to Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind. Kibos Primary School for the Blind was the locale for the study. The study employed a case study research design with a target population comprising 26 teachers, one transcriber, a librarian and a resource person. Interview schedules and questionnaires were administered to different groups of respondents. A pilot study was conducted at St. Oda Primary School of the blind. Census was used to acquire the needed information from the target population since it was small, and the researcher had no control. Qualitative data was analyzed qualitatively using narrative, while quantitative data was analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences version 17. The findings noted that the school enrollment of both male and female pupils was on the rise. However, the enrollment of male pupils was higher. The results also revealed that mathematics and science subjects were most affected by the shortage of braille learning materials. Among the identified causes of shortage of Braille learning materials were: inadequate funding, regular change of syllabus and delay by producers of the materials. This study recommended that to enhance the access to Braille learning materials at the school; the government should give adequate funds and build the capacity of the transcribers. The study was necessary since the government policy on education for all did not seem to cater for braille learning materials for learners with visual impairment.
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    Implementation of Individualized Educational Plan and Academic Achievement of Students in Ngala Secondary School for the Deaf, Nakuru County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2022) Nellah, Kipyegon Jebet; BEATRICE BUNYASI AWORI; FRANCISCAH IRANGI WAMOCHO
    Individualized educational plan is a learner centered instructional program developed by a multidisciplinary team to meet the academic needs of each learner in school. This study assessed the implementation of individualized educational plan (IEP) and academic achievement of students at Ngala Secondary School for the Deaf in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study focused on strategies used in IEP, effect of IEP and academic achievement and the challenges faced during its implementation. Data was collected from a target population of ninety-eight students, thirteen teachers and one administrator through purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Purposive sampling was used on school administrator and teachers to select all the 13 teachers and 1 school administrator. On the other hand, stratified random sampling used to select a total of 24 students. The study sample comprised of 24 students, 13 teachers and 1 administrator leading to a total of 38 respondents. The research instrument included the use of questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis. A pilot study was conducted at Kedowa Secondary School for the Deaf to enhance reliability and validity of the research instruments. Quantitative data were cleaned, labelled, coded, entered into a computer and organized using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 30. Quantitative data were analyzed statistically using descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies. The analyzed data were presented using tables, bar-graphs and pie-charts. Qualitative data collected were grouped into different themes, presented as a narrative and discussed based on the objectives of the study. Findings revealed that many teachers who participated in the study identified students in the beginning of their first years in Special Schools, there was a positive effect of IEP and learner‟s academic achievement. However, teachers noted that implementation of IEP for students with HI would slow learning since it takes long procedures and more time. Findings showed that the major challenge towards implementation IEP was lack of adequate teaching and learning resources. The study concluded that there was a significant relationship between IEP implementation in class and academic achievement of the students if adequately implemented based on time and resources. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders should help acquire adequate resources for the students with hearing impairment.
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    Enhancing Access to Braille Materials for Optimal Learning at Kibos Primary School for the Blind, Kisumu County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2022) Mmasi, Jeremiah L; Jessina Muthee; Margaret Murugami
    The purpose of this study was to enhance access to Braille materials for optimal learning at Kibos primary school for the blind, this study was guided by four main objectives, which were: Establish the enrolment of learners who use Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind; Identify academic subjects most affected by inadequate Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind; Determine the causes of the shortage of Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind; Find out participants' views on enhancement of access to Braille materials at Kibos primary school for the blind. Kibos Primary School for the Blind was the locale for the study. The study employed a case study research design with a target population comprising 26 teachers, one transcriber, a librarian and a resource person. Interview schedules and questionnaires were administered to different groups of respondents. A pilot study was conducted at St. Oda Primary School of the blind. Census was used to acquire the needed information from the target population since it was small, and the researcher had no control. Qualitative data was analyzed qualitatively using narrative, while quantitative data was analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences version 17. The findings noted that the school enrollment of both male and female pupils was on the rise. However, the enrollment of male pupils was higher. The results also revealed that mathematics and science subjects were most affected by the shortage of braille learning materials. Among the identified causes of shortage of Braille learning materials were: inadequate funding, regular change of syllabus and delay by producers of the materials. This study recommended that to enhance the access to Braille learning materials at the school; the government should give adequate funds and build the capacity of the transcribers. The study was necessary since the government policy on education for all did not seem to cater for braille learning materials for learners with visual impairment.