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Geospatial Distribution and Quality of Drinking Water in Shallow Wells in Kipsonoi Sub-Catchment in Bomet County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-07) Segut, Janeth Chelangat
Surface runoff from agricultural land has crucial consequential challenge to the quality of water in shallow wells, introducing pollutants such as fecal contaminants, herbicidal and pesticidal residues, and chemical fertilizers. This research focal point is to examine the condition and potability of drinking water sourced from shallow wells in the Kipsonoi Sub-Catchment. The specific objectives included: mapping the spatial arrangement of shallow wells the region, assessing key physical, chemical, and biological water quality indicators, and determining the fitness of these water sources for human utilization. The spatial mapping of wells with depths below 15 meters was conducted using handheld GPS devices, and their coordinates were plotted using ArcGIS software version 10.8. A total of 31 shallow wells were sampled during both the wet season (April) and the dry season (January) to analyze selected parameters. Laboratory analyses were conducted following standard procedures, and the outcomes were benchmarked against water quality guidelines provided by NEMA, USEPA, and WHO. The WQI was computed to evaluate the potability of the sampled water. Findings from the study indicate the existence of roughly 321 shallow wells within the Kipsonoi Sub-Catchment, with 150 (47%) serving as sources of drinking water—96 wells (64%) located in the upper catchment and 54 (36%) in the lower zone. Widespread contamination was noted, with more than 60% of samples exceeding acceptable thresholds for nitrates (61.29%), turbidity (70.97%), and faecal coliforms (80.66%), as outlined by the referenced environmental and health authorities. A student’s t-test performed at a 95% confidence level showed a statistically meaningful difference (p ≤ 0.05) in E. coli concentrations between the dry and rainy seasons. Elevated extends of faecal coliforms during the rainy season pointed to human and livestock waste as principal sources of contamination during periods of heavy rainfall. According to the WQI assessment, over 60% of the sampled wells produced water that met the criteria for potable use, whereas 32.2% were classified as having substandard quality. The analysis highlights extensive contamination, particularly from nitrates, turbidity, and faecal indicators. The assessment recommends that water quality in the Kipsonoi Sub-Catchment is substantially compromised by agricultural runoff, which contributes to the increased concentration of pollutants in shallow groundwater. To mitigate these risks, government entities for instance the Ministry of Water, Water Resources Authority, and Geological Survey should initiate geophysical assessments to identify potential aquifers for deeper well development, even in areas constrained by clay layers. It is imperative that wells are properly sealed to prevent infiltration from surface contaminants. Moreover, water from shallow sources should undergo appropriate treatment before consumption to reduce excessive levels of turbidity, nitrates, and microbial pathogens, thereby aligning with national and international water safety standards.
Access to Reproductive Health Services among Women of Reproductive Age 15–49 Years Living in the Informal Settlements of Mathare, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Rotich, Janet Cheptoo
Informal settlements in Nairobi, such as Mathare informal settlements, house an estimated 60% to 80% of the city's population. These areas are marked by inadequate sanitation, overcrowding, poor housing, and limited public health services. Women living in these communities face severe reproductive health challenges due to poor service availability, insufficient information, and socio-economic constraints. The primary objective of this study was to assess the accessibility of reproductive health services (RHS) among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) residing in Mathare informal settlements, Nairobi City County. Specific objectives were to determine the level of knowledge on RHS; assess women’s attitudes toward RHS; identify the types of RHS services accessed; and evaluate the health system factors influencing accessibility. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in four villages within Mathare: Mathare 3B, Mathare 4A, Kosovo, and Mathare Village 2. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 384 women, achieving a 78.1% response rate. Quantitative analysis using SPSS Version 26 involved univariate statistics, chi-square tests for bivariate associations, and logistic regression to identify determinants of RHS accessibility. Most respondents were aged 18–29 years (48.7%), had primary education (61.7%), were married (58.7%), and unemployed (69.3%). While 67% of women rated RHS as acceptable, family planning, fertility intention, and pregnancy planning services were underutilized. Knowledge gaps (66.7%) and negative attitudes (64%) were significant barriers. Key determinants of RHS accessibility included age (p < 0.001), education, marital and employment status, with older women more likely to access services (OR = 8.686). High