Browsing by Author "Ratemo, Bernadatte M."

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    Controlling Rate of Release of Tsetse Fly Repellent Blend byEncapsulating in β-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles
    (Journal of Nanotechnology, 2025-05) Ratemo, Bernadatte M.; Wachira, Benson M.; Masika, Eric; Ng’ang’a, Margaret M.; Hassanali, Ahmed; Mireji, Paul O.
    Tsetse flies are major vectors of African trypanosomiasis, with devastating medical and veterinary consequences in sub-Saharan region of Africa. Insect repellents are promising tool for control of tsetse flies in the region. A four-component tsetse-repellent blend (δ-nonalactone, heptanoic acid, 4-methylguaiacol, and geranyl acetone) previously formulated and optimized was encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin for a slow controlled release. Here, we explored various methods of microencapsulating (kneading, coprecipitation, heating, or freeze-drying) tsetse fly repellent blend in β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. We assessed release kinetics of the blends and individual compounds using gas chromatography linked with flame ionization detector and evaluated laboratory and field responses (repellence) of the flies by the encapsulated blends. We compared individual performances of releases kinetics of the encapsulated blend relative to nonencapsulated composites. Overall, kneading, coprecipitation, heating, and freeze-drying microencapsulation techniques retained 72.0%, 61.0%, 59.5%, and 57.3% of the blend, respectively. Release rates of blends in 400- and 200-microns thick polythene sachets were 6.73 and 11.82 mg/h, respectively, significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the kneaded encapsulated blend (5.35 mg/h). Laboratory and field responses of tsetse flies to the unencapsulated native (sachet) and kneaded encapsulated odor blends confirmed our laboratory findings. Microencapsulation technology of repellent odors can be used for controlled release of active molecules in order to give an extended protection period, potentially reducing operational cost in programs for control of tsetse flies and related insect vectors.