Kenyatta University Repository
Kenyatta University Institutional Repository is a digital archive that collects, preserves and disseminates scholarly outputs of the Institution
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Financial Risk Management and Financial Performance of Tier III Commercial Banks in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Korane, Mohamud Dubow
Kenya commercial banks’ financial performance is influenced by myriad of challenges that can impact their profitability, operational efficiency and overall stability. Therefore, this review endeavored to ascertain financial risks impacts on Kenya’s commercial banks financial performance, specifically targeting operational, credit, liquidity and market risk impacts. Theories of Miller and Modigliani, financial distress, financial intermediation and modern portfolio underpined the review. Employing descriptive research, all 22 tier III banks formed the target populace and census was used. Financial data was collated from existing published statements using secondary designated collection sheet from 2019-2023. Data collected was analyzed via descriptive techniques (mean, median and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple regression). Findings were organized and depicted clearly, using tables. Diagnostic assessments encompassed multi-collinearity, normality, heteroscedasticity, stationarity, Housman and autocorrelation. Ethical considerations was prioritized and observed at every step. The study revealed that operational, credit, liquidity and market risks had a positive significant effect on Tier III Kenya’s commercial banks’ financial performance. The research concludes that operational risks have the potential to result in operational failures, which may incur additional costs for mitigation and compliance, thereby placing financial strain on banks. The credit risk may occur in a situation whereby the bank does not effectively evaluate the borrower’s creditworthiness resulting to increased number of loan defaulters which also leads to more provisioning costs for bad debts affecting negatively the bank's profitability. The existence of liquidity risk can hinder a bank's ability to effectively manage its liquidity, leading to increased costs related to borrowed funds necessary to meet its obligations, which ultimately diminishes profit margins and impacts the bank's overall financial performance. Fluctuations in interest rates have an impact on the net interest income of banks, which constitutes their revenue stream. This can lead to a reduction in their ability to adapt to such changes, thereby influencing their financial performance. The research suggests that Tier III banks ought to improve their investment in technology by upgrading their information technology systems and implementing more advanced security protocols to reduce the risk of cyber threats. The Tier III banks should adopt a diversified loan portfolio to minimize more reliance of certain industries that could bring higher risks upon economic fluctuations. Tier III banks can properly manage liquidity risks through maintenance of a larger financing base like deposits, loans and other sources of capital mix. The Tier III banks should adopt a comprehensive structure managing risks, carry out a frequent stress test and have a more diversified lending portfolio to solve the possible losses.
Multiple Streams Framework and Its Effects on Implementation of Road Safety Policy Measures in Kisii and Kisumu Counties, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Omweri, Fred Siambe
hough a large number of road safety policies has been formulated and adopted in
Kenya with the objective of minimizing road fatality and injury, the number and rate
of traffic deaths and morbidities appear to be rising in Kisii and Kisumu counties.
Conspicuously, the study on implementation gap of road safety policy initiatives has
received noticeably less attention. This research sought to assess implementation gaps
existing in the enactment of road safety policy moasures in Kisii and Kisumu counties
using multiple streams framework. This study was conducted to evaluate the level to
which the problem stream affected the implementation of road safety policy measures;
establish the extent to which policy stream affected the enactment of road safety policy
measures; establish the extent to which politics stream affected the employment of road safety
policies; and determine moderating effects of policy networks in the relationship between
Multiple Streams Framework and the implementation of road safety policy measures in Kisii
and Kisumu counties in Kenya. The study was backed with Multiple Streams Framework and
Functuated Equilibrium Model. The'research used a descriptive survey and explanatory
design while embracing mixed research approaches. It was also guided by pragmatism
and phenomenology research philosophies. The study utilized census, simple random
sampling, and systematic random sampling techniques in drawing a representative
sample. The sample size of the study was 347 of target population. The study
interviewed 6 traffic base commanders, 2 county Matatu Owners' Association and2
NTSA county directors. The study also employed both participatory and non
participatory observation to collect supplementary data. The reliability of the study
instrument was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, while the validity was assessed
using expert opinion. With regard to ethics, Kenyatta University gave its initial
clearance. The NACOST was contacted regarding a research authorization.
