ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES IN KENYAN ACADEMIC
LIBRARIES: A CASE STUDY OF CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF
EASTERN AFRICA LIBRARY
BY
·JOTHAM MILIMO WASIKE
A PROJECT SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF MASTERS
DEGREE IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE, DEPARTMENT OF
LIBRARY STUDIES, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY.
2007
Wasike, Jotharn Milimo
Electronic
information services
\1I~1111111\1\IBIIIII.II\\I\
2010/344611
-- - --- - - -- ~ .-.-.
DECLARATION
I declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted in any University for the
award of a degree.
NAME: JOTHAM MILIMO WASIKE
SIGNATURE: ~_=_. __ ~ __ CJL _
This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university
supervisor.
SUPERVISOR: DR P. G
SIGNATURE:_---I'--+f..IF!-1f--H-~~L-------
DATE: ~_._I\_. _01_· _
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my late mother Mary Recho Wasike who instilled discipline and
hard work in my life from my childhood. May the Almighty God rest her soul in ~temal
peace. Amen!
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of this research may not have been possible without the help, inspiration
and support from various people.
For academic guidance and advice, I am most grateful to my supervisor, Dr P.O. Mwathi.
His accessibility, comments and positive criticisms played a very valuable role in my
research work. I am indebted to Dr. Joseph Kavulya, my colleague at work for streamlining
my questionnaires and laying a background for my research study.
I am grateful to my classmates Stanley Macharia, Esther Ing'aa and Josephine Kangethe for
their support in discussions and provision of both print and non-print media for consultation.
I am also grateful to the Catholic University Staff Development Committee for giving me
partial sponsorship that enabled me finish my programme successfully.
I would like to thank my dear wife Florence Jerotich Kipkemboi for her patience, financial
assistance, love and encouragement throughout my study period.
Last but not least I sincerely thank Lucy Wambui for accepting to type my work and
consequently typesetting it.
To all I say God bless you abundantly.
III
ACRONYMS
AMECEA A Member of Episcopal Conference of Eastern Africa
CD-ROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory
CHIEA Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa
CUEA Catholic University of Eastern Africa
CUEA Library Catholic University of Eastern Africa Library
DLF Digital Library Federation
E-journal Electronic journals
E-mail Electronic Mail
ICT Information Communication Technology
IT Information Technology
lKUAT Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology
NALISE National Association of Library and Information
OPAC Online Public Access Catalogue
SCECSAL Standing Conference of Eastern, Central and Southern
Africa Library
SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
USIU United States International University
IV
ABSTRACT
The project grapples with the challenges facing electronic information services with the
rising demand for new and current information systems by the library clientele. The type of
electronic information services and how they are being utilized in the university libraries has
been underscored. It gives reasons behind the departure from total reliance on print - based
information to the use of electronic and digital techniques in information storage and access.
The project reviews literature on vanous aspects of electronic information services in
academic libraries and also looks at similar studies carried out mostly in developed countries
where the use of electronic information services has been around for quite a longer time. It
uses the conceptual framework upon which this study is based. The applicability of the five
laws of library science in relation to academic libraries has also been looked at briefly. Other
areas looked at include: range and use of electronic information services, ICT, information
skills literacy, obstacles hindering electronic information services use and the benefits
accruing from these services.
The work further exarrunes the research designs that help to gather systematically
information necessary for library computerization. It also identifies the characteristics,
current practices and the preliminary information necessary for successful library
computerization. The target populations are the library users and the library staff. Sampling
and other important instruments have been used to collect the data.
The project also discusses and presents the results of data analysis in a systematic way. Data
collected was coded and computerized. Some of the issues covered include the type and
range of electronic information services, factors affecting library computerization, training
and attitudes of library users, problems, benefits and impact of electronic information
services.
It concludes by giving the summary and findings of the research which includes the CUEA
Library operating system and the software available. The conclusions given include the
v
recent advances in leT that has strengthened further the link between knowledge and broad
based development of information. It finishes with the recommendations on the way forward
with a call to academic libraries management to have a plan of action to cater for the short,
medium and long term computerization requirements.
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Declaration : i
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Acknowledgements. .. . . . . . . .. ill
Acronyms iv
Abstract. v
Table of content.............. vii
List of tables xi
List of figures xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction... .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . .. 1
1.2 Background of the study 1
1.3 Statement of the problem 12
1.4 Purpose of the study 13
1.5 Objectives of the study 14
1.6 Research questions 14
1.7 Significance of the study 15
1.8 Scope and limitations of the study ~ 16
1.9 Research assumptions 16
1.10 Theoretical framework 16
1.11 Conceptual framework. 17
1.12 Definition of terms 19
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Trends in the development of electronic information services............... 20
2.3 ICT and its use in African academic libraries 22
Vll
• • _ _ _ _ • __ ._. __ -. .••.• __ ••• -. ~ • ~ .• fIIIII
2.4 Library software 24
2.5 Network topology 24
2.6 Types of electronic information services and range of use 25
2.7 Modernization of library systems 28
2.8 Application of information communication technology 30
2.9 Electronic library versus Paper library 31
2.10 Digital libraries and information networks 32
2. 11 Challenges in the provision of electronic information services............... 34
2.12 Improving access to electronic information service. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 37
2.13 Benefits of electronic information Services 38
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Research Design 40
3.3 Area of study 40
3.4 Target Population 40
3.5 Sampling method 41
3.6 Sample size , 41
3.7 Data collection methods 41
3.8 Research instruments 42
3.8.0 Formulation of research instruments 42
3.8.1 Questionnaires.................................................................. 43
3.8.2 Interview Schedule 43
3.8.3 Observation checklist .43
3.9 Data interpretation and discussion................................................ 44
3.10 Data quality control.. .44
3.11 Ethical issues 45
3.12 Administration of the statements and limitations 45
Vlll
CHAPTER FOUR
Data Analysis, presentation and interpretation
4.0 Introduction 47
4.1 Background information of the respondents : 47
4.1.1 Attitude of library staff towards computerization .49
4.1.2 Library users' attitude towards electronic information services .49
4.2 Funding of the CUEA library 50
4.3 Time allocated for usage of electronic information services 51
4.4 Electronic information services 51
4.5 Comparison of electronic information services and traditional information
Services 52
4.6 Types of electronic information services and purpose for the use 55
4.6.1 Online public access catalogue 55
4.6.2 Internet 57
4.6.3 CD-ROMs frequency of searches 59
4.7 Availability of electronic information services 61
4.8 Most used electronic format 62
4.9 Training in the use of electronic information services 63
4.9.1 Staff training 64
4.9.2 Library training of users 65
4.9.3 Types of training 67
4.10 Success of electronic information services in library systems 68
4.11 Success of electronic library systems in terms of user application/acceptance 68
4.12 Evaluation of the resources of key electronic information service units 69
4.13 Problems experienced in the use of electronic information services 69
4.14 Obstacles hindering effective use of electronic information services 70
4.15 Computerization constraints 71
4.16 Improvement of the electronic information services 72
4.17 Information communication technology experience 74
4.18 Impact of computerization on the CUEA Library 75
- IX
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary of the findings, conclusions and recommendations
5.1 Introduction 77
5.1 Summary 77
5.2 Conclusion 79
5.3 Recommendations 80
Bibliography 85
x
Appendix I:
Appendix II:
Appendix III:
Appendix IV:
Appendix V:
APPENDICES
Budget for research 88
Letter of Introduction ',' 89
Questionnaire for library staff. 90
Questionnaire for university librarian 97
Questionnaire for library users l 04
Xl
Table I:
Table II:
Table III:
Table IV:
Table IV:
Table VI:
Table VII:
LIST OF TABLES
Population of the CUEA Library Users
Response Rate
Attitudes of Staff
Users' Attitude
Sources of Funding
Yearly Budget Allocation of Electronic Information Services
Time Allocation
Table VIII: Types of Services
Table IX: Comparison of services
Table X: ICT Facilities in the CUEA Library
Table XI: Use of Electronic Information Services
Table XII: Importance of Electronic Information Services
Table XIII: Knowledge of OPAC
Table: XIV: Usage ofOPAC
Table: XV: Accessibility
Table XVI: Internet Services
Table XVII: Reasons for internet use
Table XVIII: Why Prefer Internet to other Electronic Information Services
Table XIX: Availability of CD-ROM Databases in the CUEA Library
Table XX: Update of CD-ROMS
Table XXI: Access of CD-ROMS
Table XXII: Library Users' Knowledge on how to access CD-ROM Databases
Table XXIII: Types of Electronic Information Services Available at the
CUEA library
Table XXIV: Frequency of use of electronic Information Services
XlI
Table XXV: Electronic Formats
Table XXVI: Level of Usefulness of Electronic Formats
Table XXVII: Areas of Training
Table XXVIII: Ease of Use
Table XXIX: Inadequacy of Library Staff
Table XXx. Training of library users in Software for cataloging
Table XXXI: Indicate whether your Training was adequate
Table XXXII: Forms of Training
Table XXXIII: Indicators of a Successful Electronic Information Services
Table XXXIV: User Application and Acceptance
Table XXXV: Evaluation of Electronic System Software.
Table: XXXVI: Constraint Indicators
Table XXXVII: Obstacles of Electronic Services
Table XXXVIII: Areas of Improvement
Table XXXIX: Benefits of Electronic Information Services
Table XL:
Table XLI:
Table XLII:
Table XLIII:
ICT Knowledge
Duration of Experience in ICT Use
Impact of Electronic Information Services
Effects of Electronic Information Services
)(111
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:
Figure II:
Academic qualifications of the CUEA Library staff
Gender distribution of the respondents
Figure III: Level of automation at the CUEA Library
Figure IV: Purposes for electronic information services
Figure V: Problems experienced in the electronic information services usage
XIV
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
This section of the proposal serves to discuss the background of the study, states and defines
the problem that the proposal is attempting to address or solve, state the aims and objectives
of the research work and gives an indication of how the work will progress. It attempts to
establish that a problem exists and there is need for a study to be carried out. It also justifies
the study. The researcher attempts to analyze the study in these divisions: background of the
study, statement to the problem, aims and objectives of the study, research hypothesis,
research questions, significance of the study, limitations of the study and the theoretical and
conceptual frameworks.
1.2 Background to the study
The growth of academic libraries is one of the most significant factors in the advancement of
the universities in the world today. Although the origin of academic libraries dates back to
16th century most of the dramatic changes have occurred since World War two (11).
Collections grew extensively during the 25-year period from 1945 to 1970. By the early
1970's technologies (including Computerization) began to affect libraries in profound ways.
Lowry (1985) the library director for the South Alabama University notes:
Libraries are fundamentally 19th century institutions. They have for centuries
been labour intensive craft workshops. Today the library is being
transformed into a capital-intensive, high technology light industry and the
extent of technology applied to libraries over the past ten years is great in
terms of scope and impact (p.27).
The major changes in academic libraries in Kenya have been the adoption of computers to
library activities. Card catalogs are being replaced by new online public access catalogs,
various indexes to periodical literature and encyclopedias are being searched through online
'database retrieval services. Interlibrary cooperation has been revolutionized through
electronic transmission of information. Some educators who are librarians see the new
1
technology phasing out traditional libraries and replacing them with computerized
information systems.
The demand for new and current information systems has necessitated the need for
organization of information in such a way that it can be quickly and easily accessed and
retrieved. Manual systems which are used to acquire, store and retrieve information have
proved to be unsuitable for handling the ever increasing demand for information and the
unsatisfied nature of information inquirer. The advent of information communication
technology (lCT) has brought a new dimension to information/knowledge management.
Hence, information professionals have realized that computers, telecommunications and
networks are useful tools which can help in the important function or task of
information/knowledge management.
In academic libraries the mechanization of library house-keeping operations is known as
computerization. In the information world library computerization refers to the process of
computing functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and online
public access catalog (OPAC). Hence a library computerized system is a computer system
designed to compute functions or tasks in a library (library operations). In a nutshell,
academic libraries are faced with the realities of limited resources, tremendous growth in the
amount of information available, and increased cost of acquiring and storing collections
Tolliver (1997). In response to these problems facing academic libraries, librarians have
been forced to look at electronic information services and the changes they bring about.
Use of electronic information services In libraries and more so in academic libraries is
changing the ways in which libraries are meeting the needs of their clientele. Libraries are
finding it increasingly difficult to acquire and make available to their users the full range of
information sources in print form. At the same time electronic information products and
services are appearing at a highly increasing rate. During the past ten years there has been
an exponential growth in the number of electronic journals, online citation databases and full
text aggregation acquired by librarians.
2
In a study carried out in Penn State libraries Hill (1994) observes
... there was an increase in financial investment in electronic
information services while funding for print services declined.
In a similar study on the use of electronic documents in libraries Malinconico (1998) noted:
Users find the electronic services attractive
and use them more heavily than print services.
