PHD-Department of Theatre Arts and Film Technology
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Browsing PHD-Department of Theatre Arts and Film Technology by Subject "Kenya"
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Item Exploring Role of Media Convergence in Intrusion of Privacy: Experiences of Regular Internet Users in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Nancy Wanjiru, Kungu; George Ngugi King’ara; John MugubiMedia convergence has triggered unlimited production and consumption of the Internet content by embracing novel smart devices and interactive tools that permit users, including audiences, to create and to share massive information on the cyberspaces; hence, raising unprecedented online privacy concerns. This study therefore explored role of media convergence in intrusion of online privacy based on the experiences of regular Internet users in Nairobi City County in Kenya. The theoretical framework adopted in the study comprised the Theory of Media Convergence by Henry Jenkins and the Privacy Theory of James Moor. The study used four FGDs drawn from four selected universities in Nairobi City County and eight key expert interviewees from government organizations related to communication. FGD discussion and Interview guides were used in data collection. Data was analyzed qualitatively based on related thematic concepts. Findings depicted a proliferation of unrestricted user-generated information where online players, who are not journalists, were constantly creating and distributing information of private nature, news of shock, acts of violence, crime, sexual assault, and messages of bereavement and grief. Infringement issues isolated by the key expert respondents included harvesting of personal data, disclosure of information, data breach, identity theft, impersonation, and fake news. Susceptibility of social sites to cyber-attacks, the proliferation of unregulated social sites, user vulnerability, Internet tracking tools, Internet penetration, searchability, and online anonymity were deemed to challenge regulation of the IP. The study concluded that: Internet users were divulging vast amounts of private information on the IP; privacy violations were being witnessed and; an array of mitigation strategies was adopted including legislation and policy-making, enforcement of compliance, incidents response, capacity building, consumer education and outreach programmes. The study made the following recommendations: media regulation and policy-making to continually focus on reviewing of cyber regulatory environment; to consider making a law that would, primarily, focus on online privacy; to explore the possibility of collaborations among nations in dealing with Internet violations; to encourage data minimization and; to consider extending consumer outreach programmes to university students. Recommendations made for further research include: investigating implications of privacy infringements on the cyberspaces and; exploring user-awareness of cyber privacy risks.Item Influence of Opinion Leadership Communication Strategies on Exclusive Breastfeeding in Meru County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020-02) Kalangi, Susan KiambatiThis study investigated the influence of opinion leadership communication strategies on Exclusive Breastfeeding in Meru County, Kenya in order to improve the Exclusive Breastfeeding practices for better maternal and infant health. To enable an effective appraisal, the study was carried out in Igembe North Sub County of Meru County. The study was guided by four specific objectives as follows: to establish which opinion leaders are engaged in Exclusive Breastfeeding campaigns in Igembe North Sub County; to examine which opinion leadership communication tactics are used in influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding in Igembe North Sub County; to evaluate the communicative attributes of opinion leaders influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding practices in Igembe North Sub County and to determine what socio-cultural factors influence the effectiveness of opinion leadership communication strategies for Exclusive Breastfeeding practices in Igembe North Sub County. The Two Step Flow and the Uncertainty Reduction theories of communication were used to guide the collection and interpretation of data. The study adopted the mixed research design: qualitative and quantitative. Multistage sampling technique was used to select a quantitative sample of 384 breastfeeding respondents that was determined using Fischer and Krejcie and Morgan’s standard sample size calculation formulae. Ultimately, 372 respondents were surveyed, which was 96.8% response rate. Purposive sampling was used to select 32 respondents for the qualitative sample: 24 FGD participants and 8 Key Informants. A total of 31 qualitative data respondents were available for interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The survey method was used to collect quantitative data from four purposively sampled sub-locations of Igembe North Sub County. Interviews with all eight Key Informants were used to collect qualitative data. In addition, four focus group discussions were held comprising a total of 23 male and female participants. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mainly percentages) with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and the results presented using tables. Qualitative data was analyzed using emerging themes and presented as narratives that were triangulated with the quantitative data. Study findings indicated that fellow mothers, mothers-in-law and healthcare workers were the most influential EBF opinion leaders. Secondly, the study concluded that Breastfeeding mothers in Igembe North Sub County rated EBF opinion leaders as more influential if they were highly knowledgeable on EBF, social and friendly, trustworthy and if they were their role models. Thirdly, although EBF opinion leaders in Igembe North Sub County had used the highly rated face-to-face communication methods and proper (local) language to communicate EBF information, the rate of EBF information adoption still remained low due to inapplicability of the message to the physical and social–cultural environments of the breastfeeding mothers. The study concluded that socio-cultural factors such as maternal occupation and workload, cultural infant feeding practices and pressure from relatives led to early EBF cessation. The study recommended that expert EBF opinion leaders should be supported to identify and empower many lay opinion leaders in order to ensure more frequent communication of positively influential EBF information at the community and house holdlevels.Item Online Group Interaction and the Development of Virtual Identity among the Youth in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Omukoba, Deckillah Shitandi; George N. King’ara; Tommy KiiluThe internet has taken the new role of community through online groups where youth congregate to interact, exchange ideas and pursue interests. As they engage in self-expression and self-presentation online, it is important to understand how virtual identity is negotiated and formed in those spaces. This research analyzed online group interaction and the development of virtual identity among the youth in Nairobi County. The objectives guiding the study were: 1) To establish the extent to which the youth are part of online groups. 