Browsing by Author "Gachara, Esther"

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    Administration and Scoring of Measurement tools for the Three and Four-year Old’s and Women before the RCT Baseline Survey in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
    (Kenyatta University, 2020) Oteyo, Samson; Gachara, Esther; Mvungu, Eunice; Henningham, Helen; Onywere, Simon; Niavasha, Dorothy; Waudo, Judith; Onditi, James; Mwoma,Teresa; Ong'ang'a, Hudson Ouko ; Mwangi, Margret
    The Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) child-based curriculum intervention was identified as a critical Women's Economic Empowerment (WEE) strategy because women engage in unpaid childcare, which affects their livelihood in rural Kenya. To examine the impact of enrolling 3- year-olds in PP1 class under the child-based curriculum and learning environment on both children’s developmental milestones and women's economic empowerment, there was a need to adapt existing standardised tools to the local Tharaka Nithi context to assess the participant’s at baseline, midline, and endline. The tools which were used in measuring the baseline status of the participants included Daberon-2, Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI-2030), and Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA). The household survey was used to assess women's economic status. All the measurement tools used on children were translated into four major dialects spoken in Tharaka Nithi County (TNC), and some pictures of animals, objects, and foods were replaced with local ones. Appropriate and inappropriate responses were identified and revised, informing the administration and scoring of the instruments. To ensure consistency in administration and scoring, fifteen (15) assessors proficient in the dialects spoken within the county were recruited and trained through classroom roleplay, demonstrations, supervised field practice, and interrater supervision. Assessors were provided with administration and scoring guides to boost their proficiency. Using pilot data of 42 children aged between 3 to 4 years, the internal and test-retest reliability of the measurement tools used with the children met the threshold of 0.7. A pool of researchers constructed the household survey for WEE. Fifteen assessors with proficiency in the dialects within the TNC were recruited and trained on administration and scoring using didactical learning, demonstrations by the trainers, and role plays to ensure that the assessment was carried out in a standardised way. Assessors were taken through class training and field practice. The cultural adaptation and training of assessors were expected to boost the objectivity of the assessment because the findings were important in informing whether curriculum-based childcare intervention has an effect on women's economic empowerment and eventually inform policy decisions regarding the curriculum for the three-year-olds
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    Maternal Attachment among Teenage Mothers in Nairobi City County, Kenya
    (International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities (IAJAH), 2026-03) Momanyi, Brilliant Nyaboke; Gachara, Esther
    Although teenage motherhood affects the entire spectrum of society, it is becoming increasingly evident that teenagers in rural urban areas are at high risk of becoming mothers. Maternal attachment in teenage mothers presents itself with adverse effects on the well-being of the teenage mothers and children. Existing literature shows that attachment styles of children born by teenage mothers have been perceived to be insecure. Existing studies have majorly focused on different attachment styles of children, but little is known on how teenage mothers perceive the attachment styles of their children in relation to their maternal attachment. The study aimed to establish the levels of maternal attachment among teenage mothers with children ages one to six years in Nairobi city county Kenya. The study was guided by attachment theory and psychosocial development theory. The study utilized a correlational research design to establish relationships. Research instruments were adapted from the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale by Condon (2015) and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-RS) questionnaire by Fraley, Waller, and Brennan (2000). The study’s target population was teenage mothers with children one to six years, between ages thirteen to nineteen years old living in Kibra, Nairobi City, County, Kenya. The study incorporated purposive sampling techniques to sample 156 participants based on Cochran’s formular. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation was utilized to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables. Multiple regression model was used to control the influence of intervening variables in the association of maternal attachment and attachment styles. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. The research findings show that, maternal attachment among teenage mothers significantly influenced their perception of their children attachment styles. Mothers with secure attachment behaviours perceived their children as securely attached. The findings were significant to teenage mothers, the Ministry of Health, ministry of education and AMREF &SHOFCO clinics in formulating policies to help the teenage mothers on establishing a perception of teenage mothers on attachment styles towards their children
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