As a result, libraries in response to the needs of their users and overwhelmed by the
problems posed by the print journal, for example, delays in publication and delivery, are
increasingly making the electronic information services available through the use of the
internet, CD ROMs and other CD formats. This trend is being replicated in most academic
libraries in both developed and developing countries like Kenya.
Libraries across the globe exist to meet the information needs of their clients. They do this
through the selection and acquisition of relevant and timely information sources. In the past,
libraries were used to acquiring paper-based sources. However, this is changing, thanks to
emerging information communication technology (lCT) that has completely changed the
face of the traditional library. For more than one decade Kiondo (2004) notes that:
African academic libraries have been selecting, acquiring and
providing electronic information services to the academic user
community
Brophy (2000) observes,
Libraries all over the world are changing the old models based on the idea of
library as a storehouse of knowledge, and are giving way to concept based
on the development of 'intermediary' roles acted out in hybrid environment
in which information services may be either traditional or in electronic
formats.
These observations indicate that the libraries are providing both the paper and electronic
services.
Academic libraries, which are the focus of this study, are becoming more dependent on the
use of computers and their peripherals for the delivery of most of their services.
For more than three centuries the printed journal has been serving as the
primary medium of research communication and has remained unchanged
since the first scholarly journal "journal des Scavans" which was published
in 1665 Rao (2001).
Despite its benefits to the academic and research community the printed journal has been
subjected to criticism from many angles such as peer review process, delays in publication,
escalating costs, lack of subjectivity, stoppage of library subscriptions and commercial
publishers holding copyrights. These challenges have led libraries to look for alternative
services of information, for example, electronic information services.
With the emergence of the Internet, publishing has become very easy, quick and cheap in
medium that can be accessed easily by everyone anywhere. Information services are no
longer confined within the library walls. With proper information communication
technology (lCT) facilities in place, users are able to access electronic services regardless of
their geographical location, economic, or social status.
Publishers, booksellers and distributors of library materials are taking advantage of the
Internet especially the World Wide Web (www) and e-mail facilities to market and sell their
products and communicate with their clients Chisenga (2000) notes:
...publishers are setting up catalogues, abstracts, bibliographic citations,
ordering information and announcements of forthcoming publications
4
On the other hand librarians are taking advantage of these online services to facilitate
availability of information to their users.
Several studies conducted have also shown that academic and research libraries are
subscribing fewer journals, despite new journals being launched each year. One study
revealed that academic libraries were subscribing:
7% fewer journals and 21 % fewer books. The price of an average journal
subscription increased by 147 % and that of a book by 63 % between 1986 and
1996 Rao (2001).
This high increase in books and journal subscription prices could be the reason why most
academic libraries in developing countries, ceased subscribing to most print journals. Of
course there are other reasons, which could have contributed to this, such as:
• Budget cuts by the governments, the major financiers of academic programmes.
• Publishers publishing some of their products electronically and making them
available to academic and research communities on the Internet.
• Availability of both formats, for example, the print and the electronic formats.
Nowadays it is common to find books published after 2000 accompanied by an
electronic format in a CD-ROM.
The availability of such information online is of vital importance since the librarians are
using it to facilitate collection development in Libraries. Libraries can now select and place
orders for materials online. Payment can also be made electronically. This not only reduces
the time spent between selection and delivery of information services but also ensures
efficiency of the whole process of acquisition.
Studies done in Africa indicate that a large number of libraries are connected to the Internet.
Internet access is also fairly fast. However, a study carried out by Chisenga (2000), found
out that most of the academic libraries with internet access were not taking advantage of the
5
potential provided by the Internet in the provision of electronic information services and
other related services.
The study further identified four factors that have created the current state. of affairs. They
include:
• Inadequate funding
• Inadequate telecommunication infrastructure
• High costs of telecommunication facilities
• General shortage of skilled ICT human resources in libraries.
From the above one can conclude that academic libraries in Africa have access to electronic
information services. However, the level of accessibility varies from one library to another
depending on the funds and the state oftelecommunication facilities in a given country.
For libraries to make use of electronic information services available they will require
sufficient funds for the purchase and installation ofICT, establishment oflocal networks and
connection to external networks, establishment and conversion of materials to electronic
format and training of staff in various ICT skills.
Another study to determine usage of the campus intranet and internet among academic staff
revealed that:
... those who were not using the facilities cited among other reasons lack of
guidance on how to use the intranet, lack of technical know how and lack of
useful content Mutula (2000).
In addition many more staff still preferred using manual catalog citing service problems and
slow networks Chisenga (2003).These problems and others not mentioned in the studies
have contributed to the underutilization of electronic information services in most
academic libraries.
6
Kenyan universities just like other African universities have not been left behind as far as
proliferation of electronic services and electronic networking is concerned. Kavulya (2004)
quoting Agalo (1998) notes:
... there is evidence of departure from total reliance on print-based
information to the use of electronic and digital techniques in information
storage and access.
Most of the academic libraries in Kenya have embraced the emerging lCT in the library in
an effort to supplement the paper based services which have become increasingly difficult to
acquire especially in the public universities due to financial constraints. This has been
brought about by the reduction in government funding to the public universities which rely
on the government funds to finance most of their operations. On the other hand private
universities rely heavily on the student tuition fees to conduct their operations, including
funding for their libraries.
Public universities in Kenya are beneficiaries of a World Bank project which funded the
modernization of lCT and information infrastructure in the universities Mutula (2001) notes:
.... the purchase of computers, equipments, books and periodicals has been
funded through the World Bank project.
However, the project has not been popular in the universities because most of the facilities
ended up in staff offices rather than in common places such as the libraries and laboratories
where they could be used by the majority users. This has slowed down the process of library
computerization and more so the use of electronic services especially in public universities.
A study carried by Kavulya ( 2004) revealed that both Catholic University of Eastern Africa
(CUEA) and United States University -Africa (USlU) have Online Public Access
Catalogue CaPAC), Moi University and Kenyatta University have OPAC in operation, and
7
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) is in the process of
inputting their records into computer database.
Most of these academic libraries have integrated into their collections electronic and Internet
based information services. Kenyatta, JKUAT and Egerton have established a vote for the
purchase of CD-ROMs in the field of agriculture and environment, among other areas of
interest to their users.
From the various studies conducted by various information professionals in Kenya, it is
evident that there are lots of electronic information services, which are in use. However, the
researcher feels that there is need to assess the electronic information services in academic
libraries with special reference to CUEA Library. It is against this background that this study
was conducted.
Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA)
Historical background
The Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA), like most other universities, started in a
modest way. It commenced as a graduate school of theology known as the Catholic Higher
Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA).
The Institute (CHIEA) was founded in 1984 by the Regional Ecclesiastical Authority known
as the Association of Member Episcopal Conferences of Eastern Africa (AMECEA) whose
member countries are Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and
Zambia.
On 2 May 1984, CHIEA was authorized by the Congregation for Catholic Education,
Vatican City (cf. Prot. N. 821180/34), to offer two-year Licentiate/MA programmes in
Theology. On 3 September of the same year, it was officially inaugurated by Rt Rev. Bishop
Madaldo Mazombwe, the then Chairman of AMECEA.
8
On 18 August 1985, it was officially opened by Pope John Paul II. In 1986, the Graduate
School of Theology started negotiations with the Commission for Higher Education in
Kenya towards the establishment of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).
In 1989, the Institute obtained the "Letter of Interim Authority" as the first step towards its
establishment as a private university. After three years of intensive negotiations between the
Authority of the Graduate School of Theology (CHIEA) and the Commission for Higher
Education, the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences was established. The climax of the
negotiations was a granting of the Civil Charter to CHIEA on 3 November 1992. This
marked the birth of the Catholic University as a private university.
In 2002, the Faculties of Science and Commerce were established. Then the Faculty of
Education and the Center for Social Justice & Ethics followed in 2003.
CUEA philosophy
CUEA is founded on the philosophy of the Catholic Higher Education which stresses free
search for the whole truth about nature, humanity and God. It promotes exploration of every
path of knowledge, and is conscious of being preceded by him who is "The Way, the Truth
and the Life."
Catholic University philosophy is based on the concept of global understanding and
cooperation through education. As such, CUEA values
• The development of the intellectual potential and character of every individual
through active participation in learning.
• A probing, analytical thinking process that helps individuals to clarify and expand
their beliefs and values and motivates lifelong learning.
• Basic skills in communication, technology, qualitative, quantitative analysis, and
research needed for future fields of work.
• A learning environment which promotes and models global understanding and
multicultural perspectives in all areas of academic, administrative and student life.
9
• Perspectives on global history, issues, concerns and applications in objective and
innovative ways in all programs.
• Human, technical, material and experimental services and opportunities which
enhance the academic and non-academic life of the community.
• Faculty and staff who understand in their disciplines and areas of responsibilities,
objective learners, models of ethical behavior and representative of diverse beliefs,
nationalities and experiences.
• The involvement of stakeholders in the design, implementation and evaluation of the
university's mission and future direction.
Vision
The University's conviction is that the spirit of the Lord enables human beings through the
development of their intelligence and talents to find meaning in life. The university plays its
role as an academic and formative agent for creating, acquiring knowledge and producing
graduates who are competent leaders for the church and the society.
Objectives
CUEA aspires to serve local and international communities by confronting perplexing issues
and proposing solutions to some of the great problems facing societies and cultures.
It provides facilities and opportunities to scholars In sharing the joy of searching for,
discovering and communicating knowledge.
In addition, its Christian inspiration enables the university to promote a moral, spiritual and
religious dimension in its research, teaching and community service.
It thus aims at producing an authentic labour force capable of contributing to economic,
political, social and national development goals that protect and enrich human dignity.
(http//www.cuea.edu)
The CUEA library
The official name of the library at the Catholic University of Eastern Africa, is Bishop
McCauley Memorial Library, but its popular name is CUEA Library. The library had been
10
set up to meet the academic needs of the Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa
(C.H.I.E.A.) which was officially inaugurated in 1985. Since 1992 when C.H.I.E.A. was
accredited with a university charter, the library has been addressing the academic needs of
the Catholic University of Eastern Africa.
Library objectives
The library has a twofold objective namely: to equip the university community with
information skills and to transform individuals into critical thinkers. In order to achieve the
former, the library will be offering a full course on information literacy skills instead of just
orientation programmes. It will however achieve the latter by offering consultancy services
to enable the users to objectively analyze information for the good of the society.
Vision
The library's VISIOn is guided by the university VISIOn. It seeks to play its role as a
resourceful centre of information within the university.
Mission
Operating within a multicultural and rapidly developing environment, the library and its
staff are committed to being active and creative partners in the teaching, research and other
knowledge application activities of the university through service to the CUEA community
by selecting, organizing, presenting and preserving information resources for present and
future scholarly communities.
The CUEA Library currently serves 4800 students and 500 teaching and non-teaching staff.
It has constituent libraries at:
• Hekima College
• Marist International
• Tangaza College
CUEA Library started its electronic information services in 1996. It has a good collection of
CD-ROM databases such as the essential social science index and a host of other electronic
services accessible online.
11
CUEA Library is a modern working University Library, providing a full range of high
quality information services based on both print and electronic media to university students,
faculty staff, alumni and external readers from other universities in Kenya and the East
African region. (www.cuealibrary.edu).
1.3 Statement of the Problem
The academic library is an important agent in the pursuit of excellence in the University
system. Its goal is to support the objectives of the university, which are learning, teaching
research and community services.
For the academic libraries to be able to carry out their objectives they will require a library
system; that not only provides the university community with the essential information
services, but also goes out of its way to reach out to the user community.
Present libraries and more so academic ones are actively involved in incorporating
electronic information services on networked environment to provide the much needed
primary research information that is hard to come by in print form.
Academic libraries are assembling a wide range of information services III all formats
including electronic. This is aimed at increased access to accurate, relevant and up-to-date
information from both immediate and remote databases.
This has become necessary because of the current phenomenon of information explosion
worldwide resulting from astronomical rate, at which information is being generated in the
21SI century. The information explosion has been further intensified by the advent of
information communication technology especially the Internet.
This increase in student population and the start of virtual and distance learning in some
universities in Kenya has had an impact on the already inadequate information services in
the library. Academic libraries faced with this challenge have resorted to use of electronic
information services to supplement the print information services.
The introduction of ICT courses in most universities has brought up a new crop of library
users who are conversant with the new developments in ICT. These users require timely and
12
relevant information, which is mostly accessible electronically. Universities are there
making efforts to modernize and integrate technology to provide effective information
services to the users. Mutula(2001)observes:
... that these developments in information technology are giving the libraries
in the country an opportunity to gain access to the internet browsing,
telecommunications and remote learning.