accessibility was associated with spousal involvement, positive views on education, and open partner discussions. Barriers included long travel distances, high transportation costs, service unavailability, and social myths. The study concluded that Women in Mathare informal settlements face significant barriers to accessing quality reproductive health services, particularly in family planning. Limited knowledge, negative perceptions, and structural challenges continue to limit access. Strategic and targeted interventions are urgently needed to improve uptake and service delivery. To improve reproductive health service accessibility among women in Mathare informal settlements , the study recommends implementing targeted reproductive health education programs to bridge knowledge gaps, conducting community sensitization initiatives to address negative attitudes and misconceptions, expanding the availability of underutilized services, particularly family planning in public health facilities, addressing structural barriers such as long distances, transportation costs, and inconsistent medical supplies, and undertaking further research to explore male partner involvement and assess the effectiveness of community-based and digital interventions.
Flipped Classroom Learning Influence on Mathematics Performance Among Learners in Thika High School for the Visually Impaired, Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Ncekei, Jackline
Learners with visual impairment have continued to perform dismally in mathematics for the past decade. Despite the emerging teaching strategies that are learner-centered teachers predominantly utilize direct instruction methods when teaching mathematics. As learning technologies advance, new pedagogical strategies have developed to improve learners’ performance. The purpose of this study was to establish the flipped classroom learning influence on Mathematics performance among learners with visual impairment (VI). The study objectives were to: assess the teaching strategies used in teaching Mathematics to learners with VI, Explore the flipped classroom learning activities suitable for teaching Mathematics to learners with VI, Investigate the effectiveness of flipped classroom learning activities on performance in Mathematics, and Establish the challenges experienced when using flipped classroom learning strategy in learning Mathematics. The study was guided by the meaningful learning theory. The study adopted the quasi-experimental study design enriched with descriptive. The study targeted all form two learners with visual impairment. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques guided selection of sample size. The data collection instrument used were; classroom observation schedules, interview schedule and pre-test and post-test. Pilot study was done at St. Lucy’s high school for the VI. The quantitative data was analysed and presented inform of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, using Statistical Package of Social Science, version 22. The main findings were; FCL helped learners with VI to learn independently and creatively, thus encouraging them to develop critical thinking skills; FCL is an effective teaching strategy that helped improve academic achievement of learners with VI by raising levels of involvement and access to instructional content and resources. Based on the study findings, the study commended that, The KICD to design a curriculum to allocate more time for Mathematics lesson and schedule training programs for mathematics teachers to expose them to different emerging teaching strategies such as FCL
Implementation of National Tax Policy and Organizational Performance of the Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Nyasuna, Lucy Obuya
Organizational performance of Kenya Revenue Authority has been a key challenge evidenced by failure to meet revenue collection targets. The government expects to use the tax revenues collected by KRA to fund budgetary deficits. Failing to meet the set revenue targets by Kenya Revenue Authority has piled a lot of pressure to borrow. Currently, the level of external debt for the government of Kenya is high and if necessary, steps have like enhancing organizational performance of KRA is not undertaken. Successful implementation of a national tax policy can set clear and realistic goals and targets that can go a long way to enhancing organizational performance of government agencies like Kenya Revenue Authority. Thus, the present study sought to establish the effect of implementation of national tax policy on the organizational performance of the KRA. More specifically, the link between resource allocation, coordination of roles and feedback mechanisms on organizational performance of the KRA were explored. The study was guided by RBV, resource dependence theory and the institutional theory. The design for adoption being descriptive survey, 97 employees responsible for implementation of the national tax policy from KRA Headquarters were targeted. Since the population was small, census was adopted. Information was gathered through a close structured questionnaire containing close ended items designed on a 5-point Likert scale. A pilot study was conducted among 10 employees working at KRA being equivalent to 8% of the study sample and they were excluded