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Browsing by Author "Obere, Almadi"

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An analysis of the relevance of the monetary approach to Kenya's balance of payments (1969-2002)
(2012-10-17) Waweru, G. M.; Njuguna, A. E.; Obere, Almadi
Balance of payments deficits have been a common phenomenon in the Kenyan Economy from the 1960s. The government has over the years enacted various policy measures aimed at remedying the situation, however the balance of payments situation does not seem to have improved despite these policy measures. This study examines the relevance of the monetary approach to the balance of payments in Kenya using annual data covering the period 1969 to 2002. The monetary approach is one of five approaches to the balance of payments. The others are the Keynesian, elasticity, absorption and the portfolio balance approaches. According to the monetary approach, the balance of payments is essentially a monetary phenomenon. To carry out the study data, from the International Financial Statistics yearbooks and the May 2003 CDROM is used. The data is tested for unit root tests and co integration, among the variables established and thus a vector error correction (VEC) model is estimated. The results of the VEC estimation indicate that BOP is significantly affected by its own second and third lags, the first and second lags of exchange rate and the first lag of prices. Granger causality tests show no causality between balance of payments and the other five variables. However impulse response analysis indicates five years as the period within which balance of payments responds to innovations. Domestic credit and interest rate are the two important variables affecting Kenya's balance of payments. Exchange rate and prices are also significant. The study finds the monetary approach relevant in managing Kenya's balance of payments.
Bank efficiency, mergers and acquisitions and shareholder effects in Kenya
(2013-01-22) Muniu, J. M.; Obere, Almadi; Mburu, Tom Kimani; Odour, Jacob
Mergers and Acquisitions have become a prominent feature in Kenya's banking industry. The Central Bank of Kenya and shareholders of banking institutions in Kenya have a positive inclination to mergers and acquisitions. However, Kenya has witnessed a mix of dismal performance by some merged banking institutions and very positive performance by others. This has left stakeholders in the banking industry wondering whether mergers and acquisitions should be encouraged in the industry. This study therefore aimed at analyzing the value effects of mergers and acquisitions in Kenya's banking industry in a bid to offer a solution to this pertinent issue. The study investigated performance, efficiency and shareholders' wealth effects of banking institutions' mergers and acquisitions in Kenya between the years 1989 and 2010. Two major approaches were used in the study to determine the value effects of banking institutions mergers and acquisitions. These entailed modelling performance and efficiency effects to capture benefits streaming to the institutions and analyzing stock returns to determine shareholders' value effects. The study also determined the bank specific determinants of successful banking institution mergers and acquisitions. The study found that although mergers and acquisitions led to improved profit efficiency, large banks benefited more from improved performance than the small banks. Primary shareholders of banking institutions that engaged in mergers and acquisitions benefited from improved profit performance and stability in their wealth holding, while secondary shareholders did not experience capital gains. The study also found that the larger the merged banking institution, the higher was the probability of its success as a merger. Finaily, higher expenditure levels also contributed positively to the probability of success of mergers and acquisitions. It is therefore the recommendation of this study that incentives for value enhancing mergers be offered. The government should also encourage more investment in the banking industry specifically targeting the small banking tier. Finally, merged banking institutions should spend more on advertisement, labor and modern technology to increase their probability of success
The competencies of fashion design teachers in public institutions of higher learning in Nairobi County, Kenya
(2016) Kaindi, Isika Juliet; Mburugu, Keren; Nguku, Everlyn; Obere, Almadi
