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Integration of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Sustainable Water Service Provision: Evidence from Mandera County, Kenya
(Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing, 2025-03) Omar, Mohamed Ali; Muna, Wilson; Minja, David
The Kenya National Water Policy 2021 was designed to ensure sustainable water resource management and equitable access to clean water. However, key gaps exist inits implementation in Mandera County, where water scarcity remains a persistent challenge. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effect of climate change integration on the provision of water services in Mandera County. The study was underpinned by Institutional Theory. The study was informed by pragmatism philosophy and employing a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 535 participants drawn from various key stakeholders in Mandera County, including the Water Resources Authority, Mandera Office, Mandera County Companies, community leaders, representatives from the Non-Governmental Organization, County Government of Mandera Water Department, and the National Drought Management Authority. The researcher used Slovin’s formula to obtain a sample size of 229 respondents. The study usedboth descriptive and inferential statistical methods in analysis. The findings were presented on tables. The findings revealed a coefficient of determination (R²)of 0.541, implying that 54.1% of the change in the provision of water services in Mandera County is attributed to climate change integration strategies. Regression analysis results showed that climate change integration (β = 0.336, p = 0.000) had statistically significant positive effect on service delivery. The study concludes that effective water service delivery in arid regions like Mandera County depends on coordinated efforts across environmental, infrastructural, and climate-focused interventions. In view of the findings, the study recommends that county governments, water sector agencies, and development partnersshould consider inclusive, climate-resilient planning in water infrastructure.
Employee Retention Strategies and Employee Turnover at Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Kaimenyi,Ben Kithinji
The Aga Khan University Hospital has faced a notable level of staff turnover, as prominent
recruitment agencies have successfully attracted their employees to pursue opportunities
elsewhere. Those relocating to international destinations are offered appealing compensation
packages, which include competitive salaries, generous allowances, prospects for career growth,
and extensive support for relocating their families. This study aimed to investigate how
employee retention strategies affect staff turnover at the Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi City
County, Kenya. The specific objectives included assessing the effects of employee recognition
programs, work-life balance initiatives, career development opportunities, and competitive salary
structures on staff turnover at the hospital. The research was guided by theories such as
organizational equilibrium theory, social exchange theory, human capital theory, and equity
theory. A descriptive research design was employed in the study. 795 participants from 12
different departments were the subject of this investigation. Stratified sampling was the
technique used to choose participants. This indicates that a basic random procedure was used to
select study participants. There were 266 respondents in the sample. Questionnaires were utilized
in the study to collect data directly from the participants. To find out how effectively they work,
the study carried out a pilot study involving 26 hospital employees. The study examined the
content validity of the questionnaires to ensure their accuracy. The Cronbach's alpha correlation
coefficient was 0.776 which determined that the questionnaire items were reliable. Descriptive
statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, were used to analyze the data. Furthermore, the
data was examined using inferential statistics, which applied multiple regression analysis
approaches and concentrated on correlations between variables. Tables and graphs were used to
display the results. The study found that competitive compensation strategies, professional
development programs, work-life balance initiatives, and employee recognition strategies had a
positive significant influence on employee turnover at Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi City
County, Kenya. The study concludes that an employee recognition program creates a productive
workplace where staff members feel valued and acknowledged for their efforts. Because workers
who feel their personal lives are valued are more likely to stick with their jobs, the work-life
balance approach increases job satisfaction. Employees may envision their future inside the
company thanks to the career development initiatives, which offer clear career tracks and
chances for professional development and skill improvement. The competitive pay boosts
employee morale and job satisfaction by giving workers a sense of worth and appreciation for
their accomplishments. The study recommends that the hospital ought to create a structured
program that routinely recognizes staff accomplishments. Flexible schedule alternatives, such
remote work, shortened workweeks, or customizable hours, can help employees better balance
their personal and professional obligations, which will improve job satisfaction and lower
turnover. The hospital should concentrate on implementing these options. The current career
development programs should be thoroughly examined by the hospital in order to find any
weaknesses and potential areas for enhancement. The hospital should offer comprehensive
benefit packages that may include health insurance, retirement plans, paid time off, and wellness
initiatives, as well as carry out in-depth market research to evaluate pay trends in the healthcare
industry.
