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Kenyatta University Institutional Repository is a digital archive that collects, preserves and disseminates scholarly outputs of the Institution
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Macroeconomic Variables and Foreign Direct Investment in Kenya
(International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance (IAJEF), 2025-11) Mukabane, Gloria Valerie; Aluoch, Moses Odhiambo
Foreign direct investment has emerged as a noteworthy source of capital flow that links the economies of several emerging nations, including Kenya. As a result, it has become a crucial driver of economic progress in these nations. Over time, foreign direct investments in Kenya have changed, notwithstanding their importance to economic progress. When foreign investors decide to invest or infuse capital into various enterprises, macroeconomic considerations play a significant role. Determining whether Kenya's macroeconomic conditions impact Foreign Direct Investment is therefore crucial. The primary objective of the present investigation is to explore the effects of macroeconomic factors on foreign direct investment in Kenya. The research analysed how inflation, the interest rate, the foreign exchange rate, taxation policy, and the rate of gross domestic product growth affect the inflow of foreign direct investment into Kenya. The study is based on the eclectic paradigm, the purchasing power parity theory, the macroeconomic stability theory and neoclassical growth theory. The research was based on a quantitative correlational type of study design, whereby secondary quarterly timeseries data collected by the Central Bank of Kenya and the Kenya National Bureau of statistics were used. The study period is the year 1990 to 2024. Sample techniques, investigation approach, data collection strategies, and analysis methods were presented. The information collected was thereafter subjected to different diagnostic tests (heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, stationarity, serial correlation, and normality tests), which are relevant for panel data regression to ensure the validity of the results to be obtained. The data was analyzed based on inferential as well as descriptive statistics and multiple regression modeling. All ethical considerations were duly followed. Findings disclosed that the interest rate negatively and significantly affected foreign direct investment. Inflation rate positively and significantly determines foreign direct investment. Exchange rate influence is said to have affected foreign direct investments positively. Taxation policy provided a significantly positive effect on foreign direct investment. GDP growth rate has a significantly positive effect on foreign direct investment in Kenya. The study recommends that the Central Bank of Kenya ought to pursue a policy of keeping interest rates at rates that do not promote macroeconomic instability, but rates that are not so high as to cause a rise in the cost of borrowing funds that could push away any foreign investors. This was to make Kenya an attractive place to investors because it was easier to earn money in the stable and predictable interest rate environment, fostering a steady flow of capital in the form of investments towards economic growth and development. Such should be accompanied by sensible coordination of fiscal and exchange rate policy so as to achieve a generally supportive climate within which investment takes place
Proactive Work Behavior and Performance of Selected Insurance Companies in Nairobi City County Kenya
(Strategic Journals, 2025-07) Kiunga, Charity Njoki; Kiiru, David
This research ascertained the influence of proactive work behavior on the success of selected insurance firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The research utilized a descriptive research design. The research included a population of 59 insurance firms that were based in Nairobi City County. The insurance firm's selection process utilized simple random sampling until a sample size of 170 responders was reached. The research utilized primary data collected through the questionnaire. The quantitative data was studied utilizing both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included measures such as the mean, mode, median, and standard deviation. Regression and correlation analysis, which were inferential statistical methods, was employed to demonstrate the level of association between the independent factors and the dependent variable. The data was displayed via graphical representations such as graphs, charts, tables, and figures. The research found there was a positive significant of employee taking charge, staff voice expression, staff innovation and employee orientation on performance of selected insurance firms in Nairobi City County Kenya. The research concluded that when employees are given responsibility for the performance of their designated insurance firms, they are predisposed to experience an enhanced sense of ownership to their work. Employees who interact directly with clients can provide valuable feedback on customer preferences and pain points, enabling the company to tailor its products and services accordingly. Staffs who are encouraged to innovate can develop customized insurance products that meet the specific needs of local customers which lead to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty. A well-structured orientation program helps new staff understand the firm’s values and culture, resulting to a stronger emotional connection and commitment to the organization. The research recommends that organizations adopt a formal performance review procedure that evaluates staff on customer service, claims handling, and policy sales. Companies should use questionnaires, suggestion boxes, and digital platforms to allow employees to anonymously rate company performance. Companies should create ways for employees to express ideas without fear of criticism to stimulate creativity. New hires should attend courses on the insurance sector, company performance measures, and Kenyan regulation
Internal Control System and Financial Efficiency of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Co-Operatives in Busia County, Kenya
(International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance (IAJEF), 2025-11) Minayo, Sharon; Gitagia, Francis K.