Due to inadequate funds for the libraries' operations, the academic libraries in Kenya have
in the recent past been subscribing to numerous online databases, for example, Ebscohost,
Emerald, Dogpile, Altavista and Yahoo.com. This has been made possible through a
consortium with other institutions of higher learning in Kenya.
This consortium has enabled the libraries to avail electronic information services to their
users. This could not be possible if each library was to go it alone due to the inadequate
funds, which have hit the universities just like other sectors of our economy.
Despite the availability of electronic information services in the libraries, it has been
observed that most library users are not taking this advantage to facilitate their research and
learning.
It is on this basis that the researcher wants to find the level of use of the electronic
information services in academic libraries in Kenya with Catholic university library as a
case study. However, one can research further and find out whether the current expectations
of both the library staff and the users in the utilization of electronic information services are
being met.
1.4 Purpose of the study
The study is geared towards finding solutions to the weaknesses of the manual system in the
provision of information services in academic libraries that directly support the instructional
and research needs of the faculty and students.
The study will also look at the various factors influencing electronic information services,
the library services that need electronic component, the benefits accruing from the electronic
13
information services, the effects of electronic information services, how the provision of
electronic information services is carried out, levels of electronic information services in an
academic library, personnel that are involved and the training required for them.
Most of the academic libraries in Kenya, if not all have integrated electronic information
services. Users can now choose between using paper based and electronic information
services.
The study alms at establishing the use of electronic information services III academic
libraries in Kenya. In addition, the study aims at identifying whether the available electronic
services are adequately used and/if there are any problems in their use.
1.5 Objectives of the study
1. To investigate what the Catholic University Library (CUEA Library) has so
far achieved in the area of electronic information services.
2. To find out the factors influencing electronic information services in the CUEA
Library
3. To find out the benefits accruing from the electronic information services in the
CUEA Library
4. To investigate the challenges posed by the electronic information services
in the CUEA Library
5. To establish the types and range of electronic information services in the
CUEA Library
6. To establish the attitude of the library users towards the use of electronic
information services in the CUEA Library.
7. To assess if both the CUEA Library staff and users have the necessary information
skills to use the electronic information services.
1.6 Research Questions
What has CUEA Library achieved so far in the area of electronic information
services?
14
2. What are the factors that are determining and influencing the use of electronic
information services in the CUEA Library?
3. What are the benefits of using electronic information services in the CUEA Library?
4. How are the electronic information services being provided by the CUEA library?
5. What problems are being encountered in the provision of electronic information
services in the CUEA library?
6. What are the types and range of electronic information services in use at the
CUEA Library?
7. What are the attitudes of users towards electronic information services in the
CUEA Library?
8. What information skills are required in order to use the electronic information
services?
1. 7 Significance of the Study
The study will provide very vital information regarding electronic information services to
those researchers who may wish to carry out a similar academic research. It is aimed at
helping academic libraries in Kenya in the improvement of their information service
delivery to the staff and users by exposing the weaknesses of the current system and how
these can be alleviated. The research will further form a basis for future electronic
information services planning, formulation of new strategies and approaches to
computerization of information services in academic libraries in Kenya.
The study will establish the problems and challenges surrounding the electronic information
services in academic libraries and provide solutions that these libraries can adopt to
overcome them.
It can also be used as a launching pad for other extensive studies that may be carried out in
this area. It will further provide some in-depth knowledge on the state of electronic
information services in academic libraries to the policy makers and planners in the
government as well as the university administrations in Kenya.
15
1.8 Scope and Limitation of the Study
Considering the short time the researcher has to carry out the study it is only logical to carry
it out in only one private university library. The Academic libraries were chosen for the
study because of their great need for electronic information services. Electronic information
services provided by these libraries are similar and therefore the outcome of this study will
reflect the state of electronic information services in the other academic libraries in Kenya.
The academic library to be studied as a case study is strategically placed within the environs
of Nairobi city hence making it more accessible to the researcher. Secondly, the researcher
is to solely fund this study making it difficult to go beyond one case study because of the
financial constrains.
1.9 Research Assumptions
1. It is to be assumed that the library staff and other participants chosen in this study
would report accurately and honestly their assessment regarding the electronic
information services in CUEA Library
2. The techniques and methods to be used during the period of the Research study are
most appropriate.
3. The sample randomly selected will be a fair representation of the whole population
and that conclusive generalization can be made.
1.10 Theoretical Framework
The academic library environment is in a state of transition in terms of services and users.
Many information sources once available only in print are now available in print, CD-ROM,
online and electronic form Abels (1996). The observed transition is apparently necessitated
by the emergence of the modern information and communication technology (lCT) and its
unprecedented impacts on the provision of library services. Therefore, the use of
information communication technology (computers, telecommunication and reprography.)
has a special role in the modernization of library practices. With lCT, things such as
electronic cataloguing, online public access catalogues (OPACs), electronic acquisitions,
serials control, electronic circulation functions, electronic distribution of commercial
16
publications, electronic availability of raw data, multimedia information delivery systems,
digitized collections and online textbooks are all now practicable with a higher degree of
user satisfaction Ajayi ( 2002). The importance of CD-ROM as a medium of providing
information to researchers and scholars is obvious. One advantage of CD-ROMs is that most
of them have search software with networking capabilities that can allow access to more
than one library users. Similarly, the availability of e-mail and internet facilities in academic
libraries offers a wide range of access to information globally without geographical barrier
and timely too. In view of this, librarians and library users in Kenya now want to send e-
mails or browse websites on the internet Omoniwa (2001).
1.11 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework will show how the concepts in this study are interrelated. The
framework shows the electronic information services as the independent variables with the
users, the library staff and academic libraries as the dependent variables.
Utilization of electronic information services in academic libraries is dependent on many
factors ranging from information skills for the staff and the user, improved accessibility, to
availability of ICT facilities amongst other determinants. The diagram below illustrates the
conceptual framework.
17
Library users
Post Graduate
Undergraduate
Staff
Management
Bonafide
Members
Alumni
Obstacles
Computer
Management
support
Literacy
Inadequate
Facilities
Connectivity
Funds
Power supply.
LIBRARY
STAFF
Source: Snippet(200 1)
Electronic
information
services
Internet
CD-ROMS
E- Journals
E- Mail
OPACs.
Interventions
More funds
Trained
manpower
Information
literacy
Increased
connectivity
Benefits
Ease of
access
Remote
accessibility
Multiple
searches
Compactness
Faster.
18
1.12 Definition of terms
Automation- The organization of machine handling of routines or operations, requmng
minimal human intervention.
Computer- Electronic machines which can access data, store it, manipulate it as instructed
in program and retrieve it.
Computerization-Process in which data is manipulated and stored for easy retrieval by the
information seekers
Database- A collection of index records in machine-readable format.
Hardware-Apparatus used in information retrieval, data processing, the audio-visual field
or required for the consultation of all non-book materials which are not readable by the
unaided eye.
Information-An assemblage of data in comprehensible form recorded on paper or some
other medium and capable of communication
Information services-The practice of providing services that link information seekers to
information services. Providing these information services calls for information specialists
such as librarians to act as intermediaries.
Software -A program that controls the functions of a computer.
Source: Prytherch (1990)
19
CHAPTER TWO
LITERA TURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited
scholars and researchers Kombo(2006). This section of the project therefore deals with the
works the researcher consulted in order to understand and investigate the research problem.
It involves a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that the
researcher is carrying out. It involves examining documents such as books, magazines,
journals and dissertations that have a bearing on the study being conducted.
2.2 Trends in the development of electronic information services
As far back as 1978, developing countries were being urged to seize on the new
technologies and leapfrog to electronic libraries, by-passing the book Lancaster (1997).
Although this vision of the future has been disputed, certainly more recent discussions on
university education in Africa have leaned towards the adoption of electronic information
services. Whether for the computerization of libraries, accessing or acquiring of information
through the use of CD-ROM or electronic networks it is of key importance in solving
university library problems. Saint, in a 1992 information study, devoted half the space in
which he discussed educational inputs to the advantages of CD-ROM. A World Bank paper
in 1994 promoted the idea that CD-ROMs and electronic networks offered cost-effective
access to current information. And a major donor program in support of African university
libraries run by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) has
since 1991 concentrated on introducing CD-ROM to libraries and on sensitizing African
decision makers at the university level to its potential through practical demonstrations at
Association of African Universities' meetings.
-Although most publications also emphasize the need for well-stocked libraries with
sufficient study space, among senior academics and administrators, the general impression
remains, that electronic information services will save the universities from having to spend
money on the purchase of books and journals by providing the needed information
20
electronically with no or little charge attached. This view is well summed up by one Pro-
Vice Chancellor at a Columbia university in a keynote speech given in 1993. He said this in
connection with libraries:
If there is a single weapon that will help in the struggle to keep information
alive and well in Africa, it is certainly the Pc. We have to acknowledge that
there is not enough money to achieve all of our objectives, but we should
also recognize that we can take full advantage of these information
technologies as new and powerful allies in our struggle against
attrition of information services. (i
The years since 1989 have seen tremendous progress in the introduction and use of lCT in
African university libraries. Before that, the use of a computer for any purpose was seen as
something of a novelty and the use of telecommunications for information access was
virtually unheard of. Now the use of PCs and CD-ROM for developing local databases and
for literature searching is common. Libraries use e-mail for international linkage. The level
of lCT adoption and the use that is made of the new technologies differ widely between
libraries.
With the need to respond to rapid changes in technology which affect content of nearly
every course, graduates must be up to date with the latest system software if they were to
keep pace with the current demands in the knowledge economy Gallimore (1996). The
solutions to this problem lie in effective adaptation of lCT in academic libraries. Through
K'T, library users can have access to a variety of information available on computer
networks and online services across the globe. Thus Omoniwa (2001) has suggested that in
the 2151 century globalization of information and the adaptation of information
communication technology will be the hallmark of modern libraries. The size of libraries or
their collection may not be the benchmark but rather accessibility to the major improvement
21
of library electronic information services. Therefore for any library to derive maximum
benefit in this information age it has to adopt ICT.
2.3 ICTs use in African academic libraries
In a survey carried out in 1990 in Nigeria only SIX (6) of the academic libraries were
computerized and nine (9) "were about to be computerized", and two libraries "plan" to be
computerized. The same survey showed that Windows NT and MSDOS were the commonly
used operating systems among the computerized university libraries while TINLIB is the
most popular library software.
The results also show that cataloguing of library materials ranked first among computerized
library tasks with all computerized libraries doing it, then Circulation and Serial Control.
Since 1990 there has been a relative improvement on the number of University Libraries that
have computerized their Serial Control Alabi (1995).The massive computerization of
Cataloguing, Circulation and Serial control vividly explains the need to have effective and
efficient bibliographic control of available materials in these libraries. Other operations that
may also be computerized as specified include reference services and reserve books
collections.
Surveys carried out by UNESCO (1995) show that major electronic information based
service provided by academic libraries in Africa is the CD-ROM search followed by
Reprographic (photocopying) service then MARC. Internet services are only provided by
1/5 of the libraries. The results of this survey is consistent with that of Omoniwa (2001) who
found out that discussion within the Academic Libraries in Africa have for some time been
pointing to the direction of linking them to the internet. Although only a few university
libraries are completely linked to the internet in Kenya, studies show that arrangements are
in the pipeline to provide internet and e-mail services. Apparently facsimile (fax) is the least
lCT-based service which is not patronized by the surveyed Academic libraries in Africa.
Another study carried out by Hayden (1998) alludes that installation of Local Area Network
(LAN) is a common feature and practice among the computerized academic libraries in
22
Africa. The availability of computer networks in African Academic Libraries explains the
appreciation of ICT in information dissemination and resource sharing, besides increase in
staff productivity. It is cost effective because library management can provide (for instance)
central printing system through LAN amongst staff and management which further enhance
effective decision-making. When different units (Acquisition, Cataloguing, Circulation etc)
have a common computerized and bibliographic database in a given library through
networking, the benefits are numerous Hayden (1998).
Application of leT in academic libraries has completely changed the way in which they are
providing access to the variety of information services.
There is no doubt that the introduction of and use of leT has brought
demonstrable benefits to all libraries and their users Rosenberg (1997).
Availability of ICT and access to electronic information services have resulted to general
improvement in the quality of services provided. According to Rosenberg the downloading
of cataloguing records and access to library of congress classification scheme online has
freed staff for other professional work and eased the production of current awareness
services like accessions lists and Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI).
Rosenberg further alludes that several training sessions for staff ought to focus on how easy
the staff can utilize the software by training each staff according to his/her job description.
In-house training of staff enhances their skills of using the software on their different job
descriptions. The training ought to touch on all modules.