Creative Industries on the Living Standards of the Youth: The Case of Mombasa County
(International Academic Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 2026-03) Chege, Simon Mbaro; Wainaina, Lawrence; Njoroge, Nicolous Muiruri
Introduction: Creative industries are increasingly recognized as important drivers of economic development, cultural expression, and youth employment. In Kenya, the sector provides opportunities for entrepreneurship, innovation, and income generation among young people. Despite this potential, empirical evidence on the influence of creative industry participation on youth living standards remains limited, particularly in coastal regions such as Mombasa County. This study examined the influence of creative industry participation on the living standards of youth in Mombasa County, Kenya, focusing on economic, social, and cultural dimensions of engagement. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed among youth aged 18–35 years engaged in creative industries in Mombasa County. The study targeted 1,897 registered youth groups involved in activities such as music, performing arts, fashion, visual arts, and digital media. A sample of 331 participants was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan formula and selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and 302 valid responses were obtained, representing a response rate of 91.2%. Results: The findings indicated that years of creative engagement and educational attainment were positively associated with economic well-being (r = 0.284, p < 0.001; r = 0.198, p = 0.002). Community engagement (r = 0.401, p < 0.001) and social inclusion (r = 0.318, p < 0.001) were strongly associated with social integration. Cultural identity (r = 0.462, p < 0.001) and appreciation of cultural diversity (r = 0.379, p < 0.001) were significantly related to cultural enrichment. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that economic well-being (β = 0.301, p < 0.001) and social integration (β = 0.218, p = 0.002) significantly predicted youth living standards, while cultural enrichment showed a positive but statistically nonsignificant relationship (β = 0.104, p = 0.084). Conclusion: Participation in creative industries contributes to improved youth livelihoods in Mombasa County through economic opportunities and strengthened social networks. Economic and social dimensions of creative engagement demonstrate stronger effects on living standards than cultural factors. Strengthening institutional and policy support for creative enterprises can enhance youth participation in sustainable economic and social activities within the creative economy.
Work-Life Balance Practices and Performance of Administration Police Officers in Kwale County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Ochieng’,Phinehas Odhiambo
Globally, governments have been making efforts to reform the Police force. In Kenya
Administration Police Service, performance has continued to deteriorate day by day. The
challenges causing this poor performance have not been sufficiently examined or comprehended,
resulting in concerns about performance from the Administration Police Officers, who are vital in
security matters. Different problems are impacting the performance of the administration police
officers in Kwale County. These included inability to manage overworked administration police
officers who are stressed due to scanty policy information on leave, absenteeism, poor service
quality due to frequent transfers, lack of efficiency in handling their day-to-day activities. These
scenarios could be cited as the root causes of poor police performance. This study sought to
examine the effect of work life balance practices on performance of administration police officers
in Kwale County Kenya. Specifically, the study established the effect of leave policies, flexible
work schedules, staff assistance programs and job transfers on the performance of administration
police officers in Kwale County, Kenya. The research was based on the Psychological Contract
Theory, Spillover Theory, and Compensation Theory. It utilized a descriptive research framework.
The chosen population included all 147 administration police officers from these ranks: Constable,
Corporal, Sergeant, Senior Sergeant, Inspector, Chief Inspector, Assistant Superintendent of
Police, Superintendent of Police, and Senior Superintendent of Police. The research took place in
Msambweni, Matuga, Lungalunga, Kinango, Shimba Hills, and Samburu-Kwale sub counties
within Kwale County. The research was a census since the target population is limited, and every
officer was included in the sample. A structured survey was employed to gather data. A drop-off
and pick-up approach was used to distribute the questionnaire to the participants. The tool
underwent a preliminary assessment for reliability at a Cronbach Alpha threshold of 0.7. Content,
construct, and face validity was additionally employed to evaluate the tool prior to its
administration to the participants via a pilot study. The collected information was analyzed with
SPSS Version 25. The collected information was structured, classified, and analyzed through
descriptive and inferential statistics. A correlation and multiple regression analysis was done to
evaluate the connection between Work-Life balance and the effectiveness of Administration Police
Officers. The findings were presented in tables, charts, and a discussion format. The leave policy,
job transfers, assistance programs and flexible work schedules were established to have a positive
significant influence on the performance of Administration Police Officers in Kwale County,
Kenya. The research concludes that leave policies provide administrative officers with the
opportunity to rejuvenate and address personal matters, ultimately enhancing their productivity.
