RP-School of Health Sciences

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Browsing RP-School of Health Sciences by Author "Anjili, C.O."

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    In vitro activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Callistemon citrinus (Family Myrtaceae) against Leishmania major.
    (African Forum for Health Sciences, 2014-04-29) Kinuthia, G.K.; Kabiru, Ephantus W.; Gikonyo, N.K.; Ingonga, J.M.; Kigondu, E.M.; Anjili, C.O.
    Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis and the standard drugs are expensive and toxic. Cheaper and safer natural drugs are therefore needed. In this study, the in vitro efficacy of crude extracts of callistemon citrinus were tested against l. Major. Controls were anti leishmanial drugs pentostam and liposomal amphotericin b. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of c. Citrinus crude aqueous and methanolic extracts were 5mg/ml and 1mg/ml respectively compared to 12.5µg/ml and 6.25µg/ml for pentostam and liposomal amphotericin b respectively. The ic50 for c. Citrinus extracts against promastigotes ranged from 297.75 to 572.69µg/ml compared to 0.26 and 0.82µg/ml for pentostam and liposomal amphotericin b. The ic50 for c. Citrinus extracts against vero cells ranged from 467µg/ml to 1314.65µg/ml. The promastigotes’ viability after treatment with aqueous and methanolic extracts was 69.58% and 75.74% respectively. At 125µg/ml, the aqueous and methanolic c. Citrinus extracts had in vitro amastigotes’ infection rates (irs) of 77.0±2.50 % and 77.5±3.50% respectively. The multiplication indices (mis) and irs of amastigotes treated with c. Citrinus crude aqueous extracts and those treated with crude methanolic extracts differed insignificantly (p > 0.05). C. Citrinus methanolic extracts stimulated production of about 20µm nitric oxide in balb/c mice peritoneal macrophages suggesting immuno-modulatory role of the extracts. The crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of c. Citrinus were therefore concluded to be relatively less toxic and possessed in vitro anti-leishmanial activity against l. Major promastigotes and amastigotes.
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    In Vitro and in Vivo Activities of Blends of Crude Aqueous Extracts from Allium Sativum L, Callistemon Citrinus (Curtis) Skeels and Moringa Stenopetala (Baker F) Cufodontis against Leishmania Major.
    (Open Access Science Research Publisher, 2013-06-18) Gikonyo, N.K.; Kinuthia, G.K.; Anjili, C.O.; Kigondu, E.M.; Ingonga, J. M.; Kabiru, Ephantus W.
    Leishmania major caused cutaneous leishmaniasis leads to painful skin sores in humans and usual drugs are expensive, toxic, and require prolonged use. The in vitro and in vivo efficacy of aqueous crude extracts from Callistemon citrinus flowers (B), Allium sativum bulbs (C) and Moringa stenopetala leaves (A) against L. major was studied. Controls were pentostam, liposomal amphotericin B, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Dried and ground plant materials were soaked in distilled water at 70oC for 1.5 hours, filtered and freeze dried to obtain aqueous extracts. L. major infected BALB/c mice were treated orally or intra peritoneally (ip) with blends of the extracts. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of single extracts ranged from 3 to 5mg/ml while IC50 from 297 to 575µg/ml compared to MICs of 12.50 and 6.25µg/ml and IC50 of 0.26 and 0.82µg/ml for pentostam and liposomal amphotericin B respectively. Blends of M. stenopetala and C. citrinus (AB), M. stenopetala and A. sativum (AC), and C. citrinus and A. sativum (BC) at concentrations based on MICs of individual extracts were active at ratios 1:1, 1:9 and 1:1 with promastigotes’ viabilities of 33.82%, 17.41% and 60.74 % respectively. IC50 for blends AB, AC, and BC ranged from 174µg/ml to 1314µg/ml against promastigotes. The individual extracts comprising blends AB, AC and BC interacted additively and synergistically in several combination ratios. Blend AC (1:1) at 125µg/ml had in vitro infection rate (IR) of 71% and multiplication index (MI) of 48.20% for L. major amastigotes compared to IR of 67% and MI of 47.51% for pentostam at 12.50µg/ml. Oral blend BC (1:1) reduced the mice footpad lesion size significantly (P < 0.05). Both oral blends BC and AC reduced mice spleen amastigotes by 48.33% and 60.94% with total LDUs of 6.35 ± 0.66 and 4.80 ± 0.95 respectively. Oral blend AB (1:1) lowered spleen amastigotes by 6.5% with total LDU of 11.49 ± 6.84. In conclusion, aqueous blends of C. citrinus, A. sativum and M. stenopetala extracts that interacted additively or synergistically were less toxic but active against L. major.