Funding in academic library for electronic information services is mainly through the parent
university. Other sources include grants, government subsidies for public academic libraries,
fundraising, donors and library fees Kavulya (2000)
23
2.4 Library Software
There are several softwares available in the market today for library operations. This
includes Erudite, X-lib, and Inmagic. The decision on the type of software to be used is
basically on the features it has that meets the library needs. It should also cost less than
others and has its developers/maintenance agents locally Peter (1997)
Network Description
Networking is the interconnection of two or more computers with the purpose of sharing
resources. The resources are the library software, library database and other peripherals such
as printers and scanners. There are two main types of network models. We have the peer to
peer model and the Client/Server module Snippet (2001).
Peer module
This is a decentralized networking mode which means all account administration is
maintained to each machine and that each machine maintains its own account database. In
this module, computers are connected to each other via network cables, the computers
involved can share files and peripheral devices, such as printers. Each computer in this peer-
to-peer module is an equal 'peer' to the others. The network involves the use of hubs if more
than two personal computers are used but none is superior over the other.
Client/Server module
A module defined by the presence of servers on the network that provide security and
administration of the network. The server is typically a high performance machine that will
support sharing of even very large fields or allow a number of users on the network without
suffering slow downs or other performance problems. It is highly recommended for
academic libraries.
2.5 Network Topology
"Thetopology of a network describes its layout or the pattern of cabling used to connect the
PCs together. There are three notable and commonly used network topologies which are
Bus, Ring and Star Peter (1997).
24
Bus topology
This is a single conduct in which all the network nodes and peripheral devices are attached.
It is a kind of a linear networking pattern in which two or more computers are connected in a
linear form. A node on a Bus network transmits data at anytime regardless of any data being
sent by other nodes.
Ring topology
It connects the nodes of the network in a circular chain in which each node is connected to
the next. The final node in each chain connects to the first to complete the ring. There is no
danger of data collisions because data always flow in one direction. Nevertheless if the
connection is broken the entire network goes down.
Star topology
It is the most highly recommended topology for an academic library. It places a hub in a
centre of the network nodes and groups of data are routed through the central hub that
connects the systems to the server then to their destinations. One advantage of star topology
is the hub monitors traffic and prevents collisions of data.
2.6 Types of Electronic Information Services and Range of use
The use of electronic information services in libraries and more so in academic libraries has
been gaining popularity amongst both the users and library staff. In a study carried out to
assess the use of electronic services in libraries Malinconco (1998) observed that
... researchers, scholars, academic faculty and students in developed
countries are increasingly getting and creating their information
electronically. Electronic information is already competing quite successfully
with information in the traditional printed form. Librarians interviewed in the
study said that library users prefer electronic information services. For
example, it was observed that when electronic services such as CD-ROMs,
indexes and online catalogues are introduced, users abandon the printed
services even when they are told that the electronics do not have the depth or
25
completeness of their print counterparts. One of the libraries in the study
reported that when it installed the electronic system that provides full text
journals access, the students preferred using the system despite $0.25 per
page charge rather than climb two flights of stairs to use the printed issues
that were available free of charge.
Electronic information services are available in different formats. The most common types
in academic libraries include.
• Compact Disc - Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
These have been around in libraries and in the market in general for a longer time compared
to other electronic formats such as the electronic journal, the internet and e-mail. The quality
of CD-ROM products has improved over time with sophisticated interfaces becoming more
available enabling better access to information presented. The CD-ROM materials offer
better information retrieval than the printed counterparts and provide innovative learning
alternatives.
Though CD-ROMs are being phased out in developed countries, the same developed
countries are developing them for the developing countries' markets. For example ,The
Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL), which is a collection of journals in the
field of agriculture and environment,is being used in some academic libraries in Kenya ..
Until recently Brophy (2005) notes :
CD-ROMs were considered as an alternative to print however, this is
changing and more people prefer the web based information sys.tems.
• Online Public Access Catalogue (OPACS)
These are the equivalent of the traditional manual card catalogue. Before the coming of the
leT the card catalogue was the major means of guiding the user to the library collection.
Information Communication Technology in libraries has led to the replacement of the
manual system with online electronic systems Chisenga (2003) notes:
26
... libraries are using dedicated telecommunication lines to access remote
online databases and online catalogues" he further observes that libraries
are putting up their library servers on the internet and thus making available
electronic services and facilities to millions of users around the world.
Commercial electronic databases are being made available on the internet. By sitting at a
computer terminal, the library staff and their users are able to access not only their local
library collection but also other collections located in other remote libraries.
• Digitalization.
In a study to investigate the use of electronic information services in libraries Malinconco
(1995) found that several libraries in the United States including those of Colorado and San
Diego State universities had began digitizing some of their collection and providing access
to them electronically. In a similar recent study Jasper (2005) found out that users are using
the online catalogue and the library website as the principal means for approaching the
library collection. Most of the academic libraries in Kenya have also converted their manual
catalogues into electronic systems and users can access the library collection online.
• Full text journals
The electronic journal is a version of the traditional print or paper based journal which is
disseminated electronically in some form or the other directly to the users. Though
electronic journals have been around since 1976, full text journals came into the limelight in
the 1990s Rao (2001).
In a study on the impact of electronic journals in academic libraries Robertson (2002)
observed ...
There has been a surge in the number of electronic journals available to
academic libraries for the user to access. The study highlighted that there
were still some areas for growth in the use of electronic journals and that the
number of electronic journals was growing rapidly. The level and number of
electronic journals tended to be heavily dependent on library budgets, the
27
leT equipments and the licensing agreements between the publishers and the
libraries.
• The internet
The internet is one big virtual library and is being used as a reference tool to supplement
information services in the libraries. It provides access to unlimited sources of information
and search engines are continuously being upgraded to provide efficient ways to help users
find what they want. Libraries are using the internet to create gateways to what has been
termed a massive library system, where people can roam through the electronic equivalent
of book stacks via a desktop workshop. The electronic equivalent offers the ability to
integrate text with charts, graphs, photographs, sound, video and other forms of multimedia.
Librarians are now playing a vital role in identifying, evaluating and making available
quality electronic documents. Criteria such as accuracy, comprehensiveness, balanced and
accurate presentation and currency as well as style and functionality are being utilized to
select Internet sites of value for their users Chisenga (2003)
Chisenga further alludes that internet contains a wealth of online course materials that are
easily available to students from a distance. There are thousands of websites on the internet
that are being used by libraries to access electronic information. However not all the
websites available in the internet have current and relevant information. Majority of internet
users will agree that relevant information is not available for free. It is available only on
subscription.
2.7 Modernization of library systems
According to Mutula (1998)
• The face of library services is changing by putting emphasis not only to computerizing
traditional functions such as circulation, cataloguing, serial, OPAC, but also gives
emphasis to electronic business applications such as world processing, spreadsheet,
graphics, desktop publishing and remote database searching.
• There is a decline in proprietary system from hardware leaders such as DEC, IBM and
HP and a move towards diversified platforms by vendors in order to remain competitive
in the market and reduce costs.
28
• Library electronic services have been characterized by down-sizing systems from main
frames to the robust small system heralding investment in microcomputer technology.
• The library electronic services' market is becoming more volatile with new products
being developed, customers migrating to new systems, vendors discontinuing some
systems, merging or converting their products.
• There is a growing emphasis on Client/Server computing technology in library electronic
services characterized by remote data presentation, remote data management and on-line
processing.
• Vendors are moving increasingly into integrated systems with modular options which
could be purchased singly.
• Vendors are expanding into new segments such as schools, colleges, universities, and
public libraries in order to remain competitive.
• On the whole, the African continent market for library electronic systems with home
grown solutions are large, but lack expertise in the field of electronics.
Universities in Kenya are currently realizing the need to move from their isolated past into
integrated systems and networked operations. As Khalid (2000) observes,
Networked and integrated functions draw on the experiences of the evolution
of libraries in developed world.
Academic libraries are trying their best to catch up with their counterparts in the developed
world and in Kenya the university libraries which started in late 90's are now at various
stage of electronic systems development.
These Kenya university libraries have further joined the Programme for the Enhancement of
Research Publication (PERI) and International Network for the Availability of Scientific
Publication (INASP) .This is aimed at developing amiable Local Area Network to support
capacity building in the research sector in developing countries by strengthening the
production, access and dissemination of information and knowledge.It also facilitates the
acquisition of international and local information and knowledge in each institution. The
29
major motives of INASP/PERI projects are delivering information, strengthening national
research publications, enhancing lCT skills, supporting country collaboration, networking
and the initiating of research and development in developing countries, thus providing
answers to regional and local information access and dissemination challenges. This has
been followed by virtual library (digital) project. The mission is "to provide in an equitable
and cost effective manner enhanced access to national, international library and for sharing
locally available services with libraries all over the world using digital technology
Ballantyne (2006).
According to UNESCO there has been an initiative for virtual library project in kenya whose
objectives are:-
• To improve the quality of teaching and research in institutions of higher learning in
Kenya through provision of books, journals and other library services.
• To enhance access to academic libraries serving the education community in Kenya to
global library and information services.
• To enhance scholarship, research and lifelong learning through the establishment of
permanent access to shared digital archival collections.
• To provide guidance for academic libraries on applying appropriate technologies used in
the production of digital library services.
• To advance the use and usability of globally-distributed network of library services.
2.8 Application of Information Communication Technology
Application of information communication technology in African academic libraries has
been characterized by:
• Computerization of routine procedures such as acquisitions, cataloguing, access
(OPACs), circulation and statistics collection. This is achieved through integrated
library management software.
• The establishment of regional library consortia with online union catalogues to
facilitate co-operative cataloguing, and interlibrary loan services
30
• Online information services from bibliographical publications usmg digital
media, electronic journals and digitized library stocks.
• The establishment of electronic ordering and delivery systems for distance
lending and document delivery
• The use of Internet and its information resources to provide information, both in
index form or as full text Chen (1999)
2.9 Electronic library versus Paper library
For more than twenty-five years, academic libraries have been investing in information
communication technology due to the awareness that, to effectively and efficiently function
in the face of increasing stock and variety of media, and to provide services to an increasing
number of users, they need up-to-date technical equipment. Therefore, the fundamental
motive behind the rapid adaptation of information communication technology is the desire
for efficiency and rationalization in distribution and management. Paper library has been
seen to have serious limitations that make electronic libraries a matter of necessity. For
example, it is a strictly localized medium since the service and the user must be in the same
place at the same time and only one person can in general; use a single paper document at a
time. Secondly, paper, as a medium is rather inflexible since no reformatting can be done,
and finally collections on paper become bulky and create storage problems.
One of the factors that have favored application of electronic information services m
libraries is the present technological trends characterized by improved performance by
computers leading to computing power becoming extremely inexpensive, increasing demand
of telecommunications and very low cost data storage costs. Other favorable factors include
decline in the price of personal computers, new forms of wide area networks using even
virtual connections and availability of high density distribution media, for example, the CD-
ROM. Library services are labor intensive and about two-thirds of library budget usually
goes for labor and therefore since machines can be made more cost-effective in ways that
human beings cannot, the use of machines is a viable alternative to increasing labor costs. In
contrast, computerization of library operations makes easy and less tedious the task of
.accurate updating of records in files, improves cost-effective performance by reducing the
31
labor intensive activities and lead to increased effectiveness through decentralized access to
records.
Initial computerization covers repetitive library processes such as cataloguing, circulation
and the aims are to reduce the cost and improve the timeliness of these operations. One of
the significant results of computerized activities is that electronic data processing in libraries
has greatly revolutionized library and information services across the world. It has
eradicated time-consuming routine activities, improved the performance of operational
activities, and facilitated the collection of useful statistics. Therefore the use of electronic
processing systems has enabled academic libraries to reorganize their work and make them
rationalized through the use of detailed statistics thereby being able to conduct user studies
and expand services. Through useful reports and more accurate information base reasonable
strategic and operational decision-making is possible.
Online public catalogues with good data organization and user guidance helps the user more
accurately than paper catalogues in providing needed information .Searches of all kinds are
possible with better results while electronic lending systems provide information to the user
and the librarian on the location and lending status of a particular media and makes it
possible to renew or reserve it. Most other areas of library operation can also benefit from
electronic data processing. These include collection building and budgeting, ordering and
acquisition, journal administration, cataloguing and indexing.
2.10 Digital libraries and information networks
The steady growth of digital information as a component of major research collections has
had significant implications for college and research libraries. Libraries are currently
burdened by the explosive growth of printed academic documents to digitize and also the
great quantity of digital data published over the Internet to deal with. Many libraries have
been creating or collecting digital information in a range of standards and the role of
librarians has changed to include activities like developing web-based resources and services
as well as playing an active role in electronic publication, virtual teaching and learning.
32
The creation of digital libraries is dependent on the libraries' ability to access the growing
digitally published information through digital technology. The greatest advantage of this is
that, digital libraries are available on 24-hour basis from anywhere in the world, offering
flexible arrangements for students and scholars. Though still in infancy, the creation of
digital libraries is gaining momentum in Kenya. In the area of electronic books, efforts have
been done to transform books in print into digital form through efforts. In the case of
Kenya, PERIIINASP has made it its aim to integrate electronic publication and information
service into science and research through retrospective digitization of relevant scientific
research literature.
