Browsing by Author "Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo"

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    African Union-Led State Reconstruction Initiatives in Somalia, 2007-2021
    (Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo
    The intents of military interventions across the globe on state reconstruction continue to elicit intellectual debates as scholars and policy experts weigh in on its viability and practicality. The study interrogated the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) on state reconstruction between 2007 and 2021 with the following specific objectives: to analyze initiatives employed by AMISOM on state reconstruction in Somalia; to assess the strategic partnerships between the AMISOM and UN Country Teams and other international governmental actors on state reconstruction in Somalia and; to assess challenges faced by the AMISOM in carrying out state reconstruction in Somalia. Literature reviewed was based on the themes in tandem with the study’s specific objectives. The study was anchored by state building, securitization and intervention theories. Methodologically, the study employed case study research design and targeted population entailed key informants across different strata with pertinent information. Interview schedule and observation schedule were employed as key primary data collection instruments while for the collection of secondary data, document analysis was utilized. The study established that AMISOM employed counter terrorism, civil-military co-ordination, protection of civilians, security, institutional capacity building, stabilization, gender-based, humanitarian initiatives, national reconciliation, disarmament, demobilization and re-integration as well as intelligence gathering and sharing and legitimization initiatives. The study established that strategic partnerships significantly contributed to AMISOM initiatives in form of legitimization, funding, resolutions, technical assistance, strategic air lift, coordination, logistics, humanitarian aid, capacity building, donations, liaison initiatives, counter piracy, air combat mission, training, surveillance and reconnaissance, international peace and reconstruction summits on Somalia. The study also concluded that legal and administrative obligations are vital in enhancing efficiency of strategic partnerships towards attaining state reconstruction. Further, state reconstruction should be prioritized in peace support operations. The study also established that encountered strategic, operational and tactical challenges AMISOM encountered in state reconstruction process in Somalia. The study concluded that military interventions in Somalia require adequate technical, financial, logistical, administrative, legitimate support to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in its operations. Adequate funding, conformity to the international humanitarian law and international human rights, proper training and adequate intelligence should be irreducible minimum for any mission sanctioned by UN, AU or and other legitimate actor before embarking on the interventionist agenda. Multisectoral approaches should be embraced in addressing challenges. The study further recommended that: United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in partnership within African Union Peace and Security Council (AUPSC), in the context of Africa PSOs, should come up with sustainable resolutions that corresponds with the objectives therefore ensuring state reconstruction is fully attained; the need for proper strategic partnerships that are scope-specific to state reconstruction initiatives; AU should marshal for resources that would sustain peace support operations and; AU should not entirely depend on donor community particularly from the collective west
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    Mission After Mission: Challenges of African Union Mission on State Reconstruction in Somalia
    (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS), 2025-04) Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
    The unending challenges attributed to Peace Support Operations (PSO) in Somalia, is a glaring reality of how the African Union (AU) and her global partners are grappling with the costs of civil war, state fragility and international terrorism in Somalia which has turned out to be mission after mission. Anchored on state building and securitization theories, this study interrogated the challenges faced by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in carrying out state reconstruction. Three key challenges namely; strategic, operational and tactical are analyzed. An in-depth analysis and synthesis of the current relevant literature reviewed to unearth existing gaps in Somalia state reconstruction efforts. This study employed the case study research design. The targeted population was from AU, AMISOM, and experts in PSO from which a sample of 62 informants was purposively drawn. Interview and observation schedules were employed as key instruments of primary data collection while secondary data was collected using document analysis. The analyzed data was presented qualitatively. This study established that AMISOM faced three key strategic challenges namely, complexities and dynamism in the mission’s mandate, inadequate funding, and the overall inadequacies of the mission’s capacity and capability. AMISOM also endure two key tactical challenges. Firstly, the challenge of fighting the invisible enemy and secondly, the lack of internal coherence and coordination in the AMISOM command. Four operational challenges were identified. Firstly, negative clannism and clan differences among the Somali population. Secondly cases of violations of international laws and norms. Thirdly, uncertainty and fragility in the Somalia political atmosphere and fourthly, incidences of piracy off the Coast of Somalia. This study recommended that military interventions such as AMISOM require adequate technical, financial, logistical, administrative, and legitimate support to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations. African Union Commission should ensure that limitations and lessons learned in the previous missions in Somalia are addressed in both the UNSC and AUPSC so that a formidable framework is attained in guiding and enhancing missions that succeed AMISOM. Further, multisectoral approaches should be embraced in addressing challenges encountered in PSOs.
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    State Reconstruction Initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (2007-2022)
    (Path of Science, 2025-04) Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
    State reconstruction by international actors, individually or collectively, has been a diagnostic framework for Peace Support Operations outcomes and states' vulnerabilities to conflicts or failed states. This study interrogated the state reconstruction initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). This study employed a case study research design using a sample size of 62 informants determined purposively. The researchers presented the analysed data qualitatively. Using the state-building, securitisation and intervention theories to underpin the discourse of AMISOM's intervention, the study observed numerous initiatives employed by AMISOM. They included stabilisation initiatives, civilian protection, civil-military cooperation, counter-terrorism, and gender-based initiatives. Further initiatives were on security, humanitarian action and institutional capacity building. Generally, these initiatives positively impacted Somalia's statehood strides. The study recommends that military interventions, such as AMISOM, should prioritise state reconstruction initiatives in their mandate. Further, African Union-United Nations (AU–UN) partnerships on state reconstruction initiatives should develop sustainable strategies enabling stakeholders to achieve the stipulated mission mandates.