Kimathi, George2014-09-012014-09-012014-09-01http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/11097Department of Community Health, 210p. 2014, P96.R46 .K5Reproductive health problems are the leading cause of women's ill health and death worldwide. Approximately 99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries, with Sub-Saharan Africa registering a maternal mortality ratio of 1,000/100,000 live births. Maternal mortality in Kenya has continued to rise since 2003, from a ratio of 414 deaths per 100,000 live births to 488 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2009. Over 56% of deliveries in Kenya are attended by unskilled people and outside health facilities. Only 28% of women receive skilled care within the first 4 critical hours following delivery. Men play cardinal and dominant roles in reproductive health. However, increasing their participation has not always been achieved. The main objective of this study was to establish individual, programmatic and healthcare provider related determinants of Constructive Men’s Engagement (CME) in reproductive health, and explore their potential for improving women’s health. An interventional quasi-experimental design was applied with interventions to promote CME-RH being implemented in Makindu Sub-county for 12 months following baseline while Mutitu Sub-county served as a control site. A total of 968 men and 32 nurses participated with 484 men respondents being interviewed at baseline and end-term in both sites. Furthermore, 8 men and 10 women FGDs, in addition to 18 KII were undertaken. A GEM Scale for CME- RH was adapted and applied to establish CME-RH levels among respondents. Similarly, a Trainer of Trainers’ manual on CME-RH was also developed and used to facilitate fortnightly CME-RH sessions with groups of men in Makindu. SPSS Ver 19.1 was used for data management with Chi-square tests, correlation and regression statistics applied for analysis. At baseline, Makindu and Mutitu had 43.4% and 44.6% of men who had CME-RH respectively. However Makindu recorded 60.3%, while Mutitu had only 47.1% of men who were CME-RH compliant at post-test. On individual characteristics, education level OR= 2.095 (0.902- 4.839) p=0.004, age of respondent OR= 1.716 (1.328 -2.438) p<0.010, knowledge on the number of times a pregnant woman should attend ante-natal clinic OR =1.738 (1.239 - 2.925) p=0.008 and knowledge of conventional family planning methods OR= 0.733 (0.579 - 0.968) p=0.043 were identified as independent predictors of CME-RH. Spousal approval for use of family planning OR= 1.316 (0.06 - 2.296) p=0.002 as well as approval for access to FP services by young unmarried couples OR= 2.881 (1.783 - 5.271) p<0.001 were also significant. Programmatic independent predictors of CME-RH were identified as having male only RH meetings/trainings OR= 1.094 (0.766 - 1.703) p=0.015, lack of confidentiality among ANC/MCH staff OR=1.297 (0.793 - 2.237) p=0.016 and the perception that RH programs have done little to involve men OR=1.963 (1.289 - 2.19) p=0.003. The capacity of health care providers including their skills, competencies and attitude also greatly influenced CME-RH. This study recommends promotion of CME-RH to be prioritized while reproductive health programs should adopt a multi-sectoral approach in design and implementation. Trainings and health promotion meetings targeting men on RH matters should always be organized for men only. Ways must also be devised to ensure staff at ANC/MCH clinics observe confidentiality with regard to client information, while RH programs must engender men to play seminal roles as prevalent at household and community level. Research would be valuable to unravel cultural values and practices that could be harnessed to promote CME-RH in Kitui and Makueni Counties.enThesis