Relocating officers with specific skills to various regions fosters innovative policing strategies or
perspectives that positively impact society. The assistance programs including training and
development programs, are designed to enhance the overall performance of police officers,
enabling them to carry out their responsibilities more effectively as they gain skills and confidence.
Flexible work schedules allow officers to actively participate in community events, fostering
relationships with society members and enhancing the public's perception of the entire police force.
The study recommends that Clear leave entitlements should be established for officers to easily
access information on annual, sick, and special leave, provided through digital platforms or
briefings. A comprehensive orientation program for officers at new stations should focus on local
cultures, community issues, and member expectations to aid adaptation. Additionally, training
should include modules on conflict management, communication techniques, and community
engagement to better equip officers for successful interactions.
Alcohol Control Policy and Regulation of Underage Drinking, a Case Study of Nyandarua County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Kamau,Peter Mundia
Despite the county government having had a shared responsibility with national
government in the ultimate authority in regulating the alcohol trade and enacting new
laws, alcohol remained a significant issue in Kenya. In the view of Nyandarua County
Alcoholic Drinks Act 2014, this study aimed to explore how the enactment of alcohol
control policy impacted underage drinking in Nyandarua County. The objectives
included examining the effects of licensing, enforcement regulations, and stakeholder
engagement on underage drinking in the county. The outcomes of this study were of
advantage to the alcohol regulation board in Nyandarua County and the government of
Kenya by providing valuable insights into alcohol trade regulation, especially against
underage drinking. The study was grounded on New Public Management, Street-level
Bureaucracy, and Social Exchange theories. The study adopted a descriptive research
design, targeting a population of 466 respondents, which included 427 liquor
establishments in Kinangop sub-county and 39 stakeholders comprising government
officials, religious leaders, PTA members, and teachers. as they held critical roles in
departments responsible for policy formulation and implementation, while
simultaneously embodying societal norms, moral authority, and community
educational interests. A representative sample size of 120 respondents was engaged and
comprised of 81 bar attendants as per Taro’s formula (1967) selected through simple
random sampling, and 39 other respondents selected by use of purposeful sampling.
Data was collected using validated semi-structured questionnaires and interview
guides, with reliability tested using Cronbach’s Alpha and validity ensured through
supervisor review. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using
descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, SPSS, and regression modeling. Permission to
conduct the research was obtained from Kenyatta University, county government
offices, respondents, and NACOSTI. Findings revealed that all three variables played
a critical role in the regulation of underage drinking. Enforcement of alcohol regulation
emerged as the strongest predictor (β = 0.43, p = 0.000), followed by licensing
regulation (β = 0.33, p = 0.000), and lastly stakeholder engagement (β = 0.25, p =
0.000). The regression model explained 52% of the variation in regulation of underage
drinking, confirming the relevance of these variables. Therefore, this study
recommended that the County government of Nyandarua should adequately allocate
resources in order to address the issue of logistics and lack of enough enforcement
personnel. There should have been formation of specialized anti-liquor units, feedback
mechanism establishment, and establishment of anti-corruption units in order to ensure
effectiveness of the policies, while stringent penalties should have been adopted for any
non-compliance with regulation. Lastly, the government should have formed funded
civil engagements, community-based post-licensing vigilance committees, established
key stakeholders’ databases in each sub-county, and formed feedback mechanisms such
as hotlines, suggestion boxes, and reporting templates in order to collectively address
the issue of underage drinking in Nyandarua County.