Financial inefficiencies among deposittaking savings and credit co-operatives remain a pressing concern in Kenya, despite the sector’s notable contribution of around 10% to the country’s GDP through savings mobilization and credit facilitation to individuals and small businesses. In Busia County, many DT-SACCOs face persistent inefficiencies characterized by high operational costs and suboptimal resource allocation, even with the implementation of internal control systems. The overall goal of the research was to ascertain the effect of internal control systems on the financial efficiency of DT-SACCOs in Busia County. The specific objectives were to determine the effect of control environment and risk assessment on financial efficiency. Anchored on Agency Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Systems Theory, and the RBV, the research utilized a mixed methods research approach. The unit of analysis comprised all 8 DT-SACCOs in Busia County, whilst the unit of observation included finance/accounting, internal audit, and finance department staff. A census approach was applied to target the full population of 40 staff members. Secondary data were extracted from annual reports to assess operating costs and income, while primary data were obtained utilizing semistructured questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed utilizing SPSS version 28 through descriptive statistics Diagnostic tests including normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, and linearity were conducted to validate the assumptions of regression analysis. Regression results revealed that control environment and risk assessment had a statistically significant and positive effect on the financial efficiency of DT-SACCOs in Busia County. Correlation results showed a positive association between the internal control variables and financial efficiency. These findings highlight the critical role of robust internal controls in improving the financial outcomes of SACCOs. The research concluded that when the control environment is strengthened and risk assessment mechanisms are improved, DT-SACCOs in the area are significantly more financially efficient. The research suggests that so as to be in compliance with evolving operational dynamics and regulatory requirements, DTSACCOs should regularly review and update their internal control policies and procedures. SACCOs must also have structured training programs to aid employee recognize, assess, and communicate risks
Financial Innovations and Cost Efficiency of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance (IAJEF), 2025-11) Otondi, Faith Moraa; Gitagia, Francis K.
Kenyan commercial banks have adopted various innovations, yet challenges in optimizing costs under inflationary pressures persist. This study examined the effect of financial innovations on the cost efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives were: to establish the effect of system innovations on cost efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya; to analyze the effect of product innovations on cost efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. The study was anchored in the Transaction Cost Theory and Innovation Diffusion Theory. The study targeted a census of all 39 commercial banks licensed by the Central Bank of Kenya and employed a descriptive research design with an explanatory approach. Secondary data were extracted from CBK reports and bank financial statements spanning 2020 to 2024, supplemented by primary data from structured questionnaires administered to 68 respondents (response rate: 87.18%). Inferential analysis utilized multiple linear regression models alongside Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients, while means and standard deviations supported descriptive evaluation. Correlation outcomes reflected moderate negative relationships with cost efficiency: system innovations displayed the strongest link (r = -0.470) and product innovations (r = - 0.312). The GLS regression findings showed that product innovations had a negative influence on cost efficiency (β = - 0.032, p = 0.003). In conclusion, adopting product and system innovations enhanced cost efficiency in commercial banks. Consequently, the study recommends that banks prioritize system innovations
Perceived Quality of Electronic Health Records Systems Among Health Workers in Public Health Facilities in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing, 2025-02) Mbuthia, Peter Mungai; Otieno, George O.; Rucha,Kenneth
Healthcare system is facing an unprecedented high number of patients across the world. Patients
increase comes along with increased permanent surge of medical knowledge and techniques
available for treatment and diagnosis. This study investigated health worker’s perceptions on
quality of electronic health records systems in public hospitals within Kiambu Kenya. This
research study employed descriptive cross-sectional study design using both quantitative and
qualitative methods. Simple random sampling technique was used where an approximate sample
size of 370 participants was used out of the entire population of health workers. Questionnaire
self-administered to study participants were used for data collection. Statistical Package for Social
Sciences Version 25 (SPSS) was used to process the data. Data was then scrutinized using
descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study revealed that respondents with experience
below 10 years (58.8%) perceived that the quality of EHRs was very good. Respondents also
perceived that their facilities had good internet connectivity (52.2%,), proper ICT infrastructure
(51.6%), proper power backup system (66.5%) and easiness to retrieve patient data at (74.3%).
Moreover, the study revealed that managements have availed all resources for use in EHRs
(50.6%), while (58.6%) agreed that workflow was not interrupted while using EHRs and there was
positive organizational culture towards EHRs (66.8%). In conclusion more than half (54.3%) of
the respondents were of the opinion that the overall quality of EHRs in their work station was very
good. The study concludes that the perceived quality of EHRs in Kiambu County is generally
positive, influenced by socio-demographic, technological, and organizational factors. The study
recommends enhancing EHR quality through improved ICT infrastructure, staff training, resource
allocation, and further research on private-sector perceptions and patient experiences.