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Transforming Kenya’s Addressing Landscape: Use Case Models Approach to a Responsive National Addressing System
(Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 2025-04) Kipkemoi, Isaac; Ngare, Innocent Osoro
The rapid urbanization and population growth in Kenya highlight the need to revive the National Addressing System (NAS). This study aims to examine address systems across the globe, focusing on countries known for their efficient addressing infrastructures, such as the USA, UK, Japan, Switzerland, and Germany, and compare them to the currently used system in Kenya. Additionally, we critique the format proposed by NAS and use this knowledge to build conceptual models of a responsive NAS. Beyond conducting a simple survey of best practices, our objective is to extract the underlying principles and intricacies that lead to the success of these models. Drawing on this extensive global knowledge, our research aims to propose a detailed conceptual framework specifically designed to address the unique attributes and challenges that characterize Kenya’s dynamic addressing landscape. By combining global insights with local needs, this paper advocates for a NAS that goes beyond traditional boundaries, aligning with international standards while promoting adaptability and resilience in response to the ever-changing urban fabric of Kenya.
Prevalence and Endoscopic Findings of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Dyspeptic Patients in Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2020-12) Mwangi, Catherine N.; Njoroge, N. Stephen; Rajula, Allan; Laving, Ahmed; Rose, Kamenwa; Smita, Devani; Andrew, Nyerere; Gunturu, Revathi
Background: Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of chronic human
infections worldwide with the highest reported prevalence in Africa. It is
associated with numerous upper gastrointestinal diseases such as gastritis,
peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Endoscopic findings in the stomach usually
associated with Helicobacter pylori infections include gastritis and gastro-
esophageal reflux disease (GERD), however, these findings are suggestive
but not diagnostic of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: This was a
prospective study conducted between January 2018 and February 2019 at the
Aga Khan University Hospital where dyspeptic patients scheduled for gastroduodenoscopy
were enrolled. These patients were evaluated for Helicobacter
pylori infection by rapid urease test, culture and histopathology. Diagnostic
findings and patient history collected from medical files were documented
and data analyzed. Results: A total of 487 dyspeptic patients undergoing
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were enrolled in the study and
199 dyspeptic patients were positive for Helicobacter pylori infection. The
prevalence was 54.6% in males and 45.4% in females (p = 0.1546. The most
common clinical indication and endoscopic findings were heart burn (25.2%)
and gastritis (53.7%). Histopathology revealed that 86.1% of the dyspeptic patients
had chronic active gastritis (p < 0.005) and 52.8% of them had H. pylori
infection. Conclusions: Classical endoscopic findings such as GERD are not
always indicative of H. pylori infection as its association with H. pylori infection was not statistically significant in this study.
Plasmodium Falciparum Pfs47 Haplotype Compatibility to Anopheles Gambiae in Kisumu, a Malaria-Endemic Region of Kenya
(Scientific Reports, 2025-02) Onyango, Shirley A.; Machani, Maxwell G.; Ochwedo, Kevin O.; Oriango, Robin M.; Lee, Ming-Chieh; Kokwaro, Elizabeth; Afrane, Yaw A.; Githeko, Andrew K.; Zhong, Daibin; Yan, Guiyun
Insecticide resistance and outdoor transmission have reduced the effectiveness of existing malaria transmission prevention strategies. As a result, targeted approaches to support continuing malaria control, such as transmission-blocking vaccines, are required. Cross-sectional mass blood screening in children between 5 and 15 years was conducted in Chulaimbo, Kisumu, during the dry and wet seasons in 2018 and 2019. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers were identified by Microscopy. Subsequently, carriers were used to feed colony bred Anopheles gambiae females in serum replacement and whole blood membrane feeding experiments. The infection prevalence was 19.7% (95% Cl 0.003–0.007) with 95% of the infections being caused by P. falciparum. Of all confirmed P. falciparum infections, 16.9% were gametocytes. Thirty-seven paired experiments showed infection rates of 0.9% and 0.5% in the serum replacement and whole blood experiments, respectively, with no significant difference (P=0.738). Six Pfs47 haplotypes were identified from 24 sequenced infectious blood samples: Hap_1 (E27D and L240I), Hap_2 (S98T); Hap_3 (E27D); Hap_4 (L240I); Hap_5 (E188D); and Hap_6 without mutations. Haplotype 4 had the highest frequency of 29.2% followed by Hap_3 and Hap_6 at 20.8% each then Hap_1 with a frequency of 16.7%, whereas Hap_5 and Hap_2 had frequencies of 8.3% and 4.2% respectively. Varying frequencies of Pfs47 haplotypes observed from genetically heterogeneous parasite populations in endemic regions illuminates vector compatibility to refracting P. falciparum using the hypothesized lock and key analogy. This acts as a bottleneck that increases the frequency of P. falciparum haplotypes that escape elimination by vector immune responses. The interaction can be used as a potential target for transmission blocking through a refractory host.
