Kefa, Bunei KipngetichChumba, Careen IhazanoGathuka, Daniel KingoriCheruiyot, Dennis KipngenohMwonjoria, John KingoriNjagi, Eliud Nyaga Mwaniki2025-09-302025-09-302025-09Kefa, B. K., Chumba, C. I., Gathuka, D. K., Cheruiyot, D. K., Mwonjoria, J. K., & Njaga, E. N. M. (2025). Toxicity Evaluation, Phytochemical characterization and Pharmacological Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Combretum collinum Leaves: Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Animal Models. Scientific African, e02957.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02957https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/31484ArticleThe leaves of Combretum collinum are traditionally used to treat inflammation and promote wound healing. This study aims to assess the toxicity, phytochemical characterization and evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of Combretum collinum (AECC) leaves in an animal model. The phytochemical analysis was performed using LC-MS and safety assessment (acute and subacute toxicity) of AECC were conducted according to standard scientific procedures (OECD guidelines). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects was determined via formalin-induced assay, while the antipyretic activity used turpentineinduced fever model. Diclofenac (15mg/kg) served as a reference drug. No acute toxicity symptoms were observed after the oral administration of AECC at a dose of 2000mg/kg. In the sub-acute study, AECC extract showed no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects on general behavior, body weight, relative organ weights, and hematological and biochemical parameters. The analgesic activity of the AECC extract at 50, 100, and 150mg/kg resulted in a pain response reduction of 40.37 %, 39.89 %, and 40.38 %, respectively, in the acute phase, while the chronic phase demonstrated dose-dependent pain inhibition (p ≤ 0.05). The AECC extract also lowered rectal temperature in the antipyretic activity to 3.14 %, 3.61 %, and 3.86 %, respectively, for the same doses. AECC exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with reductions in formalininduced paw edema of 0.68 %, 0.69 %, and 0.68 % at 50, 100, and 150mg/kg, respectively. This study concludes that there are no acute or sub-acute toxicity symptoms associated with AECC and demonstrates its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects, indicating its potential application as a viable therapeutic agentenArticle