Kenyatta University Repository
Kenyatta University Institutional Repository is a digital archive that collects, preserves and disseminates scholarly outputs of the Institution
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Own Source Revenue and Financial Independence in County Governments: A Case of Marsabit County
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Yate, Abraham Mamo
County Governments in Kenya struggle with low rates of own source revenue generation. Due to this, entities are unable to meet their annual revenue collection targets and realize only modest annual growth in revenue generation. The County Government of Marsabit registered a steady decline in own source revenue collections from the financial years 2019/2020 to 2022/2023. Further, it has not been able to fulfill the annual target established for the period between 2018/2019 and 2022/2023. This research thus sought to investigate own source revenue as an enabler of financial independence of Marsabit County Government in Kenya. particularly, the investigation also sought to establish whether the automation of tax collection, administration of levies and diversification of fees charged enhances financial independence of county government of Marsabit. The research was based on resource-based view theory and the ability to pay theory of taxation. The survey research design has been employed for the investigation. The study population that is targeted was two hundred and forty. A purposive sample of 120 respondents was drawn from a population of 240 county officials and stakeholders and Primary data was gathered using questionnaires. From the available literature, qualitative data was collected. A pilot investigation will be done to determine the reliability and validity of the study instrument. In analysis of data, descriptive study design was utilized. Effective analysis tools were adopted to analyze the data gathered from respondents and were presented in form of tables, pie charts, and graphs. The investigation revealed that automation of tax collection, levy collection, and fee diversification significantly contributed to Marsabit County's financial independence. Automation improved efficiency and minimized errors (regression coefficient = 0.325, p = 0.004), levy collection boosted financial growth (regression coefficient = 0.417, p = 0.001), and diversifying fees strengthened the county’s financial stability (regression coefficient = 0.369, p = 0.002). The study concluded that automation of tax collection, effective levy management, and fee diversification significantly enhance the financial independence of Marsabit County. It recommends investing in automated systems, improving levy collection procedures, and diversifying revenue sources to ensure fiscal sustainability.
Digital Transformation Strategy and Competitive Advantage among Commercial Banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Musau Nelly Nthenya
In this era of rapidly evolving digital technologies, the banking industry in Kenya must adopt digital transformation to maintain competitiveness and improve the customer experience. However, while there is a growing emphasis on digitisation within the sector, the specific initiatives implemented by commercial banks and their subsequent effects on competitive advantage remain inadequately understood. This research examined how the digital transformation strategy affected the competitive positioning of commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The research centred on five main objectives: service automation, data analytics, mobile banking applications, employee upskilling, and digital payment solutions strategies. The study relied on five theories: the Generic Competitive Strategies Framework, the Resource-Based View, the Dynamic Capabilities Theory, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Using a descriptive research design, the study targeted 39 commercial banks grouped according to their sizes, comprising 412 functional heads. The study employed a multi-stage sampling method that combined proportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques to recruit participants. Applying Yamane’s formula, a sample of 203 participants was selected. Primary data collection was conducted using structured survey instruments. Preliminary testing was conducted on a small sample of 15 respondents before the main study. Experts in the subject matter pre-tested the research instrument to validate its appropriateness. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient was used to assess reliability, with a threshold of 0.7 or above deemed satisfactory for internal consistency. The questionnaires were distributed to respondents using digital survey methods. The data analysis process employed descriptive and inferential statistics to summarise the findings. The results were presented in charts, graphs, and tables for easy interpretation and understanding. The study confirmed that service automation, data analytics, mobile banking applications, employee upskilling, and digital payment solutions strategies significantly influenced competitive advantage, although their individual effects varied. The findings suggest that commercial banks should go beyond merely implementing digital technologies and instead focus on strategic integration that enhances customer experience and value creation. Banks should adopt selective automation that retains human interaction for complex services and enhances feedback mechanisms. Further, data governance and investment in advanced, customer-focused analytical tools should be strengthened. Continued innovation in mobile banking is also recommended, including feature enhancements and improved interoperability, supported by strong cybersecurity standards. Employee upskilling should be prioritised through structured training, digital leadership development, and industry-wide certification. Lastly, banks need to re-evaluate their digital payment strategies to focus on user experience, fraud prevention, and differentiated services, with regulators promoting secure and innovation-friendly environments.
Characterization and Biocontrol of Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated With Commonly Grown Banana Cultivars in Embu, Kisii and Nyamira Counties of Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-08) Kamore, Harrison Kibe
Bananas (Musa spp.) rank among the highest-produced and traded fruit crops in the world. Production and marketability of bananas in Kisii, Nyamira and Embu counties of Kenya is greatly hampered by banana diseases caused by various pathogens. Information on disease severity and prevalence in the three counties is however scanty. Also, the various disease management strategies employed have not controlled the diseases effectively. This study aimed to profile bacterial and fungal pathogens affecting major banana cultivars in Kisii, Nyamira and Embu counties and assess the potential of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, species Rhizophagus irregularis against Fusarium wilt of bananas. Questionnaires were issued to 90 farmers to determine the preferred cultivars and post-harvest losses. Disease severity was determined by comparing the observable symptoms to available disease scoring charts. Samples were aseptically obtained from symptomatic plants. The causative agents for banana diseases were isolated and characterized morphologically and through DNA analysis. Sukari bananas regenerated in the tissue culture laboratory were used in determining the efficacy of Rhizophagus irregularis in controlling the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense infection. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in setting up the four treatments which had five replicates. Farmers in Embu reported the highest cases of post-harvest loss at 23.33%. While a few farmers reported theft, pests, and diseases as causes of post-harvest losses, the majority were not aware of the causes. Ng’ombe, Kienyeji and Sukari were identified as the major cultivars in Nyamira County. Israel, Sukari, Kiganda and Kampala were the most common in Embu while Eng’oche, Kienyeji and Sukari were the most common in Kisii County. The bacteria profiles, based on morphology, biochemical and 16S rRNA, associated with banana diseases were Xanthomonas campestris and Erwinia chrysanthemi. On the other hand, the fungal pathogens identified as causatives of banana disease were Fusarium oxysporum strains, Fusarium solani CBS 140079, Sclerotium rolfsii, Verticillium sp., Athelia rolfsii, Pseudocercospora sennae-multijugae and Mycosphaerella sp. The application of R. irregularis fungi effectively increased banana plants’ height, number of leaves and total leaves area while reducing the plants’ susceptibility to Foc. Due to the evidenced presence of pathogens, banana farmers should be trained on field diseases and product handling post harvest. More studies on the application of Rhizophagus irregularis in field banana crops should be done to test its full potential.