Influence of Rationalization on Occurrence of Occupational Fraud Loss in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
(International Journal of Modern Risk Management, 2025-03) Limo, Silas Kiprop; Gathoni, Benson; Kimungunyi, Sammy
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of rationalization on occurrence of occupational fraud loss in public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya.
Methodology: The study adopted a positive paradigm with a descriptive design which targeted a sample of 101 public secondary schools in Nairobi County. An audit team leader from the government was the respondent for each school. Fishers sampling formulae was used to get a sample of 96 respondents. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure that all sub-counties were fairly represented in the sample. Primary data was used in this study through the administration of a semi structured questionnaire, data collected was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences software (SPSS) version 21, using the linear regression analysis. This study adopted a positive paradigm and the results collected were presented in form of descriptive statistics, that is, mean and standard deviation in tables, charts and figures.
Findings: The study found that occupational fraud loss in public secondary schools is significantly influenced by rationalization (β = 0.343; p<0.05).
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: From a policy perspective, the study highlights the importance of implementing stringent internal control mechanisms in educational institutions. Policymakers should prioritize frameworks that enhance fraud detection and prevention, including mandatory financial audits, job rotation, and whistleblowing policies to deter fraudulent activities.
Land Use and Land Cover Changes Using Orfeo Tool Box Open-Source Classifier within an Urban River Riparian Reserve of Nairobi River, Kenya
(Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2025-03) Odongo, Malachi Atieno; Mireri, Caled; Mwangi, Patricia
Urban riparian reserves are a vital source of ecosystem services for urban dwellers. These zones support urban food production, environmental quality, and are home to rich biodiversity of flora and fauna. Even though urban riparian zones offer many benefits to the urban dwellers, the same zones are under tremendous threats from increased anthropogenic activities resulting from Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes. Nairobi River is a perfect example where urban pressure emanating from the expansion of Nairobi City has undergone immense LULC changes for the past 20 years. Therefore, remotely sensed data could be used to provide detailed information for changes caused by human activities especially within riverine environment using open-source classifiers such as Orfeo Tool Box (OTB). OTB is an essential open-source Remote Sensing tool in assessing the impacts of changes in urban LULC on the environment. High resolution aerial imagery epoched at 2000, 2010 and 2020 was used to detect and assess information about the predominant LULC, their changes over the years and their potential causes. Four LULC classes of bare-land, vegetation, built up and water were identified and analyzed over a 28 km stretch of Nairobi River segmented at the lower, middle and upper based on the topography. The lower section had the most drastic land use changes especially for the built up and vegetation which both increased steadily at 1 and 1.5% annually, respectively eating up both bare land and water which declined at the rate of 1.7 and 0.8% respectively. Likewise, the middle section was equally found to be invaded by double increase of both built up and vegetation at 2 and 3% for the same 20-year period. On the contrary, the upper section of the Nairobi River area was dominated by urban agriculture which covered almost 50% and increased further to 62% over the period registering a growth of approximately 12% translating into 1.2% per annum. This signifies rapid depletion of the riparian reserves which needed an enforcement mechanism and harmonization of various laws and policies for riparian conservation.