The latest developments of digital libraries are the so-called virtual libraries, which come
through networking through the Internet of local content into a common electronic databank.
An example of this is the Virtual library which allows access to telecommunication means
of transfer. Key to development of these virtual libraries is the access to telecommunication
means of data transfer. This has been possible in the developed countries such as South
Africa due to liberalization of telecommunications and electronic data transfer. This has
~ lowered costs and has led to greater innovation such as the use of fibre optics and satellite
~ technology which are a prerequisite to participation of libraries in the informationz
~ superhighway.
~..~
~ Endres and Fellner have argued that the notion of digital library embraces two related
concepts: the digitization of all media, which results in the electronic library and the
'virtualization' of the library service, which leads to virtual libraries, consequently they see
digital libraries as encompassing three issues namely, storage of text and images in
electronic devices (electronic library), provision of library services to remote based
customers (virtual library), and integration of library stock and services in an efficient and
access through standard methods by use of intelligent systems.
According to Digital Library Federation (DLF):
Digital libraries are organizations that provide the
resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure,
33
offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the
integrity of and ensure the persistence over time of
collections of digital works so that they are readily available
for use by defined community or set of communities.
2.11 Challenges in the provision of electronic information services.
Provision of electronic information services in academic libraries is not smooth sailing. It is
faced by several challenges. The researcher has identified several challenges that have not
been addressed by the other researchers.
Policy frameworks. Academic libraries need policy frameworks on library electronic
services. The framework needs to be linked with other renowned academic libraries across
the globe to provide unlimited access to print and electronic materials. So far this has only
remained on paper.
Management committee. For proper electronic information services to be put in place there
is need for the initial efforts through the formulation of committee charged with the
responsibility of computerizing the library and carrying out feasibility studies to ensure that
the proposed networking becomes a reality.
Software. A good software which is popular and reliable need to be chosen and acquired
prior to any computerization of the library services. It should be a modular system, designed
by database experts and professional librarians and conforms to international cataloguing
standards. It should have unique features for corporate, special, academic and school
libraries. The system should also be affordable, scalable and usable on a standalone machine
or over a Wide Area Network (WAN). The use of computers in libraries in Kenya started in
the 1990s and has been characterized by slow adaptation caused by lack of appropriate
software for library operation and the high cost of computers.
Training. The academic library staff needs to be trained in using the system. This will
enable them to be able to enter all the catalogue data into the catalogue module. The training
ought to cover the online catalogue, electronic services, online information services and
34
other related studies. Power will rest on staff that possesses multiple skills and the
employment of librarians will be based on the skills in technology applications.
• Staff training. This implies that the current day librarians ought to be equipped
with the latest information provision skills in order to enable the users make use
of the electronic information services to their advantage. Otherwise it will not
make much sense for the libraries to invest in electronic information services only
for them to remain unutilized.
• Library users. The researcher has found out that the most popular method for
acquiring the necessary skills to the use of these services is via trial and error. In
the light of the emerging emphasis upon electronic information services within
higher institutions of learning, it is vital that the students who are the majority
users of these services should acquire relevant skills so that they do not end up
being left behind in the ever prevalent information society. For the students to use
the services successfully, the library staff will be expected to have acquired the
necessary skills and impart the same to the users.
Electronic library not the solution. As experience has shown, computerization is not the
panacea to all problems presented by the paper library. Although the electronic library
represents a significant improvement for those providing the service, it perpetuates some of
the problems of the paper library. For example since collections are still in paper there is still
need for a local collection, and the separation of documents from users. Issue of opening
hours and competition for the use of copies of the same documents in the collection remain
as much a problem in the electronic library as paper library.
Compatibility. The notion that digital libraries "preserve the integrity of and ensure the
persistence" of digital collections is critical in that this is subject to the unique constrains
and requirements of operating in a rapidly evolving electronic and network environment. ...
The electronic technology is rapidly changing with software and hardware obsolescence,
which has implications for organizational models and financial means. While presently there
, is a, tendency to distinguish between collections in terms of their digitalness, the key
35
question today and in the near future is how to integrate collections of materials in digital
formwith materials in other forms?
External linkages. An urgent need for the traditional organizational set ups to be re-
thought, and re-organized in academic libraries. Above all library staff must develop new
expertise and build alliances and collaborative relationships with partners inside and outside
the university. This is a basic requirement in meeting the challenge of investing in digital
libraries that is part of the revolution in the scholarly and information environments in which
libraries find themselves in the midst of.
Marketing. In this new era, it is the responsibility of information selectors to identify,
evaluate, and designate Internet services, particularly materials of research or of special
importance to the local university community either for cataloguing or simply for linking to
a library's various subject home pages. Home pages provide the academic community with
points of reference and departure for finding information.
Infrastructure. Investments in infrastructure improve users expenence and provide
capacity for future service improvements. The most basic investment is in creating and
maintaining a viable campus network. Secondly there is need to lay down strong standards
which facilitate the exchange of digital objects and tools. A distributed digital library
requires community agreement on best practices so that access to distributed repositories
appears seamless to the user and so that digital services can be archived. Thirdly there is
need to develop interfaces among campus systems and library systems which will support an
exchange of administrative information, eliminating duplicate data entry.
E-documents. The development of e- collections has turned out to be expensive both in
terms of subscription and the staff resources needed to manage the process of acquisition
and cataloguing
Archiving. Electronic documents are replacing print documents in the scholarly
communication. The issue of archiving and how libraries will guarantee access to them still
remains unresolved.
36
The evolution, development and advances in modem ICTs have brought in a dramatic and
unprecedented revolution in library practice. This study seeks to answer questions on the
reaction of academic libraries in Kenya to these phenomenal and global changes in the
practice of librarianship. In other words, the study investigates the electronic information
services in Kenyan academic libraries which is a prime area for research in the current
global setting.
2.12 Improving access to electronic information services
It is without any doubt that electronic services both within and outside the library has gained
a lot of popularity amongst both the library staff and the users. However, accessibility is still
a major problem. Okiy (1995) quoting Nwalo (2000) identifies some suggestion to improve
effective access to these services as:
• Overwhelming commitment by all the stakeholders for change from manual to
digital electronic library
• All problems that militate against the technological change must be diagnosed
• Changes desired and their implications must be properly understood by staff from
top to bottom.
• There has to be a harmonized and shared vision of how the expected technological
changes and transformation will be managed.
• Necessary policies, systems and structure for institutionalizing the new technological
change should be put in place.
• Strategies for monitoring and adjusting in response to new questions that will be
raised should be put in place.
• The new changes may require people learning about information communication
technology and computers.
These suggestions appear to provide solutions to the obstacles that hinder use of these
services. These suggestions if implemented can lead to quick and easy access of the large
number of library users to relevant accurate and current information from both remote and
immediate databases.
37
Okiy concludes that access to electronic information in libraries can be facilitated through
involvement of academic libraries in cooperative acquisition of these services by forming
themselves into a consortium.
2.13 Benefits of electronic information services
Electronic services offer today's library users with different opportunities from their print
counterparts. Brophy (1993) has identified these benefits as:
• The information needed can be delivered from the most appropriate source to the
user.
• The user can re-specify his or her needs dynamically
• The information is obtained when wanted.
• The user selects only information needed to answer the specific questions
• The information is only stored should the user so wish.
These services can therefore provide a number of benefits over traditional print based
services. Generally the user opinion towards use of these services has been positive with
students enjoying using these services with relatively fewer problems.
In a nutshell, electronic information services are being more and more used in scholarly
communication and libraries have been engaged in incorporating electronic information
services into their collections. In this section some of the key issues that confront libraries
worldwide in the transition from print to electronic formats have been discussed. However
there are other basic but critical factors to this transition in any particular institution. In the
first place it is fundamental to have a proper infrastructure in the institution including a high
speed and widespread computer network and Internet connections. Secondly there is need
for a computer literate faculty and student body if the electronic information services are to
be effectively used. In the absence of this then there is need for training of users in basic
computer literacy as well as in information retrieval that will ensure that they can access
electronic information services without difficult. Most important is a supportive
administration that provides increased funding. This is essential for setting up networks,
38
purchase of computers, training of staff and subscriptions to electronic information services,
especially in the initial stages when the library may be forced to purchase both the print and
electronic formats. At the national level, the full realization of electronic scholarly
communication requires the development of an adequate national telecommunications
infrastructure that can facilitate the transfer of large quantities of data.
39
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This section of the research project deals with the description of the methods applied in
carrying out the research study. It is organized under the following sections: research design,
area of study, population, sampling techniques, sample size, research instruments, data
collection procedures and data collection and discussion, data quality control, ethical issue
and limitations.
3.2 Research design
Survey and observation designs were used to gather systematically factual information
necessary on Electronic Information Services. Survey was important because of the need to
identify the characteristics, current practices and the preliminary information necessary for
Electronic Information Services. Naturalistic designs were used to establish the focus of the
study, determine the site of data collection, plan successive phase of study and establish the
trustworthiness of the data.
3.3 Area of study
The study sought to establish the use of Electronic Information Services in academic
libraries in Kenya. Central to this study was the extent of use, benefits, obstacles and
challenges of these services. The training needs in the area of ICT for both the library staff
and the Users are also covered extensively. Although the study was confined to Catholic
University of Eastern Africa Library, it is to be used as a case study for other academic
libraries in Kenya.
3.4 Target Population
The study targeted the Students, Library staff and Library users at the Catholic University of
Eastern Africa.
40
3.5 Sampling method
Sampling is the process of selecting a few cases from a large population of cases for the
purpose of studying these few cases and generalizing on the large population. The few cases
constitute the sample while the large population is the universe Singleton (1998).
The study used Random sampling method.
Purposive sampling was used as the persons for sampling possess the qualities that the
researcher was looking for. The quota sampling was used to assign quotas or proportions of
kinds of people to interview. In this technique, Sample members were drawn from various
target population strata of library users, library staff and computer professionals.
3.6 Sample size
The study had a sample population of 100 respondents. The respondents were drawn as
follows:
Category
1. University Librarian
2. Library staff
3. Library users
Total
No. of respondents
1
9
90
100
3.7 Data collection methods
In research data collection refers to the gathering specific information aimed at proving or
refuting some facts Kombo (2006).
The researcher used two major sources of data .These were the primary and secondary
sources.
Primary sources. Primary data is information that was gathered directly from respondents.
This was through questionnaires, interviews and observation. It involved creating new data.
Data was collected from the existing sources.
"';,'
Secondary sources. Secondary information sources was data that was neither collected
directly by the researcher nor specifically for the researcher. It involved gathering data that
41
already had been collected by someone else. This involved the collection and analysis of
published material, and information from internal sources. It also involved collection of
information from diverse source of documents or electronically stored information
kombo(2006).
3.8 Research Instruments
3.8.0 Formulation of Research Instruments
Research instruments used by the researcher included questionnaires, interview schedules
and observation. In formulation of the research instruments the researcher insured the
following:
• That the objectives of the study were clear. This assisted the researcher in
anticipating the type of information needed.
• The population sample. The researcher was aware that some types of instruments
were unsuitable to some groups of people due to some factors such as literacy level
and profession.
• Geographical distribution. The span of the study dictates the type of instruments to
be used
• Was careful about the research questions he asked to avoid ambiguity and
misinterpretation. This was achieved by use of simple language, limiting each
question to a single idea, following a logical sequence and avoiding of leading
questions.
3.8.1 Questionnaires
A questionnaire which was carefully designed was used to collect data directly from the
respondents. It consisted of questions that were both closed and open-ended. The
cuesrionnaires were accompanied by a covering letter explaining the purpose of the study.
For the closed ended, questions were structured in such a way that the respondents were
provided with a list of responses from which to select an appropriate answer. The main
advantages of closed-ended questions over open-ended include the ease of processing and
the transferring of data directly into a computer format.
The questionnaires were in three (3) categories:
42
• University Librarian
• Library staff
• Library users
3.8.2 Interview schedule
An interview is a conversation in which one person; the interviewer seeks responses for a
particular purpose from another person, the interviewee. It is a way of obtaining data from
a person by asking him questions rather than by watching him behave. Personal interviews
helped the researcher to measure what the interviewees knew (knowledge) and what they
liked and disliked (values and preferences). The information obtained was transformed into
a number of qualitative data by using attitude scaling and rate scaling techniques
Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) have suggested that interviews are able to provide in depth
data which is not possible to get using questionnaire. Data collected through this method
was able to meet specific objectives of this study. Relevant responses were received from
respondents through clarifications. Interview method enabled the Researcher to get complete
and honest answers. The interviewer was also able to get more information by using probing
questions, interaction and genuine conversations. The yielding of high responses was
possible because it was difficult for the subject to completely refuse to answer questions or
to ignore the Interviewer.
