Browsing by Author "Onyango, Evans Odhiambo"

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    Mission After Mission: Challenges of African Union Mission on State Reconstruction in Somalia
    (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS), 2025-04) Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
    The unending challenges attributed to Peace Support Operations (PSO) in Somalia, is a glaring reality of how the African Union (AU) and her global partners are grappling with the costs of civil war, state fragility and international terrorism in Somalia which has turned out to be mission after mission. Anchored on state building and securitization theories, this study interrogated the challenges faced by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in carrying out state reconstruction. Three key challenges namely; strategic, operational and tactical are analyzed. An in-depth analysis and synthesis of the current relevant literature reviewed to unearth existing gaps in Somalia state reconstruction efforts. This study employed the case study research design. The targeted population was from AU, AMISOM, and experts in PSO from which a sample of 62 informants was purposively drawn. Interview and observation schedules were employed as key instruments of primary data collection while secondary data was collected using document analysis. The analyzed data was presented qualitatively. This study established that AMISOM faced three key strategic challenges namely, complexities and dynamism in the mission’s mandate, inadequate funding, and the overall inadequacies of the mission’s capacity and capability. AMISOM also endure two key tactical challenges. Firstly, the challenge of fighting the invisible enemy and secondly, the lack of internal coherence and coordination in the AMISOM command. Four operational challenges were identified. Firstly, negative clannism and clan differences among the Somali population. Secondly cases of violations of international laws and norms. Thirdly, uncertainty and fragility in the Somalia political atmosphere and fourthly, incidences of piracy off the Coast of Somalia. This study recommended that military interventions such as AMISOM require adequate technical, financial, logistical, administrative, and legitimate support to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations. African Union Commission should ensure that limitations and lessons learned in the previous missions in Somalia are addressed in both the UNSC and AUPSC so that a formidable framework is attained in guiding and enhancing missions that succeed AMISOM. Further, multisectoral approaches should be embraced in addressing challenges encountered in PSOs.
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    State Reconstruction Initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (2007-2022)
    (Path of Science, 2025-04) Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
    State reconstruction by international actors, individually or collectively, has been a diagnostic framework for Peace Support Operations outcomes and states' vulnerabilities to conflicts or failed states. This study interrogated the state reconstruction initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). This study employed a case study research design using a sample size of 62 informants determined purposively. The researchers presented the analysed data qualitatively. Using the state-building, securitisation and intervention theories to underpin the discourse of AMISOM's intervention, the study observed numerous initiatives employed by AMISOM. They included stabilisation initiatives, civilian protection, civil-military cooperation, counter-terrorism, and gender-based initiatives. Further initiatives were on security, humanitarian action and institutional capacity building. Generally, these initiatives positively impacted Somalia's statehood strides. The study recommends that military interventions, such as AMISOM, should prioritise state reconstruction initiatives in their mandate. Further, African Union-United Nations (AU–UN) partnerships on state reconstruction initiatives should develop sustainable strategies enabling stakeholders to achieve the stipulated mission mandates.
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    Strategies of Preserving Somali National Identity in Kakuma Refugee Camp: Case of Second-Generation Somalis, 2000-2022
    (JAIS, 2023-11) Muchiri, W Sheila Lisa; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
    The purpose of the study was to find out strategies adopted in the preservation of refugee national identity. The study was guided by the theory of integration and social identity theories. The study adopted an explanatory research design targeting 41,394 Somali refugees from Kakuma refugee camp. Purposive sampling was used to identify 50 participants. A pilot study was done in the Dadaab refugee camp where feedback was used to improve the instrument. An in-depth interview was used to collect primary data. Validity was achieved using content and expert validity. Narrative analysis aided in qualitative analysis. While ethical considerations such as anonymity, voluntary participation, confidentiality and privacy of participants were observed. The study found that there was preservation of Somali nationality evidenced in the creation of community spaces, organization of cultural events and language learning. However, there was a shortage of Islamic teachers that limited the learning of the language. The study concluded that the strategies adopted have enhanced the preservation of Somali nationality at the Kakuma camp. It was recommended that policy makers should consider the enhancement of community spaces, organization of cultural events and strategic recruitment Islamic teachers to encourage language learning hence reinforce the preservation of Somali nationality. The study also recommended documentation of oral history and enhanced involvement of the local leaders and the elders as well as engagement in youth cultural activities for more exposure thereby preserve Somali nationality.
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    The Implications of Bilateral Diplomatic Relations between Kenya and Uganda on East Africa Regional Cooperation
    (Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Kiprotich, Joash; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
    The bilateral diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda serve as a crucial linchpin in the broader context of East Africa. As two of the region's most influential nations, their diplomatic interactions hold substantial sway over the direction and success of collaborative initiatives within the East African Community (EAC). The study delves into the multifaceted implications of Kenya-Uganda bilateral relations on East Africa's regional cooperation, exploring historical context, diplomatic interactions, and policy decisions. It provides valuable insights into how these dynamics have influenced the trajectory of the East African region, encompassing trade partnerships, political collaborations, and conflict resolutions. The review of related literature provides a comprehensive understanding of the study, focusing on economic integration and trade dynamics, political cooperation, and security and regional stability. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this relationship, which can either bolster or hinder regional cooperation depending on various factors. The findings underscore the complex interplay between these two influential East African nations and the broader regional context. Economic integration and trade dynamics play a crucial role in shaping regional cooperation, as evidenced by studies showing the positive impact of trade agreements between Kenya and Uganda on East Africa's economic integration. Infrastructure development, such as transportation corridors, further enhances trade, and regional connectivity. However, challenges like trade imbalances and competition can strain relations, emphasizing the need for effective conflict resolution mechanisms. Political cooperation and diplomatic relations are pivotal for understanding the Kenya-Uganda bilateral relationship's dynamics. The methodology employed in the study, including data collection through interviews and surveys, case study analysis, and data triangulation, ensures robust findings. The study identifies both positive and negative implications of Kenya-Uganda bilateral relations on East Africa's regional cooperation. Cooperative diplomacy fosters regional integration and stability, while strained relations can hinder initiatives. The complex reality calls for context-specific approaches and conflict resolution mechanisms. The recommendations highlight the importance of encouraging cooperative relations, strengthening conflict resolution mechanisms, and promoting trade facilitation and infrastructure development. Recognizing the constructive roles of Kenya and Uganda in mediation and fostering regular diplomatic engagement can contribute to regional stability and cooperation within the East African Community