Macroeconomic Variables and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Mungai, Francis Njenga
Kenya’s banking sector plays a pivotal role in financial intermediation by connecting savers with borrowers, facilitating international transactions, and supporting overall economic growth. However, in recent years the sector has been exposed to domestic and global shocks that have strained financial stability and challenged profitability. This study sought to examine the influence of selected macroeconomic variables; namely inflation, interest rates, money supply, and exchange rate fluctuations, on the financial performance of all 42 licensed commercial banks in Kenya. Financial performance was measured using return on assets, with firm size considered as a moderating factor. The analysis covered the period 2018 to 2023, a timeframe marked by major regulatory reforms and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Guided by theories of interest, balance of payments, deflation, organization, and the quantity theory of money, the study adopted an explanatory research design and relied on secondary data drawn from banks’ audited financial statements and publications of the Central Bank of Kenya and the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, multiple regression, correlation tests, and diagnostic checks. The results revealed that inflation, exchange rate, interest rate, and money supply each had a positive and statistically significant effect on financial performance, with interest rate effects being the strongest. The findings imply that rising inflation and interest rates enhance bank profitability through higher loan pricing, while exchange rate movements and money supply growth create opportunities for income diversification and liquidity management. The study concludes that macroeconomic conditions materially shape banking outcomes, with larger banks benefiting more due to economies of scale. It recommends that banks adopt proactive interest rate adjustments, diversify foreign currency operations, engage in forward contracts to hedge against exchange rate risks, and expand into underserved market segments to strengthen resilience. Policymakers, particularly the Central Bank of Kenya, should employ balanced monetary interventions that stabilize inflation and exchange rate volatility without stifling bank profitability. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence on how macroeconomic variables jointly and significantly influence bank performance in an African emerging economy context, offering practical insights for both regulators and bank managers in formulating strategies to enhance financial sector stability and growth.
Quality Management Drivers on Performance of Tier 1 Commercial Banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Makau, Elizabeth Mumo
The management of Tier 1 commercial banks in Kenya needed to reconsider quality management drivers and realign their strategies with shifting consumer demands as a result of declining performance. This research aimed to ascertain the impact of quality management drivers on the performance of Tier 1 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya, on the basis that there were few studies examining the relationship between quality management drivers and performance in the banking industry. The purpose of the study was to determine how innovations in processes, products, and continuous quality improvement affected the performance of Tier 1 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Strategic leadership was also the moderating variable of the study. Dynamic capability and Schumpeter innovation theories were used to support the study, which was grounded on resource-based theory. The study employed a cross-sectional survey approach, which made it easier to collect unaltered data. Ten Tier 1 commercial banks that were active in Nairobi City County, Kenya, were the subject of the study. Fifty-three personnel from the operations departments across the 10 Tier 1 commercial banks took part in the study as a whole. Furthermore, the Krejcie and Morgan algorithm was used to determine an appropriate sample size of 47 respondents. Structured questionnaires containing both open-ended and closed-ended questions were utilized to obtain primary data. Secondary data on the financial performance of Kenyan commercial banks were gathered via financial statements, strategic plans, and sessional papers. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach Alpha coefficients of 0.7, and validity was assessed utilizing strategic management experts and Kenyatta University lecturers. The study of qualitative data included the use of content analysis, whereby significant themes were selected from published material. Verbatim statements were thoroughly examined, leading to the formulation of conclusions. By using SPSS version 24, correlation and regression analyses were employed to analyze quantitative data. Regression analysis was performed at a 95% confidence level to evaluate the statistical significance between variables. The information under analysis was tallied and displayed as mean scores, percentages, and standard deviations. The study employed inferential statistics to assess the effect of quality management drivers on the performance of Tier 1 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, it examined product innovation, process innovation, and continuous improvement innovations, with strategic leadership as a moderating factor. Performance was measured by profitability and cost efficiency, while correlation, linear regression, and multiple regression analyses were applied. Correlation results showed that all quality management drivers were positively related to performance, with product innovation (r = .485), process innovation (r = .405), and continuous improvement innovations (r = .470) demonstrating significant effects. Strategic leadership had the strongest correlation (r = .585), underscoring the importance of visionary leadership and employee empowerment. Regression results indicated that the predictors jointly explained 44.6% of the variation in performance (R² = .446). Process innovation (β = 0.187, p = 0.047), continuous improvement innovations (β = 0.247, p = 0.014), and strategic leadership (β = 0.404, p = 0.001) had significant positive effects, while product innovation (β = 0.153, p = 0.188) was insignificant. The findings suggest that strategic leadership plays a crucial moderating role, enhancing the impact of process and continuous improvement innovations on bank performance, while product innovation alone is insufficient to drive significant outcomes