3.8.3 Observation checklist
Here the researcher studied, observed and recorded the necessary information. The other
members in the group acted naturally. In this way, the data the researcher got would not
have been obtained were he/she to use an interview schedule, questionnaire or other
methods. This method is very reliable. Both participative and direct observation techniques
were used.
Personal observation
The researcher made personal observations of how users are making the use of the electronic
information services in the Library. The facilities available in both the staff offices and
43
users' stations were observed. Request forms for information searching were checked to find
out the sources mostly used. Comments on the form also helped in assessing the user's
feelings. This complemented the information obtained in the questionnaires.
3.9 Data presentation and discussion.
Data collected from the case study was coded and analyzed using the statistical package for
the social sciences (SPSS).This was aimed at drawing sense and meaning to the data.
Quantitative analysis was applied to close ended questionnaires while open-ended
questionnaires were subjected to qualitative analysis.
Frequency distribution tables were used for presentations. The aim was to show the number
of research subjects responding to certain questions and to give a clear picture of electronic
information services in the academic library. Also simple averages and percentages were
applied so as to help the researcher make the necessary inferences. Pie charts and graphs
were also used in the analysis of data.
3.10 Data quality control
Data quality is concerned with the idea that the research design fully addresses the research
questions and objectives that the researcher is trying to answer and achieve. The researcher
has to ask him/herselfhow reliable, consistent and valid is the research design? .Can another
researcher use the same designs and be able to obtain the same findings?
To be able to achieve this, the research instruments used in the study were aimed at
collecting reliable and valid data ..Two sets of questionnaires were pretested on a small
sample of the respondents. With the results of the pretesting, the necessary corrections were
made to improve on the validity and reliability of the data collected.
Other ways that were used by the researcher to control the quality of research included keen
observation and carrying out of a small sample of study. There was some questionnaire-by-
questionnaire checking by the researcher, while the survey was being carried out. This was
necessary if omissions or other obvious mistakes in the data were to be uncovered for
44
rectification. The researcher also had to re-examine sample selection, assess the editing and
coding of the responses.
3.11 Ethical issues
Ethics are moral principles and values that govern the wayan individual or group conducts
its activities Mugenda and Mugenda (1999).
The researcher while collecting data ensured that ethical principles, human rights and public
relations are adhered to strictly .Thus, he followed appropriate chain of command,
maintaining good conduct and having a thorough research design that explains issues
clearly. He ensured that there was informed consent regarding the degree of information
disclosure and confidentiality.
There were thorough explanations devoid of pre-empting the results of the study.
Confidentiality of information was guaranteed through not writing names of respondents,
ensuring that nobody can link the data to specific subjects and substituting of names with
numbers whenever necessary for anonymity purposes.
Deception was not also part of this research.
3.12 Administration of the Instruments and Limitations.
The researcher personally carried out the interviews and distributed the questionnaires 90%
of the respondents were cooperative.
One major challenge encountered during the administration ofthe questionnaires was
getting to convince the lecturers to fill them. Some claimed to be very busy with
examinations, teaching practice or administrative duties. And could not even accept a
request by the researcher to leave the questionnaires behind and pick them later.. Whenever
this happened, the researcher moved on to the next willing respondent she he had used a
cluster technique to sample them
Another challenge experienced was the administration of the questionnaires to students as
the exercise collided with the examination period, but since the examinations brought all the
45
selectedstudents together, it was easier to locate them and administer questionnaires to
groups.
46
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
4.0 Introduction
The main purpose of this chapter is to discuss and present the result of data analysis in a
systemic way. The raw data collected is coded and critical inferences made. The
presentation of data refers to the arrangement of data to make it clearly understood.
4.1 Background Information on Respondents
A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed by the researcher. Out of this, 1 was for
University librarian, 9 for library staff, 90 were for the library users with 50 for
undergraduates, 20 for post graduates and 20 for academic staff. The distribution of the
questionnaires was based on the size of the population and the possible usage of the
electronic information services in the CUEA library as shown in the table below.
Table I: Population of the CUEA Library Users
Category of Library Users Population in CUEA
480
430
4100
100
5010
CUEA staff
Postgraduate students
Undergraduate students
Others
Total
Source: Field Data
Table II: Response Rate
rIib·;~~Y·~~~~··rN~~b~~·~{··-------------------p~:~~be~-;T---------------P~~:~~be~-;T-------p;~-;~~-~t~ge--;T-'
:::f I Questionnaires i questionnaires I questionnaires I response (%)
i distributed ! received ! not received !
i-·CUEA----------------r--io-o-------------------------------------t-90----------------------------------t-io--------------------------j--90--------------------------1
I I I I I ,:: : : : :
I I I , , I
!Library! ! ! ! !L. . l .1. J .l. .J
Source: Field Data
47
Outof the 100 questionnaires distributed by the researcher, only 1O( 10%) were not returned.
Hence, 90(90%) of the questionnaires were responded to. This made it easier for the
researcher to analyze and interpret the data collected in the field.
Figure 1: Academic Qualifications of the Library Staff
~~ -----~-------------------------,
• Secondary education
.Ccrtilicate
Diploma
Post graduate
Source: Field Data
The study revealed that 10% of the library staff had postgraduate qualifications, 25% had
Diplomas, 45% had certificates and 20% secondary level education.
Figure II: Gender Distribution of the Respondents
Female
• Male
48
Source:Field Data
The researcher distributed 65% of the questionnaires to the male respondents and 35% for
femalerespondents to ensure that there is convenient gender balance in the research.
4.1.1. Attitude of library staff towards Electronic Information Services
Table III: Attitudes of Staff
Attitude No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Positive 9 90
Negative 1 10
Source: Field data
The majority of the library staff respondents 9(81 %) indicated an overwhelmingly positive
attitude towards library computerization. Their main reason was because computerization
enhances library operation and gives access to more internal and external services of
information.
4.1.2 Library Users' Attitude Towards Electronic Information Services
Table IV: Users' Attitude
Attitude No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Positive 85 94.4
Negative 1 1.1
Uncertain 4 4.4
Source: Field data
The study aimed at establishing the attitudes of library users towards use of electronic
information services in the library.
85 of the respondents (94.4%) were positive towards electronic information services, only 1
respondent was negative, while 4 respondents (4.4%) were uncertain.
49
This generally means that the majority of library users have positive attitudes in the use of
electronic information services.
4.2 Funding of the CUEA Library
Table IV: Sources of Funding
Source Percentage (%)
Students fees 80
Sponsors 10
Bilateral Donors 4
Friends of the Library 4
Income generating projects& others 2
Source: Field Data
The CUEA library IS currently financed mamly through the students fees (80%). The other
funding agencies are sponsors 10%, bilateral donors 4%, friends of the library 4% and
income generating projects 2%.
The budget for the CUEA library is 5% of the total university budget for an academic year.
This year the library was given only 20 million and out of this, only 2 million (10%) went to
the purchase and improvement of the electronic information services.
Table VI: Yearly Budget Allocation for Electronic Information Services
Year Budget Allocation in million Kshs
2002/03 0.4
2003/04 0.7
2004/05 1.0
2005/6 1.5
200617 2.0
Source :Field data
The budget for the electronic information services has been increasing for the past five
years. In 2002/2003 it was Kshs. 0.4 million, 200312004 it was Kshs. 0.7 million, 2004/2005
50
it was Kshs 1 million, 2005/2006 it was Kshs. 1.5 million, while 2006/2007 it was Kshs. 2
million. This shows an increase of 25% for this year from the 200512006 academic year.
4.3 Time allocated for Usage of Electronic Information Services
Table VII: Time Allocation
Time Allocation No of Respondents Percentage of response (%)
Adequate 18 20
Inadequate 72 80 I
Source: Field data
The Electronic Information Services are available throughout the time the library is open.
But because of the limited terminals, library users are allocated a maximum of 2 hours each
to access these facilities. An overwhelming 72 respondents (80%) said the time allocated to
them is not adequate while 18(20%) admitted it was adequate enough to meet their
information needs. This was very evident especially for the postgraduate students and
lecturers who have long researches to undertake.
4.4 Electronic Information Services
Table VIII: Types of Services
Type of Services No of respondents Percentage (%)
Word processing 77 85
E-mail 62 69
CD-Rom Services 41 46
Web Browsing 52 58
Journals Online Subscription 30 33
Library OPAC 58 64
Access to databases 48 53.2
Source: Field data
51
There were 15 Electronic services that the respondents were asked to evaluate. Word
processing scored 85% being available in all library sections. Electronic Mail was second
with 69% and OPAC was third with a score of 64%.
Figure III: Level of Automation at the CUEA Library
Automated
• Not automated
Source: Field Data
65% of the CUEA library services are computerized, while 35% of the library services are
yet to be computerized.
4.5 Comparison of Electronic Information Services and Traditional Information
Services
Table IX: Comparison of services
Electronic Inform. Services 86 95
Type of Service No of respondents for: Percentage (%)
Traditional IS 4 5
Source: Field data
86 of the CUEA library users (95%) admitted that electronic information services are better
than traditional information services, while only 4(5%) of the respondents indicated that
traditional information services were better than electronic information services. The reasons
for the overwhelming 95% support of automated information services were mainly:
Prompt access to information sought from the library
52
~ccess to external databases to retrieve information via the internet
Ability to search catalogues using many access points such as keywords, phrases,
year of publication.
Availability of reserve facilities
Flexibility of the services
While 5% respondents in favour of traditional information services cited the following main
I
reasons:
~
Need for regular training and education in electronic information usage
frequent power failure
Networking problems which range from system crashes, workstations not accessing
the server or printer not responding, faulty network card to network cable problems.
Lack of ICT skills which the CUEA library orientation program and the entire
education package do not fully address.
Table X: ICT Facilities in the CUEA Library
ror facilities Frequency of Response Percentage (100%)\.
Computers'; 89 87.9
CD-ROM~ \, 82 72.8
OPAC 90 91.3
Internet 90 85.3
Scanners 72 44.2
Printers 86 51.1
Source: Field Data
The ICT facilities were found adequate by most of the respondents as indicated in the table
above. 87.9% found computers adequate, 91.3% found OPAC adequate, while 72.8%,
85.3% and 51.1% found CD-ROMS, Internet and Printers adequate respectively. None of
the ICT facilities was indicated to be completely adequate for use.
53
Table XI: Use of Electronic Information Services
Use of electronic Services Frequency Percentage (100%)
No 22 24.4
Yes 68 65.6
Total 90 100
Source: Field Data
The table shows that 68(65.6%) of the respondents use electronic information services while
22(24.4%) do not use them. However, I feel efforts should be made to ensure that all the
academic programmes are catered for by these services.
Figure IV: Purposes for Electronic Information Services
II Writing termpapers • Others
o Communication 0 Current awareness services
• Collection development Searches
Source: Field Data
The electronic information services are mainly used for searches by 35% of the respondents,
collection development by 20% of the respondents, Current awareness services by 15% of
the respondents, communication by 20% of the respondents, writing term papers by 5% of
the respondents and by 5% of the respondents for other services.
54
Table XII: Importance of electronic Information Services
Importance of electronic Information No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Services
Current information services 14 15.5
Vast information resources 45 50
Access of different information services 15 16.7
at the same time
Ease of access and faster 6 6.7
communication
Source: Field data
When the respondents were asked what they liked most about electronic information
services. 14(15.5%) of the respondents were for current information services, 45(50%) were
for vast information resources, 15(16.7%) were to facilitate access to different information
services at the same time 19(11.1%) were for ease of access and 6(6.7%) were for faster
communication.
4.6 Types of Electronic Information Services and Purposes for their use
4.6.1 Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
Table XIII: Knowledge of OPAC
Rating Knowledge of OPAC No Knowledge ofOPAC
No of respondents 72 18
Percentage 64 36
Source: Field data
The question was asked to find out whether the respondents knew what an OPAC is and
whether it exists in the CUEA library. Results showed that out of90 respondents 18(36.0%)
did not respond. However, 72(64.0%) said the library does have an OPAC.
55
1'-- .... __ ._....._- - --- - -
Table: XIV: Usage ofOPAC
Usage No of Respondents Percentage (%)
OPAC 67 75
Web OPAC 4 4
Integrated Catalogue 1 18
Manual 18 20
Source: Field data
67 respondents (75%) acknowledged usage of OPAC, 4(4%) were for web OPAC, while
18(20%) and 1(1%) were for manual and integrated catalogues respectively. The majority of
the respondents who preferred OPAC cited the following reasons.
• Ease of use
• Fastness
• Comprehensive
• Availability
55 respondents (61.1 %) admitted using their catalogue of choice always while 35(38.9%)
acknowledged use of the catalogue occasionally.