‘Real’ fabric draping involves the use of sample textile, fabric or cloth to make patterns or garments on a model or dress form stands manually. The technique is suitable for ready-to-wear and couture garment designs and has numerous advantages, including satisfaction with garment fit, accurate proportions of fabric division and reduced time waste. Numerous studies in Kenya have been carried out on the subject of Home Science. However, little documentation exists on ‘real’ fabric draping for design in Kenya. This paper anchors its discussion on the findings of a study that sought to assess the usage of ‘real’ fabric in draping by teachers in public institutions of higher learning and fashion designers in Nairobi County, Kenya, and assesses the competencies of fashion design teachers in Nairobi County, Kenya. It also examines the relationship between the use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design, on the one hand, and the teachers’ area of training on the other hand. The study was guided by the activity theory and pedagogic activity system structure. Employing a cross-sectional survey research design, five public institutions of higher learning were purposively selected. ------------------------------------------------------------------ * Corresponding author. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 26, No 1, pp 278-291 279 The sample size comprised five heads of department, 32 teachers and 266 students. The data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques were used. The results revealed that very few public institutions of higher learning use ‘real’ fabric draping for design. Majority of the teachers were not trained in the area of fashion design. Chi-square analysis results yielded a fairly strong relationship between use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design and pattern development technique taught (V= 0 .646; p < 0.0001*) and sources of curriculum (V= 0.623; p < 0.0001*). Use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design had a weak association with teachers’ area of training (V = 0. 018; p < 0.006). It was concluded that the teachers area of training was not highly associated with the use of ‘real’ fabric draping. This may be due to the fact that most fashion design teachers were trained in clothing / garment design and are able to understand the technique. Pattern development technique taught and sources of curriculum and teachers’ area of training are the key issues associated with the use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design in public institutions of higher learning. This paper recommends that public institutions of higher learning should ensure that teachers engaged have the adequate skills to teach ‘real’ fabric draping for design as a practical unit. This would ensure that the students acquire pertinent skills imparted as prescribed in the curriculum.
The determinants of access to formal health care services in Kenya
(2011-10-25) Were, Florence Benta; Obere, Almadi; Wekesa. Moses Wesonga
Kenya, like most developing countries, has concentrated on the enhancement of good health through the provision of either free or highly subsidized health care services. Despite these strategies, a large percentage of ill individuals in Kenya have continued to rely on self-care or self-medication. Since the propensity to utilize various forms of health care varies from one individual to another, the factors that may encourage the use of one form of health care provider or another constitute an area of interest. This study has used individual characteristics and facility attributes to identify the factors which influence the choice of a formal health care provider in Kenya. The study used a national representative household survey conducted in Kenya in 2003 and adopted a multinomial logit specification in its analysis. The model was estimated using maximum likelihood estimation method. Most of the variables had the expected directions of influence. The results showed that education, attitude as influenced by the advice given by staff, attitude as influenced by employer/insurance requirement and treatment costs are important and had a negative effect in determining a shift between a health centre and a dispensary and also between a hospital and a health centre. Even though age was also important, it had a positive effect in determining a shift between a health centre and a dispensary and also between a hospital and a health centre. On the other hand, gender, education and attitude as influenced by the cleanliness of a facility were found to be important and had a negative effect in determining a shift between a hospital and a dispensary whereas attitude as influenced by advice given by staff, attitude as influenced by staffs qualification, attitude as influenced by employer/insurance requirement, waiting time and treatment cost were also important but had positive effects.
Determinants of demand for the choice of mobile telephone service providers in Kiambu District
(2012-10-19) Wainaina, Martin C.; Obere, Almadi; Susan, O.
