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Investment Decisions, Corporate Governance and Financial Performance of Defined Contribution Pension Schemes in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Magather, Nico Otieno
Defined contribution Pension Schemes play a very significant role in the economy of a Country. Pension schemes are auxiliary and have complementary roles with other financial institutions, in stimulating capital and financial market growth thereby contributing to Gross Domestic Product of many nations. Pension schemes provide critical retirement income for millions of people. Poor retirement yields of funds and non-payments to retirees is impeding the accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals per World Bank reports. This study sought to establish the effect of investment decisions and corporate governance on financial performance of defined contribution pension schemes in Nairobi City County, Kenya. In particular, the sought to find out the effect of inventory, replacement and expansion investment decisions and corporate governance, as a moderating variable on the financial performance of defined contribution pension schemes in Kenya. The study was guided by Modern portfolio theory, behavioral finance theory and agency theory. Literature was reviewed on all the variables. The study was carried out using a panel data of 5 years from 2017 to 2021 using a descriptive design. The target population for the study comprised 1182 defined contribution pensions’ schemes in Nairobi City County, Kenya as per the Retirement Benefits Authority. 92 registered defined contribution pension plans were included in the sample. Stratified random sampling method was applied to collect secondary data. Quantitative data was collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. STATA software analyzed the data. The diagnostic tests carried out included normality, heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and hausman. The study found that there was positive and significant relationship between inventory investment, replacement investment, expansion investment decisions and financial performance. Cash and demand deposit did not have significant effect but fixed deposit had significant effect on financial performance. Conclusions from the study was that the financial success or failure of Kenya’s defined contribution pension plans were significantly impacted by decisions made on inventory, replacement and expansion investments. Cash and demand deposits did not moderate the association amongst investment decision and defined contribution pension systems' financial success. The correlation between financial performance and investment decision was mitigated by fixed deposits. For policy, the study recommended that policymakers and regulators should concentrate on creating regulations that will allow defined contribution pension plans to participate optimally in investment decisions. In practice, investment should focus on fixed deposits and ignore cash and demand deposits because fixed deposit had moderating effect while cash and demand deposit did not have. Further, it is recommended that studies be conducted in other East Africa Nations because the investigation focused on Kenya
Intrinsic Motivation of Primary School Teachers and Its Impact on Their Job Performance in Kisumu County, Kenya
(JPEA, 2024) Odhiambo,Kennedy Okeyo; Murira,Francis N.; Ogeno,Jackton O.
The purpose of this article is to provide an investigation of the intrinsic motivation of primary school teachers and its impact on their job performance in Kisumu County, Kenya. The contention of this article is that stakeholders in the education sector are under immense pressure to increase teachers’ job productivity. This is because the quality of education largely depends on the quality of teachers and their commitment to duty which may be influenced by their levels of intrinsic motivation. This study sought to compare the trends in the influence of intrinsic motivation on job performance between public and private primary school teachers. It also proposed viable strategies to enhance intrinsic motivation among teachers at the primary school level. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample size was 222 respondents made up of 25 headteachers, 25 senior teachers, 120 teachers and 2 MOEST officials. Structured questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze quantitative data while themes were adopted in analyzing qualitative data. The study findings revealed that private primary schools provided better intrinsic rewards as compared to their public counterparts which may have resulted to their better performance. Additionally, financing by the government and training of teachers are strategies that could enhance intrinsic motivation among primary school teachers. The study recommended that the intrinsic rewards offered by both private and public primary schools ought to be standardized in order to promote a level playing field for competition between private and public primary schools. Further, it was recommended that schools ought to put in place support structures that can facilitate the implementation of effective strategies necessary in enhancing levels of intrinsic motivation among primary school teachers.