4.6.1.1 Accessibility to OPAC
Table: XV: Accessibility
Degree of Access No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Accessibility 17 19
No Accessibility 73 81
Source: Field data
73 respondents (81%) respondents indicated a "No" when they were asked by the researcher
whether they access the catalogue whenever they need it, while 17(19%) were for yes.
The majority of the respondents who said the OPAC was inaccessible attributed this to:
• High number of catalogue users
• Frequent power failure
56
• Frequent network breakdowns
• Failure to get help from the necessary library staff.
The majority of the respondents who indicated that the OPAC was accessible supported this
by citing the following reasons:
• Computers/catalogues were enough for access
• Time allocation for services is adequate
• The catalogues are well arranged and user friendly/self explanatory
• Willing staff who are always ready to assist them
4.6.2 Internet
4.6.2.1 Reasons for the Internet Use
Table XVI: Internet Services
Internet Service No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Academic Services 71 78.9
Reference Services 48 44
Other things 55 61.1
Source: Field data
71 of the respondents (78.9) said they used the internet for academic searches, while 19 of
the respondents (21.1%) did not give any response. For reference services, only 48(44.0%)
said the internet was being used for that purpose, while 43 (53.3%) did not give any
response. Finally, on whether the internet was being used for other things, only 55 (61.1%)
said they were aware it was being used for other things. A hefty 35 (38.9%) did not give any
response.
57
Table XVII: Reasons for internet use
Accessing Online Publications Frequency of Response Percentage (100%)
E-mail communication 77 85.7
Consulting library's OPAC 73 81.6
Conducting Database services 42 46.9
For current news/events 72 79.6
For entertainment/sports 42 46.9
For exploring what is available 59 65.3
Source: Field Data
The above table shows that respondents gave several reasons for using the internet. 85.7% of
the respondents acknowledged using internet online publications, 81.6% were for email
communication and 46.9% were for conducting database searchers while 79.6% were for
current affairs events. 46.9% indicated they use it for entertainment/sports.
Table XVIII: Why Prefer Internet to other Electronic Information Services
Preference Frequency of Percentage (100%)
response
It offers current information 57 63.3
It has no access limitation 39 42.9
One can access different websites at 41 49
the same time
It provides access to other sites with 51 59.2
related information
It is easy to use 40 44.9
It is faster compared to traditional 53 59.2
services
Source: Field Data
58
Majority of respondents (63.3%) indicated they preferred internet because it offers current
information, 44.9% because it is easy to use, 42.9% because it does not have access
limitation, 49% because it is possible to access different websites at the same time, while
59.2% indicated that internet provides links to other sites with related information and
59.2% said internet is faster compared to traditional services. However, the responses were
more than 100% due to multiple responses.
Table XIX: Availability of CD-ROM Databases in the CUEA Library
Response Frequency of Response Percentage
(100%)
No 7 8.3
Yes 60 66.7
Don't know 23 25.0
Total 90 100
Source: Field data
4.6.3 CD-ROMS Frequency of Searches
45(45%) ofthe CD-ROMS users admitted using the CD-ROMS monthly, 20% use it weekly
while there was none for daily use. The explanations they gave for the differences in use
were:
• There are other sources for consideration and reference
• Lack of enough time
• Inadequate CD-ROMs in the CUEA library
• Frequent network failure
• Power failure
59
Table XX: Update of CD-ROMS
Update No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Regular update 55 61
No update 18 20
No response 17 19
Source: Field data
61% of the respondents were for regular update of CD-ROMs at the CUEA library while
20% of the respondents were against the regular update. 9% of the respondents did not
respond.
4.6.3.1 CD-ROM Databases
Table XXI: Access of CD-ROMS
Access No of respondents Percentage (%)
Not access 61 67.8
Access 29 23.2
Source: Field data
The subjects were requested to state whether they know how to search CD-ROM databases.
The answer to this question was to make the researcher be aware of two things, first,
whether the library has CD-ROM databases and second, how many library users know how
to use this facility. It can be seen from the results that CD-ROM use is not prevalent at the
CUEA library. 61(67.8%) of the respondents indicated that they cannot access CD-ROM
databases and only 29(23.3%) of the respondents answered in the affirmative.
Table XXll: Library users' knowledge on how to access CD-ROM Databases.
Responses Frequency Percentage (%)
No response 0 0
Yes 29 32.2
No 61 67.8
Total 90 100
Source: Field Data
60
When respondents were asked whether they knew how to access CD-ROM databases 29
(32.2%) indicated a "yes", 61(67.88%) indicated a "No". These means that CUEA library
needs to improve on the accessibility to CD-ROM databases as a matter of fact.
4.7 Availability of Electronic Information Services
All the respondents indicated that they have electronic information services in their library.
The table below shows the types of electronic information services identified at the CUEA
library.
Table XXIII: Types of Electronic Information Services available at the
CUEA library
Types of electronic information Frequencyof Response Percentage
services (100%)
Electronic journals 73 68
Internet 84.5 92
CD-ROMs 67 61
Online databases 79 73
Others 74.5 80
Source: (Field data)
61
Table XXIV: Frequency of use of electronic Information Services
Period Frequency of Response Percentage (100%)
Rarely 22 24.4
Once a month 10 11.1
Weekly 36 39.6
Daily 18 20
Not use at all 4 4.4
Total 90 100.00
Source: Field data
The table above shows that majority of the respondents (39.6 %) use electronic information
services weekly while 11.2% few use them monthly. 4 respondents did not answer the
question since they indicated they did not use electronic information services ..
4.8 Most used Electronic Formats.
Table XXV: Electronic Formats
Format Percentage (%) No of Respondents
Internet 71.1 64
OPAC 64.1 58
Electronic formats 42.2 38
Electronic Books 24.3 22
CD-ROMs 20.5 18
Source: Field data
71.1% of respondents find internet to be the most useful electronic format while 64.1% find
OPAC most useful. 45.2% said they find electronic journals most useful while 24.3% find
electronic books most useful. 20.5% indicated they find CD-ROMS most useful. The
responses were over 100 due to multiple responses.
62
Table XXVI: Level of Usefulness of Electronic Formats
Electronic Least useful Less useful Useful Most useful
format
Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
CD-ROMS 15 23.1 42 17.9 48 38.5 24 20.5
Electronic 8 19 63 16.7 58 19 35 45.2
journals
Internet 8 11.1 9 8.9 72 32 32 71.1
Electronic 8 21.6 22 27 32 27 26 24.3
books
OPAC 12 20.5 18 5.1 56 10.3 69 64.1
Source: Field Data
69 respondents (64.1 %) findOPAC to be the most useful electronic service, while CD-
ROMS were indicated as the least useful by 38.5% of the respondents.
4.9 Training in the use of Electronic Information Services
Table XXVII: Areas of Training
Areas of Training No of Respondents Percentage (%)
, Information Servicing 62 69
User Information 8
1
9
ICT Networking 5 5
Trouble Shooting 2 2
Other areas 14 15
Source: Field data
The respondents identified the following areas that were emphasized during the training
programme: Information searching with 69%, user instruction 9%, ICT networking 5%,
trouble shooting 2% while other areas were put at 15%.
63
4.9.1 Staff Training
Table XXVIII: Ease of Use
Ease of Use No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Very comfortable 2 22
Comfortable 5 55
Not comfortable 1 11
Very uncomfortable 2 15
Source: Field data
Only 2(10%) of the staff respondents admitted to having been taken for leT related course
by the university while a hefty 8(80%) answered in the negative.
Those sponsored for K'T training highlighted the following areas on the nature of the
course:
• Integration of networks
• Information searching techniques
• Trouble shooting
• User instruction
• Versatility of the K'T technology
Only 2(22%) ofthe library staffrespondents admitted to be very comfortable with the use of
the electronic information services, 5(52%) said they were comfortable, 1(11%) was not
comfortable while 2(15%) acknowledged to be very uncomfortable.
The university librarian and the majority of the staff 95% were in line with the researcher
that K'T facilities need regular maintenance through:
• Frequent/regular backups
• Replacement of worn out parts frequently
• Regular polishing and repair of leT equipments
• Enhancement of security systems and environmental hygiene
• Retraining of the system librarian(s)/technicians.
64
4.9.2 Library training of users.
When the respondents were asked to indicate areas in electronic information services in
which they required further training, 62 respondents (78%) identified the following five
areas:
• Searching of CD-ROMs and internet
• Web OPAC
• User instructions
• Trouble shooting and
• Networking
It is regrettable that 53(66%) of the respondents indicated that the library staff are not
adequately trained to handle lCT services. Citing the following reasons:
• Frequent change in technology
• Lack of adequate training in lCT facilities
• The unwillingness of some staff to be trained
• Lack of information literacy policy in the CUEA library
• Proliferation of information sources.
Table XXIX: Inadequacy of Library Staff
Category Frequency of response Percentage (100%)
Very adequate 9 8.1
Adequate 18 16.2
Moderate 22 19.8
Inadequate 30 27
Very inadequate 11 9.9
Total 90 100
Source: Field Data
65
30 respondents (37.5 %) further indicated that there was inadequate staff in the CUEA
library to manage ICT related work citing the following main reasons.
• High number of library users which is ever increasing
• There are other services to be offered other than ICT related works
• Most library staff are not trained in the management oflCT facilities
The CUEA library staff (95%) indicated that they were instructing their users in the use of
OPAC systems. However, this training is based on the assumption that library users have a
basic knowledge of computer operations and therefore with a brief introduction they should
be able to use the electronic information databases. However, as librarians reported to this
researcher, fresh university library users are reluctant to use electronic information services,
the main reasons being lack of database search skills and the unawareness of what to expect
from the electronic information services.
Table XXX. Training of library staff in software for cataloging
Training No of respondents Percentage (%)
Trained 6 60
Not trained 2 20
No response 2 20
Source: Field data
On whether the staff were trained to use the software for cataloguing 2(20%) of the
respondents at the CUEA library did not respond and 2(20%) said they were not trained. 6
respondents (60%) however answered in the affirmative, that they had indeed received
special training to use the electronic information services.
66
Table XXXI: Indicate whether your training was adequate.
Responses Frequency of response Percentage (100%)
Non-response
Yes
No
Total
19
25
46
90
21.2
27.8
51.1
100
Source: Field Data
At the CUEA library, even though 65 (72.2%) indicated that they had used the computer
before, when asked if they have been adequately trained to handle the computer, only 25
(27.8%) said yes, 46 (51.1 %) answered in the negative, and 19 (21.1 %) did not respond.
4.9.3 Types of Training
The table below reveals that majority 59(73.5%) of the users have trained in word
processing, 41(51 %) in database management, while 21(26%) of respondents in networking.
Training in web design, spreadsheets and ICT had the least respondents of 8(10.5%),
7(8.2%) and 3(4.1 %) respectively. Although none indicated having trained in information
searching and retrieval, the researcher observed that majority of the users were searching
and retrieving information on their own with ease.
Table XXXII: Forms of Training
Form of training Frequency of Response Percentage (100%)
Database management 41 51
Networking 21 26.5
Web design 8 10.2
Word processing 59 73.5
Spreadsheets 8.2 8.2
ICT Management 3 4.1
Source: Field Data
67
4.10 Success of electronic information services in library systems
Table XXXIII: Indicators of a Successful Electronic Information Services
Types of Success Indicators No of respondents Percentage
(%)
Fast Response 77 86
Capability of continued development of 74 82.5
library services
Having minimum download time 88 98.2
Compatibility with other Systems 57 62.9
Facilitating increase in library services 77 85.1
Source: Field data
In regard to the success of the electronic information services indicators 77 respondents
indicated fast response rate, 74 were for capability of continued development and
enhancement of library services, 88 were for having download time, 57 were for
compatibility with other systems and 77 were for facilitating increase in the library services.
4.11 Success of electronic information services in terms of user
application/acceptance
Table XXXIV: User Application and Acceptance
Library Systems No of respondents Percentage (%)
Ease of Use 87 96.3
User friendliness 85 94.6
Self instruction 83 92.6
No of Installation 57 63
Source: Field data
68
In relation to the success of electronic information services the respondents indicated ease of
use with 96.3%, user friendliness with 94.6% Self instruction with 92.6% and number of
installations with 63%
4.12 Evaluation of the key Electronic Information Service Units
Table XXXV: Evaluation of Electronic System Software
Evaluation No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Undecided 45 50
Satisfied 9 20
Not satisfied 72 80
Source: Field data
The respondents were also asked to evaluate the operations of the Inmagic DB/TextWorks, a
software system that is used in the CUEA library. 45 respondents were undecided on how to
evaluate the system. 72 respondents (80%) were not satisfied with the system while 9
respondents (20%) were satisfied. The high number of undecided respondents might be due
to their inadequate interaction with the electronic information services. The low numbers of
satisfied respondents was an indication of the great amount of work that remains to be done
to fully improve on the information service profiles at CUEA library.