The major objective of the study was to identify which factors affect demand for the choice of different mobile telephone providers and their tariffs in Kiambu District. Though the demand is noted to on the increase, the price and income among other factors theoretically determine the different choices of tariffs; their influence on demand for the different tariffs has not been theoretically established in Kenya. Hence, the study therefore sets out to highlight some of these factors that lead to choice providers and a tariff regime. To achieve the objectives of the study, cross sectional primary data was collected using questionnaires from a sample of 100 respondents. Both descriptive and regression results were given. For the multinomial econometric analysis of the data, only 90 respondents were used because some of respondents gave incomplete data. Due to the discrete nature of the demand for the choice of various providers and tariff regime, multinomial logit model was adopted to capture the demand for various choices. The descriptive results revealed lack of consistency on ownership of the mobile telephones across the income divide. An important observation in that respondents chose various provider and tariff regimes in reference to whether they had congestion and they were cheap. The regression results showed that price of respective mobile telephone service providers calls and convenience were the most significant determinants. The price was found to be negatively related to the choice of a provider and choice of a tariff regime. The study revealed that mobile telephone and landline telephones are compliments rather than substitutes
Determinants of domestic private investment in Kenya (1970-2001)
(2014-08-19) Njuru, Stephen Gitahi; Wawire, N. H. W.; Obere, Almadi
This study analyse the determinants of domestic private investments in Kenya using a time series data in the period between 1970 and 2001. DPI needs to remain the cornerstone of renewed growth in Kenya if the economy is to be successful and efficient. Kenyan government has tried to put its economy on a faster and stable growth by use of private investments through some economic reforms. Despite these measures, domestic private investment has continued being characterized by decline, volatility and unpredictable trends. The objective of this investigation was to identify the factors that determine cyclic and declining trend of DPI in Kenya. The study also analyzed relative effects of each variable and gives policy recommendations based on the research findings. Flexible accelerator model which put investments as a function of economic growth was used in modelling determinants of domestic private investments. Data used in the study was obtained from secondary source and refined to make them reliable in estimating the. econometric model. Some variable were not stationary at levels. Non stationary variables in the series were differenced to make them stationary in order to avoid spurious regression results. Linear mod,el was estimated by use of ordinary least squares and this gave the most reliable results. Lagged domestic private investment was found to be the most statistically significant and positively related with DPI. The question of investment climate in the country should therefore be addressed in order to ensure continuing participation of the private sector in the investment. Exchange rates, fiscal deficit, inflation rates and real interest rates were found be statistically significant and negatively correlated with DPI. Economic liberalization and return on investment were statistically significant and positively correlated with DPI. Policies that address each of these variables should be put in place. All other variables were found to have negligible effects on DPI.
The determinants of rural household savings in Kisumu district: a case study of South Nyakach location
(2012-04-26) Ambrose, Ramson Mwamba; Owino, Pius; Obere, Almadi
Saving play a very important role in economic development as it involves mobilization of resources, which is consequently invested with an aim to accelerate the growth process. Understanding the savings behaviour is therefore critical in formulating policy measures. As a result, the study has investigated the determinants of rural household savings behaviour. Both primary and secondary data were collected and fitted into a multiple linear regression model. Questionnaires were administered to the randomly selected households. Econometric tools were then used to analyze the data collected. The results show that income is the most significant determinant of savings. Other significant determinants include dependency, age, and education. The results also indicate a widespread existence of informal savings groups, which in contrast reveal a loose association with savings. Based on the empirical findings, the study recommends among others following: a.) That to increaser savings, dependency level should be reduced through the enhancement of family planning measures. b.) That the informal savings and credit groupings be strengthened through some form of education and credit assistance, so that they can be able to undertake economic activities. c.) That programmes on the virtues of savings be included in the existing awareness and public education programme. d.) That income generating activities and self-employment be encouraged as they contribute more to savings than the wage employment. e.) That effective ways of availing savings and credit facilities, particularly banks and cooperative societies, to the rural areas be designed.
Determinants of the real gross domestic product growth rate in Kenya, 1973-97
(2014-03-24) Maingi, James N.; Masya, F. M.; Obere, Almadi
The Kenya Government has pursued stabilization and structural adjustment policies for more than ten years in an attempt to restore and sustain the high growth rates experienced in the 1960s and early 1970s. Despite these measures, real GDP in Kenya has continued to be characterized by positive and negative rates of change of real GDP growth rates. The cyclical fluctuations have been more marked, especially after 1973. The objectives of the study were to identify the factors that determine fluctuations in real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in Kenya, measure the relative effect of the factors, and to give policy recommendations. Time-series data were collected from government and world bank publications for the period 1973 to 1997. Data collected were integrated to make it stationary. Ordinary least squares (OLS) method of estimation using time-series programme (TSP) was applied on stationary data. Both linear and log-linear models were run and on the basis of results linear model was adopted. From the linear regression results, growth of capital stock, export growth, financial development, external debt, exchange rate, and real interest rate were found to be significant determinants of real gross domestic product. On the basis of these findings, policy recommendations were then drawn on these variables so as to accelerate the pace of GDP growth rate in Kenya.