2) To establish the reasons that influence the youth to join online groups. 3) To determine the extent to which online group membership develops the virtual identity of the youth. The independent variable in the study is online group interaction while the dependent variable is virtual identity development. Review of literature in this research is based on various aspects of online group interaction in relation to its potentiality in forming the virtual identity of group members. The communication theory of identity (CTI) and uses and gratification theory (U&G) were adopted to form the theoretical framework for this research. The study employed a mixed method research design in which the main methods used in data collection included; Self-administered questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions, and In-depth interviews. This study comprised four focus group discussions of ten members each sampled from two Universities in Nairobi County, a young professionals group in Kasarani sub-county and a youth support group in Mwiki Nairobi, County. Eight social media experts were interviewed. A cross-sectional survey targeting the youth was conducted in two Universities in Nairobi in which 384 questionnaires were administered to the targeted respondents. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively based on the themes derived from the objectives of this study. Quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS software, while the qualitative data was analyzed using the NVIVO software. The three-dimensional identity model by Crocetti, Rubini, & Meeus, (2008) was also used to analyze objective three of this study. Findings revealed that the independent variable of online interaction influenced the performance of users online leading to the development of a virtual identity that they are associated with. Equally the reasons for interaction online such as bonding and bridging influence the kind of self-expressions that the users exhibit online thus characterizing their virtual identity. The study concluded that because the youth are engaging online, they are performing ever-changing identities. There is therefore a need for them to be guided for positive outcomes. Equally the study made the following recommendations, firstly, online group interactions could be used positively as a platform for social interaction and change. Secondly, more online groups that address youth related matters should be created as a way of addressing this transitional stage in life. The study suggested further research in rural context and the adult segment.Item Substance and Structure of Animation Films in Kenya: A Study of Selected Films(Kenyatta University, 2019-11) Ogutu, Raphael NakhumbiThis study investigates the substance and structure of animation films in Kenya. Specifically it focuses on thematic analysis of Kenyan animation films narratives representations through artistic styles, using techniques like mise-en-scene, montage, narrative styles, non-diegesis, and diegesis. The analysis focused on communicative artistic form and dominant themes of social, political and cultural issues addressed by Kenyan animators, writers, and producers. The analysis of animation films from Kenya include: The legends of Ngong hills film (Bunitv 2011), films sampled from Tinga Tinga tales series: why lion roars, why chicken pecks the ground and why lizard hides under the rocks (Homeboyz Animation- first episode 2011), Greedy lords of the Jungle, Africa’s next top poet, Shadowboxing, Driving test, Miss match, Lunchtime woes, Savannah drama, Two olds (RECON-Digital 2009-2012), and Wageuzi Battle 2012 (Afrikana Digital 2011). This study also analysed advertisements about FAIBA Episode 2 caveman series, and Safaricom Sambaza (Fat boy Animations). The study addresses four key issues; the stylistic features employed by animators, animators’ use of particular communicative forms as opposed to others in addressing specific social, political, economic, and cultural issues in Kenya, audiences’ interpretation of the sampled Kenyan animation films, and themes of social and cultural issues addressed by Kenyan animators/ writers/producers through animation films. The study employs mixed research method; however, the qualitative design is the dominant approach used. The design comprises library research, thematic content analysis of selected films, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with selected primary school pupils, parents and filmmakers. Three theoretical perspectives, Social Cognitive Theory, the Conventionalist theory of pictorial representation, and the Neo-representation theory guided the analysis of this study. The study findings show that the Kenyan filmmakers create short experimental animation films, which focus on advertising because of its good financial returns. Kenyan animation filmmakers’ stylistic features employed, varies from animator to animator, however, the 3D animation technique is the most popular among them. Foreign animations influence children positively and negatively. The main thesis is that Kenyan animation filmmakers create film narratives on issues about the Kenyan society at large. Film animators in Kenya use both deliberate and envisaged efforts as an avenue of addressing as an avenue of addressing Greed, selfishness, Deception, and political power; Confidence in life’s challenges; Bravery, betrayal, and love; Persuasion, success and enjoyment, among others. There are popular animation characters that appeal to children, in terms of artistic character representation and storylines. This is dependent on showing animation film character’s ability to cope with social challenges and his or her physical attractiveness, and as a result, an establishment of parasocial relationship. Hence animation films serve as a platform which the Kenyan filmmaker can express themselves about issues in the Kenyan society. The study is significant in that it provides an applicable model in studies of animation films and the many socio-cultural situations of national importance.