Browsing by Author "Muna, Wilson"

Now showing 1 - 11 of 11
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    Alcohol Control Policy and Regulation of Underage Drinking, a Case Study of Nyandarua County, Kenya
    (International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2025-05) Kamau, Peter Mundia; Muna, Wilson
    Despite county governments having the ultimate authority in regulating the alcohol trade and enacting new laws, alcohol remains a significant issue in Kenya. This study aims to explore how the implementation of alcohol control policies impacts underage drinking in Nyandarua County. The objectives include examining the effects of licensing regulations, and enforcement regulations on underage drinking in the county. The findings of this study will benefit the alcohol regulation board in Nyandarua County and the government of Kenya by providing valuable insights into alcohol trade regulation especially against underage drinking. The study was premised on two theories namely New Public Management and Social Exchange theories all relating to the three proxy independent variables. The research employed a descriptive research design focusing on Kinangop sub-county as the target population which has the highest number of liquor premises in Nyandarua County at 427 according to data from the department of social services. A representative sample population of 120 respondents was selected using a blend of simple random sampling on bar attendants as per Taros formula (1967) and purposeful sampling targeting government officials. Data was collected through validated semi structured questionnaires and interview guides, with both quantitative and qualitative data analyzed using descriptive statistics, content/thematic analysis and SPSS. The data has been presented using central tendency measures, measures of dispersion and bar charts. The research revealed that there somewhat enforcement of licensing requirement in the area. The study observed that there is adherence of 300m rule for liquor business from school, the branding of alcoholic drinking is checked, there is also revocation and denial of licenses for business violating licensing requirements and lastly, there is audits and compliance checks in the region. However, the study observed that there is huge gap in stakeholder’s engagement in licensing and enforcement processes. The study observed that majority of the respondents recognize corruption as major factor which is hindering the effectiveness of licensing and enforcement polices in Nyandarua County. The fight against corruption should be intensified in order to ensure effectiveness of the policies while stringent penalties should be adopted for any non-compliance with regulation and lastly, the government should greatly engage various stakeholders such as parent, community and religious leader in order to collectively address this issue of underage drinking in Nyandarua County.
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    Community Policing and Crime Control in Machakos County, Kenya
    (Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing, 2021-04) Mutegi, Rita Makena; Muna, Wilson
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    Dynamics and Complexities of Forming the Executive Office: Analysis of Kenya’s Cabinet 1963 – 2018
    (American Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 2018) Otieno, Joshua Michael Daniel; Muna, Wilson
    For any government, formation and selection of executive office is influenced by myriads of factors and considerations, defined by both national and global dynamics. Although the Constitution of Kenya (CoK, 2010) offers guiding principles on design of the Cabinet, its current formation and structure remains under contention. This study analyzed; ethnic, gender, size, and individual dynamics that have informed the structure and organization of the Kenyan cabinet. A survey of executive office of the president staff and knowledge experts in politics, public policy and administration was carried out. Semi structured questionnaires were employed and interviews conducted to collect data. This was complemented by secondary data from published books, journals, and archival government documents. The study found that (1) politics in Kenya is highly ethnicized and the most significant determining factor in the making of cabinet; (2) Majority of communities remain historically marginalized and are not represented in the cabinet; (3) Gender parity in cabinet is hampered by strong cultural attitudes on gender roles and the low political influence of women as an electorate. Attitudes of male superiority were found to be prevalent and their leadership preferred; (4) that on average, although cabinet has highly educated members, most of them have not been professionally matched to their respective ministerial portfolio. The study findings could be of interest and benefit to policy makers towards understanding and creating policies guiding organization and structure of government. Ethnicity being a significant feature of Kenyan politics we propose cultivation of diversity towards ‘real’ inclusivity by equitable national resource distribution.