from the final study and the results were used to determine reliability. Content validity was ensured through supervisor and two industry experts in the field of public policy. Data and gathered information were analyzed using means, standard deviations and regression analysis and presented in form in tabular and figure form. The regression model took the following form: Y=β0+β1X1+β2X2+β3X3+ϵ. Diagnostic tests including multicollinearity, normality and heteroscedacity were performed in advance to validate regression analysis assumptions. The findings were that coordination of roles had the greatest positive and significant effect on organizational performance of KRA followed by resource allocation and lastly feedback mechanisms respectively. The study conclude that successful implementation of a national tax policy is a significant driver of organizational performance. It was recommended that finance managers working at KRA should exercise prudence in the allocation of the available financial resources. Adequate budget should be set aside carrying out the implementation of the national tax policy. The senior managers working at KRA should have a fully operational department that will be responsible for coordinating all matters of implementing the national tax policy. Managers responsible for executing the national tax policy at KRA should provide timely feedback on the progress made in the implementation endeavors.
Strategy Implementation Practices and Performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Mulaku, Lilian Achungo
The Kenya Power and Lighting Company has faced significant challenges impacting its performance, including substantial net losses in recent years. Insufficient funding for large projects hampers strategic initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure and service delivery. Additionally, fluctuating government policies create uncertainty for long-term planning. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company outdated infrastructure leads to inefficiencies and high maintenance costs, while expanding electricity access to rural areas poses logistical challenges and requires significant investment. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the influence of strategy implementation practices on the performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the influence of stakeholder engagement, risk management, resource alignment and cultural integration on the performance. Theories that guided the study variables included; resource based view theory, stakeholder theory and system theory. A descriptive research design was applied. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company formed the unit of analysis. A total of 95 respondents who were employees of the company were sampled. The tool for data collection was a questionnaire. These questionnaires were pretested at Kenya Electricity Generating Company to 9 respondents. Validity of the tool was determined by content validity test. The tool was subjected to Cronbach alpha test for checking its reliability and the study revealed that the items of the questionnaire were reliable since every variable had an alpha value exceeding 0.7. The qualitative data was thematically analysed by subjecting it into themes and the results presented through narration. The analysis of quantitative data was achieved by using mean, percentages and standard deviation. The way in which one variable had a relationship to one another was determined using inferential statistics which were correlation and multiple regression analysis. The study found that stakeholder involvement (β=0.0412, t=2.416, p=0.002), risk management (β=0.0412, t=2.416, p=0.002), resource alignment (β=0.0339, t=2.357, p=0.001) and cultural integration (β=0.0481, t=2.925, p=0.002) significantly improved Kenya Power and Lighting Company's performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study concludes that active participation and collaboration with stakeholders are crucial for the company's success and effectiveness in delivering services. The implementation of risk management strategies lead to better service delivery, increased customer satisfaction, and potentially higher financial returns for the company. Resource alignment supports improved decision-making which leads to more effective project planning and execution, enabling KPLC to meet the increasing energy demands of Nairobi City County. Cultural integration fosters a cohesive work environment where employees from diverse backgrounds collaborate more effectively. The study recommends that the company should implement effective communication strategies to ensure timely and transparent information sharing with stakeholders through newsletters, community meetings, and digital platforms. The company should perform detailed risk assessments to identify operational risks, including financial, environmental, and technological factors. A thorough assessment of current resource allocation is necessary including evaluating existing assets, workforce capabilities, and financial resources to pinpoint inefficiencies or underutilization. Creating an inclusive workplace culture is vital which can be achieved by implementing diversity training programs that educate employees on various cultural backgrounds and promote mutual respect.