The Effect of Regional Financial Integration on Intra-Regional Trade in the East African Community
(Globalbiz Research,, 2013-12) Muthoga, S.; Obere, Almadi; Mburu, Kimani; Muchai, Dianah
This paper aimed at establishing effects of regional financial integration on intraregional trade in East African Community (EAC). The importance of financial integration on trade prompted the study. Quantitative and qualitative data between year 2000 and 2009 from the East African community was used. This paper employed the general method of moments in its analysis. Results showed that regional financial integration significantly affect intraregional trade in the EAC. The study recommends that EAC coordinating committee promote effective bank supervision to achieve uniform bank spread, initiate ways of issuance of common bond and develop secondary markets for all financial assets in the region.
The impact of population change on economic growth in Kenya
(World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET), 2013) Thuku, Gideon Kiguru; Gachanja, Paul Mwangi; Obere, Almadi
The debate on the relationship between population growth and economic growth has been undergoing and varies across countries. The first theory states that population growth stimulates economic growth. The second theory view population growth as a factor that adversely affects economic growth while a third school is that population growth is a neutral factor in economic growth and is determined outside standard growth models. Given this scenario there was a need to establish the relationship between economic growth and population growth in Kenya. The study employed Vector Auto Regression estimation technique and used annual time series data for the period 1963 to 2009. The results indicated population growth and economic growths are both positively correlated and that an increase in population will impact positively to the economic growth in the country. The study concludes that in Kenya population growth promotes economic growth and subsequently economic development.
Mobile teledensity and economic growth: A case of Sub-Saharan Africa (1988-2010)
(Global Research Society, 2014-12) Wainaina, Martin C.; Obere, Almadi; Wawire, N. H. W.
The need for an efficient, modern telecommunication sector is now regarded as crucial to economic growth in transition countries. Various studies have given conflicting findings on the relationship between economic growth and telecommunication. This calls for a thorough investigation on the role, relationship and, direction of causality between mobile telephone growth and economic growth. The objective was of the study was to determine the relationship between mobile teledensity and economic growth. To achieve the objectives, the study adopted the neoclassical growth model developed by Solow and Swan (1956).Using relevant diagnostic tests, Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) method of estimation was used on the panel data from 44 of Sub-Saharan Africa countries (1988 to 2010), the study found out a two-way causality for mobile teledensity and economic growth. The study proposes that the respective governments of sub-Saharan countries should implement policies that enhance the development of the telecommunications sectors in their respective countries.
Organizational factors that influence the adoption of inter-organizational information systems by universities in Kenya
(Elsevier, 2013-08) Titus, Stephen Waithaka; Mburu, Tom Kimani; Korir, J.; Muathe, Stephen M. A.; Obere, Almadi
IOS refer to the computer and telecommunications infrastructure developed, operated and/or used by two or more firms for the purpose of exchanging information that support a business application or process. Kenya government, in collaboration with other stakeholders involved in enhancing teaching and research in the learning institutions have constructed a terrestrial fiber-optic network that connects most institutions of higher learning to enable them integrate their facilities for the purpose of sharing resources. Despite these efforts, adoption of Inter-Organization Information Systems (IOIS) by universities in Kenya is far from being realized. This begs the question as to what organizational factors determines IOIS adoption in the universities. This study filled this gap by analyzing organizational factors of IOIS adopting in the universities in Kenya, given the mixed results from empirical evidence on IOIS adoption generally. A broad understanding of these factors is important to the policy makers who can embrace the motivating factors to enhance the adoption of the IOIS and suppress the barriers of its adoption. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative methods and a census done on 68 universities in Kenya. Data were collected using both questionnaires and semi-structured interview guide. University managers provided the required data. A logit regression procedure was used to analyze the collected data. The study revealed that the IOIS adoption is low adoption in the universities inKenya, which was attributed to various organizational factors. Organizational factors that were found to influencing IOIS adoption were top management support, number of personnel with IOIS skills and number of satellite campuses. The study recommended that: top management in the universities in Kenya should be educated benefits of IOIS in the universities, skilled personnel on IOIS technology should be engaged by the universities in Kenya and the universities that have satellite campuses should inter-link them using IOIS in order to enhance IOIS adoption in the universities in Kenya.