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    Effects of Internal Organizational Policies on Performance of Government Owned Commercial Banks in Kenya
    (International Academic Journal of Law and Society, 2020) Makau, Magdalene Mutheu; Muna, Wilson
    Organizational internal policies are rules and guidelines that determine how activities are carried out in an organization. Changing markets and the business operating environment demand that any organization seeks to increase its performance develop and implement internal policies. For commercial banks it is important for them to develop and adopt internal policies that enhance their performance and chances of survival. This was done by looking at the effects of internal organizational policies on performance of government owned commercial banks in Kenya. The study was guided by looking at these variables to determine the effect of credit appraisal policies on performance of government owned commercial banks in Kenya, to examine the effect of recruitment policies on performance of government owned commercial banks in Kenya, to assess the effect of employee promotional policies on performance of government owned commercial banks in Kenya and to establish the effect of employee welfare policies on performance of government owned commercial banks in Kenya. The study was anchored on Theory of Information Asymmetry, Objective factor theory, Functional Theory of Labor Welfare, bureaucratic theory and Theory of the firm. This study used a descriptive research and the study targeted all the six government-owned commercial banks in Kenya. The study collected primary data through the use of questionnaire which had open-ended and close-ended questions so as to collect both qualitative and quantitative study. The instrument was piloted to test for validity and reliability. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze quantitative data after it was coded into descriptive codes which were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 computer program. Content analysis was used on qualitative data from the open-ended questions. Multiple regressions linked independent and dependent variables and findings were given in form of frequency tables, percentages and proportions.The study found out that commercial banks had implemented the internal rating system that had brought an improvement in the credit performance of the banks to a great extent. Recruitment method employed by the commercial banks helped to improve the performance of the employees. Commercial banks promoted performing employees and motivated employees to achieve better performance. Employees were provided with effective welfare facilities that were likely to stimulate performance-oriented employee. The study concludes commercial banks had the knowledge on how to establish their borrower’s creditworthiness. Commercial banks promoted employees who performed better with good intelligence to retain them and encouraged others to also work smart to achieve better performance. The study recommends that all commercial banks and even financial institutions should ensure that they possess efficient and effective credit appraisal techniques to be able to measure the reducing asset quality problems to improve the banks performance. Commercial banks should use good approaches which in turn can lead to selection of quality employees which gives a better organizational performance. The International Academic Journal of Law and Society | Volume 1, Issue 3, pp. 1-27 3 | P a g e management of commercial banks should employ less subjective ways in setting targets, performance measurements performance review and giving incentive to employees in the promotion practices in order to enhance employee commitment and therefore improve the performance of the organization. Commercial banks should conduct employee satisfaction surveys so as to establish ways in which the banks can provide the best working conditions for their employees to improve their productivity and in turn that of the firm. The researcher sought authority from the relevant authorities. These authorities included the Kenyatta University, the National Science and Technology Commission, County Director of Examination and County Commissioner, Nairobi County.
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    Exploring the Effects of Development of Policy Alternatives by the Public on Policy Formulation in Kericho County
    (Journal of Public Policy and Governance, 2024) Chelangat, Faith; Muna, Wilson
    Public participation in Kenya has not been achieved especially at county level in which Kericho County is one of them. This study sought to explore the effects of development of policy alternatives by the public on policy formulation in Kericho County. This study was guided by public participation and policy formulation theory and adopted descriptive research design. The study targeted 30 ward administrators, 30 members of the county assembly, 85 village elders, and local residents of Kericho County. Using simple random sampling technique, the study obtained a sample size of 196 respondents who participated in the study. Primary data for the study was gathered through the use of an interview guide and a questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis of the quantitative data obtained through the use of a questionnaire and SPSS version 25. Frequency and percentage were the precise descriptive statistics that were employed, and regression analysis and correlation were the inferential statistics. The study found that development of policy alternatives by the public had positive and significant effect on policy formulation (β = 0.465, p = 0.000). The study concludes that the government, citizens, special interest groups, the media, and the private sector all have a role to play in the policy-making process. Thus, policy makers should consider the input of these stakeholders when making decisions, as their actions can have a large impact on the implementation of policies. In view of the findings, the study recommended that policy makers should ensure that policies are reflective of the opinions of all stakeholders in order to ensure their successful implementation.