Additionally, the respondents received assurances that the information they provided
would be kept completely confidential and used only for study. Data was analysed
using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Quantitative data was examined by
means of multi-linear regression approaches and Pearson correlation analysis. Stepwise
regression was used to analyze the moderating variable. Based on the derivatives from the
objectives, theme analysis was used to assess qualitative data. The study then presented
quantitative data using tables and figures, while qualitative data was reported in
continuous prose. The study showed that there was a statistically significant
relationship between the multiple streams framework and implementation of road
safety policies and multiple streams framework accounted for 11.7% on the
implementation of road safety policy measures among matatu operators. Besides,
problem stream when computed alongside policy and politics streams study showed
$ : -0.021 , p:0 .639>0.05), a negative and insignificant link between problem stream
and implementation of road safety policy measures; while policy stream results (B
:
0.079, p:0.020<0.05) and politics stream results (B : 0.165 p:0.000<0.05), bot
Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitive Advantage of Insurance Firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Onyango, Joshua Osuka
Insurance firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya have been characterized by low market penetration levels, poor customer responsiveness, inadequate product or service differentiation and dwindling market share, thus facing high competition threat that requires urgent and immediate strategic thinking. In spite of the empirical evidence on the significance of CSR as a strategic business practice, insurance firms in Nairobi County continue to experience competitive challenges due to their inability to leverage CSR in their operations. The impact of CSR on customer responsiveness, product differentiation, and market share remains uneven. This study examined the effect of corporate social responsibility on the competitive advantage of insurance firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives included establishing the effect of economic, ethical, legal, and philanthropic responsibilities on the competitive advantage of insurance firms. The Caroll’s pyramid, competitive advantage, resource-based view, and agency theories informed this study. Descriptive research design and stratified sampling technique were used. The study targeted 56 insurance companies in Nairobi County where 168 heads of public relations, heads of sales and headquarters branch managers were the respondents. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire which was self-administered. Out of the 168 respondents, a sample frame of 117 managers and directors was determined using the Kothari (2004) formula. Using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, descriptive analysis involved mean and standard deviation, whereas inferential statistics involved correlation and regression analyses. Pilot study was done on 10 insurance firms selected at random and 10 marketing managers were the respondnets. Using content validity index of 0.75 threshold, the first expert marked 15 out of 16 items as valid, resulting in a content validity index of 0.94, while the second expert rated 14 out of 16 items as valid, giving a content validity of 0.88. The Cronbach alpha threshold of 0.70 was used to assess the reliability of the research instrument where economic, ethical, legal and philanthropic responsibility recorded Cronbach alphas of 0.749, 0.772, 0.783, 0.796, and 0.827 respectively. Findings were presented in tables and discussions to draw conclusions and inferences. The study found that economic responsibility (β= 0.423; p= 0.000), ethical responsibility (β= 0.117; p= 0.030), legal responsibility (β= 0.233; p= 0.000), and philanthropic responsibility (β= 0.278; p= 0.000) had a significant positive effect on the competitive advantage of insurance firms. The study found that corporate social responsibility significantly affects the competitive advantage of insurance firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya (Adjusted R-square= 65.3%; p-value= 0.000). The study concluded that economic, ethical, legal, and philanthropic responsibilities have a great significant effect on the competitive advantage of insurance firms in Nairobi City County. To remain relevant and continue with their operations into the foreseeable future, these insurance firms need to implement structured corporate social responsibility initiatives to attract new customers, expand their market reach, and provide innovative, non-imitable products and services to meet the dynamic customer needs. To the insurance firms, the study recommends for the adequate adoption of corporate social responsibility initiatives to enhance their competitiveness. Future studies can target insurance firms in the entire country, Kenya to establish the adequacy of generalizability of this study findings.
Government Strategies for Attraction and Retention of Female Teachers and Their Implementatioi\ in Public Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022-07) Nzau,Arthur Kalanza
Attraction and retention of female teachers in secondary schools in rural areas
remain a significant and on-going concern to many countries in the world. As a
result Kenya has developed some-strategies to address ir,i, "nail"nge, Despite this,
not many researchers have focused on lhe. prll ;;J pu-rr, a.to., in attraction and
retention of female teachers to schools in rural ui"ur- *t ".e their numbers are
relatively low"Additionaly few studies have assess.a tt " i-pt.mentation oi."irtirg
strategies It is therefore important to describ" ;r;;;;;;rt'ru"."rrtirl strategies that
could contribute to making rurar teaching an attracti;; Io; term career option for
female teachers in Kenya. Th....
Revenue Enhancement Strategies and Growth of Own-Source Revenue in the County Government of Machakos, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Mutua, Benson Mulinge
Growth of own source revenues (OSR) in counties plays a crucial role in enhancing fiscal autonomy and reducing dependence on national government transfers. However, in Machakos County, OSR performance remains below potential. County revenue reports show that OSR contributed less than 15% of total revenue between 2017 and 2023, despite the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) estimating that counties could generate up to Kshs. 260.6 billion if fiscal instruments were fully optimized. This persistent underperformance points to structural and strategic gaps in revenue generation mechanisms. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study were to determine the effect of revenue diversification strategies, internal control strategies, revenue digitization strategies, and capacity building strategies on the growth of own source revenue in the County Government of Machakos. The study was underpinned by the Resource-Based View, Public Finance Theory, Benefit Theory of Taxation, and Human Capital Theory. A descriptive research design was employed. The study targeted 110 respondents, comprising 105 sub-county revenue staff and 5 senior officers from the finance and planning departments, using purposive sampling. Primary data on the independent variables were collected through structured questionnaires, while secondary data on OSR performance were sourced from official county documents. The data analysis utilized descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations), correlation, and multiple regression to assess the strength and direction of effects. Diagnostic tests conducted included tests for normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation. Ethical safeguards such as informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, voluntary participation, and harm avoidance were strictly upheld. The findings revealed that revenue diversification had a statistically significant positive effect on OSR growth (β = 0.385, p = 0.029), implying that expanding revenue sources enhances fiscal inflows. Internal control strategies, however, showed a statistically significant negative effect (β = –0.532, p < 0.001), suggesting inefficiencies or rigidities in control mechanisms that suppress revenue growth. Revenue digitization strategies were found to have a statistically significant positive effect (β = 0.481, p = 0.011), indicating the usefulness of technology in improving compliance and efficiency. Capacity building strategies also had a statistically significant positive effect (β = 0.674, p < 0.001), confirming that well-trained personnel are instrumental in enhancing revenue collection and management. Based on these findings, the study concludes that revenue diversification, digitization, and capacity building are effective levers for improving OSR performance, while internal controls may require reform to become enablers rather than constraints. It is recommended that the County Government of Machakos adopt a comprehensive strategy that maps untapped revenue areas and digitizes the entire revenue value chain. Moreover, internal control systems should be redesigned to support rather than stifle revenue operations through automation and accountability. Finally, sustainable capacity-building programs tailored to current fiscal demands should be institutionalized to professionalize the county’s revenue management systems. The study reaffirms the importance of evidence-based policy and capacity development in unlocking county fiscal potential.