Regional Financial integration and economic growth in the East African community
(World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET), 2013) Muthoga, S.; Obere, Almadi; Mburu, Kimani; Muchai, Dianah
This paper aimed at establishing effects of regional financial integration on economic growth in East African Community (EAC). Conflicting views on the effects of financial integration on economic growth prompted the study. Quantitative and qualitative data between year 2000 and 2009 from the East African community was used. This paper employed the general method of moments in its analysis. Results showed that regional financial integration significantly stimulated economic growth of the EAC. The study recommends that EAC coordinating committee promote effective bank supervision to achieve uniform bank spread, initiate ways of issuance of common bond and develop secondary markets for all financial assets in the region
The relationship between inflation and economic growth in Kenya, 1963-2003
(2011-12-27) Kigume, R. W.; Wawire, N. H. W.; Obere, Almadi
Low economic growth and fluctuating inflation rates have been experienced over the years in Kenya. The relationship between inflation and economic growth has brought a lot of controversy both in theory and empirical literature. This study sought to establish if there is significant causality between inflation and economic growth, the specific nature of this relationship and to determine whether there is a short run or long run relationship between these two variables. The study examined the relationship between these two variables using annual data covering the period 1963 to 2003. The Phillips curve approach was used in this study. To undertake this study, published data was used. The data were tested for the presence of unit roots, which revealed that inflation was an 1 (1) and real GDP growth rate was an 1 (0). Granger causality tests revealed that there was no causality between inflation and economic growth rate. Estimations were done using OLS estimation technique. Various diagnostic tests were also carried out to confirm the statistical soundness of the models. The study found that there was a negative short run relationship between inflation and economic growth. Further, this relationship was positive in the long run. These results showed that inflation was affected by its own first and second lags, economic growth, climatic shocks (for example drought), monetary policy interventions and external shocks like the oil price. On the other hand, economic growth was affected by its first and second lags only. In this case, the Phillips curve approach was not applicable since it presents a short run positive relationship between inflation and economic growth while the results presented an inverse short run relationship and a direct long run relationship between inflation and economic growth in Kenya.
The Competencies of Fashion Design Teachers in Public Institutions of Higher Learning in Nairobi County, Kenya
(IJSBAR, 2016) Isika, Juliet Kaindia; Mburugu, Keren; Nguku, Everlyn; Obere, Almadi
‘Real’ fabric draping involves the use of sample textile, fabric or cloth to make patterns or garments on a model or dress form stands manually. The technique is suitable for ready-to-wear and couture garment designs and has numerous advantages, including satisfaction with garment fit, accurate proportions of fabric division and reduced time waste. Numerous studies in Kenya have been carried out on the subject of Home Science. However, little documentation exists on ‘real’ fabric draping for design in Kenya. This paper anchors its discussion on the findings of a study that sought to assess the usage of ‘real’ fabric in draping by teachers in public institutions of higher learning and fashion designers in Nairobi County, Kenya, and assesses the competencies of fashion design teachers in Nairobi County, Kenya. It also examines the relationship between the use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design, on the one hand, and the teachers’ area of training on the other hand. The study was guided by the activity theory and pedagogic activity system structure. Employing a crosssectional survey research design, five public institutions of higher learning were purposively selected. The sample size comprised five heads of department, 32 teachers and 266 students. The data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques were used. The results revealed that very few public institutions of higher learning use ‘real’ fabric draping for design. Majority of the teachers were not trained in the area of fashion design. Chi-square analysis results yielded a fairly strong relationship between use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design and pattern development technique taught (V= 0 .646; p < 0.0001*) and sources of curriculum (V= 0.623; p < 0.0001*). Use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design had a weak association with teachers’ area of training (V = 0. 018; p < 0.006). It was concluded that the teachers area of training was not highly associated with the use of ‘real’ fabric draping. This may be due to the fact that most fashion design teachers were trained in clothing / garment design and are able to understand the technique. Pattern development technique taught and sources of curriculum and teachers’ area of training are the key issues associated with the use of ‘real’ fabric draping for design in public institutions of higher learning. This paper recommends that public institutions of higher learning should ensure that teachers engaged have the adequate skills to teach ‘real’ fabric draping for design as a practical unit. This would ensure that the students acquire pertinent skills imparted as prescribed in the curriculum.

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