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    Family Planning and Child Healthcare in Public Hospitals in Banadir Region, Somalia
    (IAJAH, 2024-09) Abdirashid, Mohamed Abdille; Muna, Wilson
    Somalia has more health issues for women and children than practically any other country on the planet. Despite this, there has had at least been more continuous improvement since 2000 compared to the decade before it, even if both child and maternal mortality rates have decreased more slowly than in neighbouring nations and far more slowly than was anticipated under the Millennium Goals. Somalia has some of the poorest health and nutrition metrics in the world. Acute malnutrition rates are currently estimated to be over 14% worldwide, with substantially higher rates among displaced people and pastoralist groups. Family planning 2020 was a pledge Somalia made in 2015, and in 2017 the administration updated that commitment to guarantee access to high-quality reproductive health care including modern contraceptives. Therefore, it is important to evaluate how family planning policies affect the availability of child health care in the Banadir Region of Somalia. The study set to determine the impact of child spacing and sensitization campaign on child health in public hospitals in Banadir Region, Somalia. Social Theory was used to show the interrelationship amongst variables. The study targeted three main hospitals; Banadir Hospital, Daynile Hospital and De Martino Hospital in Banadir Region. The unit of observations were Midwives, Pharmacist, Lab technician, Nurses and child specialised Doctors totalling to 120 respondents; and an additional 1080 mothers seeking maternal care. A sample of 300 respondents was calculated using Slovin's method. Descriptive research design was applied. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze quantitative data. Data was shown as tables and charts. The researcher requested Kenyatta University Graduate School for a letter authorizing data gathering, as well as the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation and other pertinent authorities, to grant permission. The researcher handled data and respondents according to research ethics. The result supported that the child spacing within Banadir region was low, mothers moderately practiced child spacing and frequent reminders were done to all mothers. The results indicates that there was increased number of sensitization initiatives, various sensitization approaches were done from region to region and mothers have experienced a great chance from the increased sensitization strategies used. Based on the statistical results presented, the study concludes that the child spacing and sensitization practices had a significant effect on child healthcare access in Banadir region, Somalia. The study recommends establishment of Effective planning across the community and the ministry of health should create public health campaigns and messaging that are targeted at all segments of the society.
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    Governance Practices and Exploitation of the Blue Economy; Case of Kenya Maritime Authority in Mombasa County
    (International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2025-04) Ochieng, Sybil Awino; Muna, Wilson
    The blue economy, encompassing industries and activities such as fishing, shipping, tourism, and offshore energy, has become a crucial driver of sustainable development and economic growth for many coastal nations. In Kenya, with its extensive coastline and strategic maritime location, the potential for a robust blue economy is significant. However, realizing this potential requires effective governance practices to ensure sustainable and equitable exploitation of maritime resources. The Kenya Maritime Authority (KMA), as the primary regulatory body overseeing the country's maritime sector, plays a critical role in shaping governance practices that guide the exploitation of the blue economy. Despite the importance of the blue economy industry, the sector still faces challenges including, institutional weaknesses, usage of unsuitable tools and technology, lack of transparency, inadequate enforcement of regulations, and limited stakeholder engagement, which may lead to unsustainable exploitation of marine resources, environmental degradation, and inequitable benefits distribution. This study sought to examine the effects of governance practices on the exploitation of the blue economy at Kenya Maritime Authority in the County of Mombasa. The research specifically looked at how accountability and efficiency practices affected the exploitation of the blue economy. The study was based on stakeholder and agency theories. Descriptive research was employed together with purposive and stratified random sampling. A sample of 129 was selected from the target population of 190 consisting of KMA’s personnel involved in policy decision-making, representatives from associations regulated by the Authority, and non-governmental organizations involved in maritime affairs in Mombasa County. The study yielded both numerical and qualitative data for assessment. Numerical data was gauged into descriptive and inferential statistics which were presented using frequencies, modes, means, graphs, standard deviation, correlations, and regression analysis. The study strictly observed ethical guidelines such as confidentiality, anonymity, and consent throughout the entire survey. The correlation coefficient (R = 0.713) suggests a strong positive relationship between the predictors; accountability practices, efficiency practices, stakeholder engagement, and equitable practices and the dependent variable, exploitation of the blue economy. The R Square value of 0.508 indicates that approximately 50.8% of the variance in the exploitation of the blue economy can be explained by these governance practices. The study conclusively demonstrated that accountability, efficiency, stakeholder engagement, and equitable practices are critical components influencing the exploitation of the blue economy at Kenya Maritime Authority. The study indicated that enhanced accountability mechanisms within KMA lead to improved management of marine resources. The national government should reinforce accountability frameworks within KMA to ensure transparency and responsibility in resource management. This could involve establishing stringent monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track the effectiveness of governance practices in the blue economy. Additionally, the government should facilitate capacity- building initiatives that empower KMA personnel with the necessary skills and knowledge to implement best practices in governance.