Predictors of Stunting Among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Kitui County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Kangethe, Chui Morris
Stunting in children under five years is a significant public health problem in developing countries, with Eastern and Central Africa having some of the highest stunting levels worldwide. In Kenya, 25% of children under five are stunted. Stunting has transitory and lifelong effects on people and communities, including a high risk of morbidity and death, lowered mental and physical growth, poor school performance, and decreased productivity. The goal of this study was to investigate the predictors of stunting in children aged 6 to 59 months in Kitui County. This was a cross-sectional analytical survey comprising 398 children and their caregivers. Multistage cluster sampling was used. First, clusters were selected from all the five wards of Kitui Central Sub-county based on probability proportional to population size. Secondly, two villages were randomly chosen per ward using simple random sampling. Lastly, households were picked within the selected villages using simple random sampling. Only one eligible child per household was chosen randomly. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires, KIIs, and FGDs. Anthropometric measurements were taken from 398 children to assess stunting, while their caregivers were interviewed. To estimate the rate of stunting, anthropometric data were analyzed with ENA for SMART software. The mid-upper arm circumference of mothers was measured to estimate maternal nutrition. SPSS 27 was used to input and analyze data. Descriptive statistics were generated and the chi-square test was run to determine associations between stunting and the independent variables. After the chi-square test, variables that were statistically related to stunting (p<0.05) were subjected to bivariate logistic regression analysis to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR) for each independent variable. The statistical significance was at p<0.05. The stunting rate was 26.6%. The predictors of stunting included mothers with primary education (OR = 3.153; 95% CI: 1.449-6.860; p: 0.004) or secondary education (OR = 3.143; 95% CI: 1.455-6.787; p: 0.004), mother’s MUAC < 23 cm (OR = 3.106; 95% CI: 1.288-7.493; p:0.012), birth weight < 2500 grams (OR = 2.469; 95% CI: 1.342-4.545; p: 0.004), household income below Kshs 10,000 or USD 77.5 (OR = 5.125; 95% CI: 1.965-13.364; p: 0.001), having more than one child below five years (OR = 1.676; 95% CI: 1.040-2.702; p: 0.034), partial immunization (OR = 4.719; 95% CI: 1.107-20.126), complementary feeding before six months (OR = 2.601; 95% CI: 1.221-5.543), using water from unimproved water sources (OR = 1.750; 95% CI: 1.075-2.848; p:0.024), and having no access to a latrine/toilet (OR = 6.811; 95% CI: 1.728-26.849; p: 0.006). The investigator concluded that stunting was high and was influenced by sociodemographic factors, child caring practices, and the household environment. The study recommends that the county government should enhance policies for women and girls education, sensitize the community on the benefits of family planning, provide livelihood support to families to improve income, promote knowledge on stunting among caregivers, strengthen community programs that promote timely complementary feeding, continue the current efforts to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and intensify measures to reduce stunting through multisectoral interventions.
Mapokeo na upya katika utenzi wa mwana kupona na vimelea vyake
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Kinara, Gladys
Utafiti huu ulichunguza mapokeo na upya katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona na vimelea vyake. Utafiti huu ulichochewa na hoja kuwa Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona ni maarufu na umeshughulikiwa na wataalam mbalimbali kufikia sasa. Hata hivyo, tangu utenzi huo kutungwa mwaka wa 1858 kumekuwa na washairi mbalimbali ambao wametunga tenzi zinazoelekea kuwa mwangwi wa utenzi huo na yaelekea kuwa utafiti wa aina hiyo haujatiliwa maanani. Ili kuziba pengo hilo, uchanganuzi ulifanywa kwa kuzingatia tungo zikiwemo Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona uliotungwa 1858 na kuchapishwa 1971 na Allen, J. W. T., ‘Utenzi wa Hati’ na ‘Utenzi wa Adili’ katika tawasifu ya Shaaban Robert ya; Maisha Yangu na Baada ya Miaka Hamsini (1967). Utenzi wa Howani Mwana Howani uliotungwa na Zaynab Himid Mohammed mwaka wa 1983 na utenzi wa Jawabu la Mwana Kupona uliotungwa na EL-Maawy mwaka wa 2011. Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza vipengele vya mapokeo katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona, kubainisha muumano katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona na vimelea vyake na kujadili upya katika vimelea vya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya Ki-Bakhtin kuhusu lugha. Nadharia hii ilibuniwa na Mikhail Bakhtin na kuendelezwa na Clark na Holquist (1984), Farmer (1998), Hirschkop (2001), Holquist (2002), Brandist (2002) kati ya wengine. Kwa mujibu wa nadharia hii, lugha au usemi wowote una nguvu za aina mbili: nguvu za kani kitovu na nguvu za kani pewa. Nguvu za kani kitovu ni sehemu ya lugha inayoelekezwa kwenye kitovu au katika mhimili mkuu wa mzunguko. Nguvu za kani pewa nazo ni sehemu ya lugha inayovuta kwenda nje ya kitovu. Nguvu kati ya kani kitovu na kani pewa ziliwasilisha mabadiliko ya lugha na zilihakikisha kuwa daima mabadiliko hayo yalibakia kushindana. Mhimili wa kani kitovu ulitumiwa kuchunguza mapokeo katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kuponana muumano uliopo kati ya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona na vimelea vyake. Nao mhimili wa kani pewa ulitumiwa kuchunguza upya katika vimelea vya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Utafiti huu ulikuwa wa kimaelezo. Utafiti ulijikita maktabani na nyanjani. Mtafiti alizuru maktaba mbalimbali zikiwemo za vyuo, kitaifa na dafina mbalimbali kama Research Institute of Swahili Studies of Eastern Africa (RISSEA) kwa lengo la kupata data faafu ya utafiti huu. Maktabani, vitabu, makala, majarida na wavuti zilisomwa kwa kina ili kupata data iliyosaidia katika kuweka msingi wa utafiti huu. Nyanjani, mtafiti alizuru eneo la Lamu kwa lengo la kupata mawazo ya wahojiwa kuhusu Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Mawazo hayo yalitumiwa kushadidia utafiti husika. Mtafiti alitumia maswali ya mwongozo wa mahojiano na mjadala ili kupata maoni ya wahojiwa yaliyochangia ufanisi wa utafiti huu. Sampuli iliteuliwa kimaksudi. Vitabu vilisomwa kwa kina ili kupata data faafu ya utafiti huu. Uchanganuzi ulifanywa kwa kuzingatia mihimili ya nadharia ya ki-Bakhtin kuhusu lugha pamoja na malengo ya utafiti. Data iliwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo katika sura mbalimbali. Ilibainika kwamba; tenzi hizi kwa kiasi kikubwa ziliazima kutoka katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona kifani na kimaudhui. Mambo waliyoazima yalikuwa mapokeo ambayo yalirithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Hata hivyo, japo warithi wa Mwana Kupona waliazima kutoka katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona, waliongeza upya katika tenzi zao ili kukidhi mahitaji ya wakati wao na hivyo kuzifanya tenzi hizi kuwa mwangwi wa Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Utafiti huu utachangia wasomi wa masuala ya fasihi ya Kiswahili katika kuonyesha uwezo wa vimelea vya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona kama vifaa muhimu katika kuangazia mageuzi yaliyotokea katika jamii katika mpito wa wakati
Uelewaji na ufasiri wa ujumbe katika matini tafsiri za kidini: vita kuu, njia salama na walioteuliwa na white.
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Nyabunga, Vince Arasa
This study investigated the problems of understanding and interpretating messages by the SDA believers who read translated books: The Great Controversy (1952), Steps to Christ (1977) and The Called and The Chosen few (ed), (2009) written by White. The specific aims of the study were to evaluate the understanding and interpreting of translated themes, the problems linguistics and stylistic problems, environmental and cultural differences and to examine the strategies used in translating the selected texts. Research methods used were content analysis, questionnaires and interviews. In the library the following themes were read and isolated: lifestyle, evangelism and prophecy. The data from the library was presented descriptively. On the other hand, the participants in the field were given questionnaires to fill and interview schedules respectively. The leaders were preachers and believers of SDA. Purposefully, the researcher selected seven SDA churches that use Kiswahili language in their church. These churches were Central SDA, Eldoret, Kisumu South Kisumu, Marindi, Homa-Bay, Nyanchwa, Kisii, Central SDA, Nyamira, Manyatta, Ranen and Kibomet, Kitale. The data obtained from the field, was presented statistically. This research focused on a total of 4,010 participants and a prospective sample size of 147. Therefore, 49 leaders and 98 believers in the seven churches were selected to participate in the study. The results of this study showed that linguistic, structural, environmental and cultural differences caused problems in the understanding and interpreting translated messages. Secondly, the methods used to teach such as the use of dreams, chronology, transcription, interviews, rendering and paraphrasing were problematic. Finally, the strategies used by the translators, caused problems in the understanding and interpreting of the translated messages among believers of SDA. This study discovered that previous studies neglected the target audience and gave more attention to the author. Therefore, there is a need to do more research on issues related to translation problems in order to address the levels of understanding and interpreting of messages in religious texts.