Browsing by Author "Okwaro, Fredrick Ouma"

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    Kenya Defence Forces Infrastructure Improvement and its Implications on Livelihoods: A Case of the Nakuru-Kisumu Railway Line Revamp
    (Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Okwaro, Fredrick Ouma
    The military has been noted to be at the forefront of infrastructure improvement and its implication on livelihoods. This has been beyond the contemporary function of state sovereignty protection. The study had objectives that identified the contribution of the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) on infrastructure improvement, examined the rationale of KDF engagement in infrastructure improvement, and analyze the implications of the KDF infrastructure improvement. The Neoclassical Approach, complemented by the Marxist Approach, served the study's theoretical foundation. The study employed a descriptive research design with quantitative and qualitative research techniques utilized in-depth and unstructured interviews. The Kenya Military Headquarters, Waterworks Camp, Hurlingham, Nairobi was the study area. The study used a questionnaire to collect responses from Second Lieutenants, Lieutenants, Captains, Majors, Lieutenant-Colonels, Colonels, Brigadiers, Major Generals, Lieutenant-Generals, and Generals. Through the adoption of Yamane's (1967) formula, a total of 265 respondents were reached, using questionnaires. The pretesting of the research instruments was done among 27 respondents who did not form part of the main study target population. The pre-testing process observed procedures designed for the collection of data with the pre-test size of 10% representing 27 sampled respondents for the pilot study, a recommended and suitable percentage. Validity was ensured by seeking assistance from the supervisor. For reliability, the research instrument was pre-tested to ascertain a Cronbach’s value of more than 0.7. Data collected was compared with government, non-state actors, and other studies' findings for authenticity. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively using SPSS version 28 for quantitative data, while summaries and triangulation for qualitative data within topical and thematic areas. Graphs, tables, and quotations were used in data presentation. The study had ethical issues consideration on confidentiality, voluntary participation, informed consent of respondents, and relevant introductory letters and research permits obtained. Findings revealed that KDF has made significant contributions to infrastructure improvement that implicates on livelihoods. They have utilized heavy machinery for disaster response and established the KDF Research and Development Center as an innovation hub. By expanding and employing non-military personnel, KDF is aligning with Kenya's Vision 2030 and facilitating the realization of the Big Four Agenda. The impacts of KDF on infrastructure improvement and livelihoods have been felt through expenditures as a percentage of GDP have decreased over time, indicating commitment to development projects. KDF's involvement in revamping the Nakuru-Kisumu Railway line has improved transportation. They have also been engaged in borehole drilling, road and bridge construction, dam construction and de-silting, and provision of medical and veterinary services. In conclusion, these initiatives have had a positive impact at various levels, from individuals and households to communities and the nation as a whole. KDF's rapid response capability has been instrumental in supporting state departments for community socio-economic development. The study recommends on expanding KDF's mandate to include infrastructure development, and the government should plan for infrastructure expansion and consider how social amenities follow when new bases are established. The military can also be assigned low-level development tasks, such as road construction, in the regions where they operate.
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    The Impact of Kenya Defense Forces' Infrastructure Development on Livelihoods: A Comprehensive Analysis of Socio-economic Implications
    (2023-09) Okwaro, Fredrick Ouma
    The purpose of this article is to examine the dynamics of Kenya Defense Forces in infrastructure development in Kenya and effects on livelihoods. The contention of this article is that infrastructure development plays a pivotal role in promoting economic growth and improving the overall quality of life for communities. In the context of developing countries like Kenya, where infrastructure gaps persist, such development initiatives are of utmost importance. While the primary purpose of infrastructure projects is often seen in terms of economic advancement, it is crucial to consider their broader socio-economic implications, including their effects on local livelihoods. One significant actor in the infrastructure development landscape in Kenya is the Kenya Defense Forces (KDF). The KDF, responsible for safeguarding national security, has been actively involved in infrastructure projects across the country. These initiatives range from road and bridge construction to the establishment of military facilities and training centers. While these projects primarily aim to enhance national defense capabilities and ensure strategic advantages, their impacts on local communities and their livelihoods have received limited attention in academic and policy discourse. The KDF's infrastructure development's effects on livelihoods are crucial for various reasons. First, these initiatives frequently need large financial investments and use of human and material resources, which might damage the local economy. Second, infrastructure development can improve livelihoods by creating jobs, money, and access to needed services. Third, indirect influences including social dynamics, cultural practices, and environmental variables can shape communities' socio-economic fabric. Due to a dearth of research, the KDF's infrastructure development's effects on local livelihoods are unknown. This study bridged that gap by analyzing the socio-economic effects of these projects. By employing a mixedmethods approach, encompassing quantitative data analysis and qualitative interviews, the study explored the multifaceted dimensions of livelihoods, including income generation, employment opportunities, access to basic services, and social well-being. Findings of this research shed light on the complex relationship between infrastructure development by the KDF and local livelihoods. It contributes to a better understanding of how these projects influence economic activities, social dynamics, and overall community welfare. Furthermore, the study identified potential challenges, opportunities, and policy recommendations to maximize the positive impacts while mitigating any adverse consequences on livelihoods. The comprehensive analysis of socio-economic implications resulting from the KDF's infrastructure development serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, development practitioners, and local communities. The study recommends the formulation of effective strategies to leverage infrastructure development for sustainable livelihood improvement and fosters inclusive growth in Kenya.