RP-Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics

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Browsing RP-Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics by Author "Boit, Michael K."

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    The dietary patterns and prevalence of type 2 diabetes among different blood types in two rural populations of Kenya
    (2012-09-21) Kiplamai, Festus Kaino; Ogata, B.R.; Waudo, Judith N.; Boit, Michael K.
    Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was studied in different blood types and the risk diet factors among the different blood types determined. Objective: To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the different blood types (A, AB, B and O). Method: A total sample size of 302 was randomly selected from two Kenyan populations. Their fasting blood glucose level and two hour post-glucose load blood glucose were determined and recorded under blood types. The participants also made a 24- hour recall of their diet intake from which the protein, milk, PUFA, carbohydrate and meat intake estimates were correlated to fasting glucose level. Results: There were more diabetic cases in blood type B among the Luo community (3.1% of N=32) followed by blood type A among the Kalenjins (2.0% of N=50) and then blood type O in both communities (Luo, 1.3% of N=77 and Kalenjin, 1.6% of N=64). There was a positive correlation between fat intake and diabetes in blood type B (r=0.588, p= 0.000) using the fasting plasma glucose level. There was a significant positive correlation in the amount of fish intake and diabetes in blood type AB (r=0.841, p=0.036). There was a significant positive correlation between meat intake and elevated fasting blood sugar level in blood type B(r=0.424, p= 0.016). Conclusion: Blood types A and O are at a higher risk of being diabetic due to the high cases of impaired glucose metabolism. People with blood type B are at a higher risk of developing diabetes type 2 if they consumed a lot of meat and fat. It is recommended therefore that they should manage their diet intake very closely to avoid foods that predispose them to elevated blood sugar levels.
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    Emerging evidence of the physical activity transition in Kenya
    (2012-09-24) Onywera, V.O.; Adamo, K. B.; Sheel, AW; Waudo, Judith N.; Boit, Michael K.; Tremblay, M.
    BACKGROUND: Comparable data to examine the physical activity (PA) transition in African countries such as Kenya are lacking. METHODS: We assessed PA levels from urban (UKEN) and rural (RKEN) environments to examine any evidence of a PA transition. Nine- to twelve-year-old children participated in the study: n = 96 and n = 73 children from UKEN and RKEN, respectively. Pedometers were used to estimate children's daily step count. Parental perception regarding their child's PA patterns was collected via questionnaire (n = 172). RESULTS: RKEN children were more physically active than their UKEN counterparts with a mean average steps per day (± SE) of 14,700 ± 521 vs. 11,717 ± 561 (P < .0001) for RKEN vs. UKEN children respectively. 62.5% of the UKEN children spent 0 hours per week playing screen games compared with 13.1% of UKEN children who spent more than 11 hours per week playing screen games. Seventy percent of UKEN and 34% of RKEN parents reported being more active during childhood than their children respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study are indicative of a PA transition in Kenya. Further research is needed to gather national data on the PA patterns of Kenyan children to minimize the likelihood of a public health problem due to physical inactivity.
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    Post-prandial glucose levels and consumption of omega 3 fatty acids and saturated fats among two rural populations in Kenya
    (2012-09-21) Wanjihia, V.W.; Kiplamai, Festus Kaino; Waudo, Judith N.; Boit, Michael K.
    Background: Amount and quality of dietary fat modifies glucose tolerance. Omega 3 Fatty Acids (n-3F A) are polyunsaturated fats, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found primarily in fish and they have a positive effect on glucose tolerance. Objective: To compare risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as demonstrated thourough impaired glucose tolerance (lGT), and n-3FA intake among two rural populations. Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional comparative study. Setting: Bondo District (Luo Community) and Kericho District (Kipsigis Community) of the Lake Victoria basin of Kenya. Subjects: Sample of 150 individuals, aged above 18 years was randomly selected from each of the two communities. Interventions: Impaired glucose tolerance (lGT) was measured according to World Health Organisation diagnostic criteria. The intake of n-3FA was determined using a 24 hour dietary recall and food frequency schedule. Data was analysed using SPSS and Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to test correlation between n-3FA consumption and IGT. The inter-group comparisons were done using the t-test and analysis of variance. Results: The prevalence of IGT was 11.8% among the Kipsigis and 4.8% among the Luo (P< 0.001). The mean EPA and DHA intake was found to be 0.29g/day and 0.34g/day respectively among the Luo and 0.01 g/day and 0.01 g/day among the Kipsigis (P<0.001). The relationship between 2 hour post-prandial glucose level and consumption of DHA was (r=-0.111, p<0.05), EPA (r=-0.123, p<0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r=- 0.128. p<0.05) and saturated fats (r=-0.002, p=0.973). Conclusion: The levels of IGT were significantly lower (P<0.001) among the Luo, than among the Kipsigis. There was also evidence of significant inverse relationship between IGT and consumption of n-3FA and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but no association between saturated fats intake and IGT. The saturated fat ingested did not affect the level of post-prandial glucose. The Luo who consumed higher n-3FA amounts, recorded lower levels of IGT than the Kipsigis who had significantly lower consumption. Recommendations: Effective screening methods should be used at the existing health units to determine risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus like IGT among patients. This could help in advising them accordingly on lifestyle changes, especially concerning diet and beneficial fats.