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    Health Infrastructure and Implications on Provision of Health Care Services to Nurses and Medium Level Bureaucrats in Health Facilities in Siaya County and Nationally, Kenya
    (Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2024) Ohando, Ezekiel Odhiambo; Minja, David; Muna, Wilson
    Contemporary bureaucracy health infrastructure dimensions involve (hospitals facilities, operating electrical and internet connections, equipment, tools, ambulances, medical supplies and medium level bureaucrats; roads, refrigeration for medicines, vaccine and blood; clean water, sanitation, medium level bureaucracy and medium level autonomous bureaucrats) having implications on provision of accessible and affordable nursing health services in Siaya county hospitals and nationally. Management, health medium level bureaucracy and bureaucrats continues to face evolving challenges owing to dynamic nature of environment and dilapidated health facilities countrywide. Challenges health industry face is medium level bureaucrats driven satisfaction and commitment critical for coping up with eternally fluctuating and evolving respectable environment for realization of goals and objectives through infrastructure facility implications while remaining competitive in health sector. Health medium level bureaucracy should uphold efficacy, desirable production, job commitment through respectable working environment and medicines access to patients’ contrary to facilities referring patients to private pharmacies. Electricity connectivity, accessible roads, medical supplies, refrigeration, water and internet coverage significantly impact health care service positively enhancing efficacy from staff riding on job satisfaction. The objective of this paper is to analyze the implication of infrastructure and working environment on bureaucrats’ job satisfaction while providing patients care and implication of infrastructure nationally. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methodology covering public health facilities in Siaya county and cross-sectional study to cover referral hospitals. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire, adopted and validated for study targeting a population of 500 nurses in level four and five hospitals in Siaya county. Stratified random sampling using Krejcie & Morgan 1970 was used to select 217 sample from the population of 500 nurses and health medium level bureaucrats in level four and five hospitals. The findings revealed that infrastructure encompassing good roads, electricity connectivity working 24 hours daily, internet coverage, medical supplies accessible to patients promoting and supporting optimal health wellbeing while permitting autonomous medium level bureaucrats enjoy their job satisfaction on optimum health care service. The study concluded that realization of adequate health infrastructure and respectable working environment resulted to medium level bureaucrat’s optimization of work satisfaction affecting optimal health care services of nurses and medium level bureaucrats in health facilities in Siaya County and nationally in Kenya. This paper shall benefit the citizens by encouraging them to contribute more towards enhancing healthcare growth, secured job satisfaction, retention, health welfare and autonomous motivated staff deriving their deserved job satisfaction helping their personal growth and development.
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    Role of National Government in Countering Violent Extremism in Mandera County, Kenya
    (IAJAH, 2023-11) Waswa, Wabwile Brian; Muna, Wilson
    Violent extremism has negative consequences to both the country and the citizens. A number of researches have been conducted on the subject but none has focused specifically on the role of national Government in countering violent extremism. This study aims at establishing the role of National Government in countering violent extremism in Mandera County; Banisa Sub County. The independent variables for this study are: awareness creation, coordination of internal security and information sharing. The dependent variable for this study is countering violent extremism. The study reviewed available literature and the theories related to this study. This formed the basis of the conceptual framework. The study adopted descriptive case design as it research design. The target population consisted of internal security team members, chiefs and assistant chiefs, sub county terrorism unit and village elders from which a sample of 165 respondents were randomly selected. The study used both primary data collected by open and closed ended questionnaires and secondary data collected from existing reports and literature. The study results and findings may be useful to both security teams in counties as well as the national government. Other scholars may also use the findings for further research while the citizens may be aware of how to contribute to countering violent extremism. The study found the existence of relationship creation of awareness, coordination and information sharing with countering violent extremism. The study concludes that national government played a significant role in countering violent extremism.
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    Security Reporting Systemand Performance among Police Officers in Lamu County, Kenya
    (Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing, 2021-04) Thuranira, Mark Linturi; Muna, Wilson
    neffectiveness in police performance has been a major problem among many policing organizations the world over. Inadequacies in the organizational structure can damage workers and their efficiency, which in turn affects the performance of the organization. This research determinedthe effect of security reporting systemon performance of police officersin Kenya. Thedescriptive research design was adopted. Qualitative and quantitative techniques of data analysis were used. The findings indicated thatcoefficient of security reporting systemhad a positive and significant relationship with performance of police officers(r=.572, P=.000). This denoted that performance of police officers increases as the reporting system improves.The study concluded that reporting procedures are complicated, information received is not sufficient for decision making and there is no access to real-time information.It was recommended that the National Police Service should put up measures to streamlinethe reporting system and free it from complications.Also, modern equipment and technology to enhance
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