MST-School of Pure and Applied Sciences

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This collections contains bibliographic information and abstracts of Master theses and dissertation in the School of Pure and Applied Sciences held in Kenyatta University Library

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Browsing MST-School of Pure and Applied Sciences by Subject "Acmella Caulirhiza"

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    In Vitro Modulation of Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Nystatin, Amphotericin B and Griseofulvin by Acmella Caulirhiza and Senna Didymobotrya Extract Against Candida Species
    (Kenyatta University, 2022) Lenya, Fredrick Ignaz; Joseph J.N. Ngeranwa; George O. Orinda
    There is a rise of Candida species other than albicans such as Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis among others. In addition, they cause infections that show resistance to commonly used antifungals and are multidrug resistant. Treatment and management of mycoses is facing a challange since most of the current antifungal agents are fungi-static in nature and they also show adverse side effects. All the above among other factors necessitate the search for new antifungal agents. From folklore, plants have inherent antifungal properties that makes them a potential source for new antifungal agents. The main objective of this research was to determine if crude extracts of Acmella caulirhiza and Senna didymobotrya have modulation effect on selected antifungal agents. The study was also aimed at determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations of crude extracts of Acmella caulirhiza and Senna didymobotrya against selected Candida species. Candida species used were; Candida albicans; ATCC 14053, Candida duabus haemulonii; ATCC 2052030, Candida haemulonii; ATCC 1609496, Candida auris; ATCC 2050582, Candida famata; ATCC 2037476, Candida orientaris; ATCC 6258 and Candida Krusei; ATCC 14243. The selected antifungal agents were: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Nystatin, Amphotericin B and Griseofulvin. Antifungal drug susceptibility of the seven species to crude plant extracts was done by disk diffusion methods using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute protocols. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of combined crude plant extract and selected conventional antifungal agents was determined by broth micro-dilution method using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute protocols with a few adjustments. A completely Randomized Experimental Block Design was used in this study. Phytochemical analysis was done on the crude plant extracts. In this study the crude plant extracts were found to contain terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and traces of anthraquinones. The crude plant extracts were found to have anti-fungal activity with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations between 0.096 μg/ml and 6.125 μg/ml. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration indeces were determined and it was found that Acmella caulirhiza extract and clotrimazole combination showed positive allosteric synergy while the other combinations showed indifference and antagonism. This study found that Acmella caulirhiza and Senna didymobotrya have potent antifungal phytochemicals. It also found that Acmella caulirhiza crude extract is a positive allosteric modulator. It is thus recommended that pure active antifungal components of these plants be determined and pure active components of Acmella caulirhiza be used to develop new antifungal regimens in combination with clotrimazole.