4.13 Problems experienced in the use of Electronic Information Services.
According to 42.9% of the respondents the major problem when using information and
communication technologies was limited number of computers, 20.9% identified slowness,
14.3% identified viruses and lOA % identified expensiveness. These responses are
summarized in figure V below.
69
Figure V: Problems Experienced in the Electronic Information Services Usage
5.00%
'"'".,
~oUi
'"1A.5>
45.00%
40.00%-
35.00%
30.00% -
Problems in 25.00'10
percentage
20.00%(100%)
15.00%
10.00%
0.00% ,
Category of Problems encountered
Source: Field Data
4.14 Obstacles hindering effective use of Electronic Information Services
Table XXXV: Obstacles of Electronic Services
Obstacle No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Limited computers 18 20
Very limited time 16 18
Inadequate Staff 14 15
Printer disruption 14 12.6
Lack of user mails 10 11.5
Lack of printing facilities 8 9.4
Slowness of computers 7 7.3
Power connectivity to 5 6.1
internet
Source: Field data
91% of the respondents were in agreement that there are obstacles in the using of electronic
information services. These obstacles were rated as follows:
70
Limited computers 20%, very limited time 18%, inadequate staff to ask for assistance while
stuck 15%, power supply disruption 12.6%, lack of user mails 11.5%, lack of printing
facilities 9.4%, computers are too slow 7.3% and poor connectivity to internet 6.1%.
4.15 Computerization Constraints
Table: XXXVII: Constraint Indicators
Constraints No of respondents Percentage (%)
Inadequate funding 59 66
Inadequate power supply 55 61
Inadequate telephone linkages 41 46
Inadequate ICT resources 29 32
Management problems 27 30
Logistics 24 27
Lack of Institutional ICT 21 23
Policy
Of the main constraints identified against the prOVISIOnand utilization of electronic
information services in CUEA library inadequate funding received the highest frequency of
mention by 66% of the respondents, followed closely by inadequate power supply (61%),
inadequate telephone links (46%), inadequate ICT services (32%), management problems
(30%) and logistic problems (27%). Inadequate opportunity to access the electronic
information services and lack of ICT personnel were mentioned by 26% of the respondents.
The least mentioned constraint was lack of institutional ICT policy (23%).
71
4.16 Improvement of the electronic information services
Table XXXVIII: Areas of Improvement
Areas for improvement No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Increase no of computers 86 95.5
Increase Library operating hours 83 92.2
Replace slow computers 85 94.1
Subscription to more databases 85 94.5
Increase bandwidth 81 89.5
All computers to have UPS Systems 86 95.2
Installation of network printers 84 93.6
User manuals displayed appropriately 79 88.1
Source: Field data
98.9% of the respondents generally felt that the following areas should be improved to
facilitate the use of the electronic services. 95.5% suggested increasing the number of
computers, 92.2 suggested increase library operating hours, 94.1 suggested replacement of
slow computers , 94.5% suggested subscription to more databases ,89.5% suggested
increasing the network bandwidth, 95.1 suggested that all computers to have UPS system,
93.6% suggested for an installation of a network printer ,while 88.1% suggested to have
passwords and user instruction manuals displayed appropriately.
72
Table XXXIX: Benefits of Electronic Information Services
Benefits Strongly Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly
agree disagree
Has spread up access to 45.8% 29.2% 10.4% 4.2% 10.4%
information
Made information access 43.8% 35.4% 10.4% 8.1% 8.3%
easier
Downloading and 25% 29.2% 22.9% 6.3% 16.7%
printing of required
information
Access to multiple 33.3% 31.3% 12.5% 12.5% 10.4%
information
Has made access to 25.5% 40.4% 23.4% 4.3% 6.4%
information cheaper and
accurate
Has made interaction 21.3% 29.8% 29.8% 8.5% 10.6%
with counterparts of
similar interest faster and
easier
Has reduced chances of 12.5% 18.8% 18.8% 18.8% 14.6%
duplication of efforts
Source: Field Data
The results showed that 45.8% of the respondents strongly agreed with the fact that use of
electronic information services has speeded up information access, 29.2% agreed, 10.4%
were not sure, 4.2% disagreed and 10.4% strongly disagreed. Access to information made
easier, 43.8% strongly agreed, while 35.4% agreed, 10.4% of respondents were uncertain,
2.1% disagreed while 8.3% strongly disagreed. 25% of respondents agreed that use of
electronic information services enables one to download and print the required information,
while 29.2% agreed, 29.2% uncertain, 63% disagreed and 16.7% strongly disagreed. 33.3%
of the respondents strongly agreed that it was possible to access any information regardless
of geographical location, while 31.3% agreed. 12.5% were uncertain, 12.5% disagreed and
10.4% strongly disagreed.
73
25.5% of respondents agreed that usmg electronic services has made access to the
information cheaper and accurate while 40.4% agreed. But 23.4% were uncertain, 4.3%
disagreed while 6.4% strongly disagreed. 21.3% respondents strongly agreed using
electronic information services have made interaction with counterparts of similar interests
to become faster and easier, 29.8% agreed. 29.8% were uncertain, 8.5% disagreed and
10.6% strongly disagreed. 12.5% strongly agreed that use of electronic information services
has reduced chances of duplicating research efforts while 18.8% agreed. However, 35.4%
were uncertain, 18.8% disagreed and 14.6% strongly disagreed.
4.17 Information communication technology experience
Table XL: ICT Knowledge
Areas No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Higher ICT Knowledge 25 28
Moderate ICT Knowledge 43 48.4
Lower ICT Knowledge 22 24
Source: Field data
The study analyzed the overall information communication technology experience of the
respondents as well as their experience with the electronic information services in the CUEA
library .. Almost half of the respondents 43(48.4%) said they had moderate ICT knowledge,
whereas, 28% and 24% possessed higher and lower ICT knowledge respectively.
Table XLI: Duration of Experience in ICT Use
Years of Experience No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Less than 1 year 38 42.3
1-2 years 18 20
2-5 years 17 18.6
Over 5 years 17 19.1
Source: Field data
74
88% of the respondents indicated that they were familiar with the electronic information
services being provided by the CUEA library. Among these, those that had less than one
year of experience were 26.2%, between 1-2 years were 20%, between 2-5 years were
18.6% and over five years they were 19.1%
4.18 Impact of Electronic Information Services on the CUEA Library
Table XLII: Impact of Electronic Information Services
Impact No of Respondents Percentage (%)
No response 12 13.3
Very little response 32 35.6
Some impact 46 51.1
Source: Field data
The results obtained on the impact of computerization makes this research quite interesting.
Results from the CUEA Library showed that 12(13.3%) of the respondents did not respond
to the question. 32(35.6%) felt that computerization had very little impact on the library
while 46(51.1 %) felt there was some impact.
Table: XLIII: Effects of Electronic Information Services
Response No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Positive 76 84.4
No response 14 15.6
Source: Field data
On the effects of electronic information services, 76(84.4%) of the respondents felt the
effects were positive, while 14(15.6%) did not respond. The respondents who felt that
electronic services had little or no effect at all gave the following reasons for their answer
14(15.0%) felt that their library electronic information services were inefficient while
72(80.0%) attributed it to slow internet and problem of connectivity. 4(4.0%) of the
respondents felt there was lack of proper lCT management.
Majority of the respondents 81(90%) agreed that the electronic information services had
assisted in effective and efficient accomplishment of the mission of the CUEA library.
75
However, only 51(63%) of the respondents agreed that the electronic information services
are cost effective and affordable.
76
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter gives the summary of the findings of the research, conclusions made by the
researcher on the electronic information services being provided in academic libraries in
Kenya and the recommendations made by the researcher on the way forward to
improvement of the ICT in the CUEA Library.
It further shows how the various objectives and aims of the study have been made and
whether the methodologies used have achieved the required goals of the study.
5.1 Summary of the Findings
Operating System
The CUEA library has Windows NT 4.0 Server and Windows NT 4.0 workstations. They
have high level security. Nevertheless, crashes resulting from voltage inconsistencies from
Kenya Power and Lightning Company (KPLC) have made the CUEA library upgrade the
operating system to a Windows 2000 Server.
Application Software
Microsoft Office 2000 has been installed with antivirus in each of the workstations to enable
the library staff to carry out their day-to-day office duties.
Networking Model
The university library is using the Client/Server networking model in providing information
services. The features of this networking model have the following advantages:
• Strong central security
77
• Central files storage, which allows all users to work from the same set of data and
provides easy backup of critical data (common data)
• Optimized dedicated servers, which are faster at sharing network services
• Less intrusive security, since a single password allows access to all shared services on
the network
• Freeing the users from the tasks of managing the sharing of services
• Easy manageability of a large number of users
• Central organization, which keeps data from getting lost among computers.
• Ability to share expensive equipment such as LaserJet Printers, Network Printers as well
as the HP LaserJet 4100N printers.
The university library is using Star Topology for the library networking purposes. The. .advantage behind this choice of topology includes:
• It is easy to modify and add a new computer to a star network without
disturbing the rest of the network. What needs to be done is to simply run a
new central location point and plug it into the hub.
• The centre of a star network is a good place to diagnose network faults.
• Single computer failures do not necessarily bring down the whole star
network. The hub detects a network fault and isolates the offending computers
or the network cable and then allows the rest of the network to continue
operating.
• Several cable types are used in the same network with a hub that can
accommodate multiple cable types.
evertheless, it costs more in cabling and if the central hub fails the whole network fails to
operate.
Future of Electronic Information Services in the CUEA Library
The respondents were asked their opinions about the future of electronic information
services in their library and they felt strongly that there is need:
78
~ For proper training of the users and staff
~ Increase of access time
~ Increase the number of computers at all levels
~ Improvement on the bandwidth
~ Improvement of the computer connectivity.
User Satisfaction
There is evidence of appreciation of the role of the library in facilitating academic activities
among the staff. The University librarian is quoted as saying "The library is the nerve centre
of any learning and research institution in the provision of new information useful for the
advancement of knowledge." However, there is also awareness among all groups of users of
the inadequacy of the services provided by CUEA library. Major complaints include:
i) Unfriendly and incompetent staff
ii) Inadequate services such as literature searches, Selective dissemination of
information and Current awareness services.
iii) Inadequate literacy skills programmes
iv) Inadequate internet based materials because of high demand of electronic
services.
v) Inability to access information in other libraries due to inadequate interlibrary
co-operation
vi) Limited hours of access
5.2 Conclusion
Operating system. Implementation of viable/adequate funding and operational strategies
for sustaining the continuous development of the operating system
79
Application Software. Promotion of the wide spread and effective use of the electronic
information services by the CUEA Library users for teaching, learning and research is
essential.
Networking Model. There is need for the development of efficient intranets and local
databases for pooling and sharing the local electronic information services.
Future of Electronic Information Services in CUEA Library. Effective adoption ofICT
in CUEA Library will accelerate the level of knowledge acquisition and consequently
improve on the catholic university information services. The library management should
take great responsibility in creating an environment open to change and innovative
strategies.
User Satisfaction. There is urgent need for e-publishing and the development of electronic
books to be able to serve the users better as information providers. The positive attitudes and
actions by the library staff can play an important role in the successful implementation of
lCT change and user satisfaction.
5.3 Recommendations
1. ICT development plan.
CUEA Library should evolve an ICT development plan to cater for its short, medium
and long-term electronic information requirements. A coherent institutional framework
should be established by the plan to cater for the different types of electronic information
services with clearly defined functions and linkages.
2. Integration into the curriculum.
Information Communication Technology (lCT) should be integrated into the curriculum
and delivery of all programmes at the Catholic University. Accordingly, programmes
should be initiated to enable all university lecturers learn how to use modem information
communication technologies to deliver courses, for example in graphic presentation and
80
to interact with students through electronic mails. Furthermore, a basic computing skills
course should be included in the compulsory general studies programmes of the
university. Finally, ICT resource and learning centers with adequate seating capacities
should be established in each faculty of the university to facilitate adequate access by
lecturers and students to electronic information services for teaching, learning and
research.
3. Budgetary allocation.
There should be specific annual budgetary allocation from the university for developing
and maintaining ICT infrastructure in the CUEA Library. The university should develop
sustainable strategies for financing the development and operation of automated
information systems and services.
4. Training of staff.
In order to improve the on-the-job performance of the electronic information services
personnel, regular training of staff through seminars, workshops, conferences, refresher
courses and in-service training should be institutionalized as part of the development
plan for electronic information services. Moreover, the university must come to terms
with the need to increase the recruitment of appropriate ICT human resources, including
information scientists, knowledge managers, database designers and administrators,
software developers, network engineers and administrators, and web masters. Such
human resources must be sourced, attracted and retained in the university.
5. Adequate publicity.
Managers of electronic information services in the university should promote adequate
publicity of their plans, operations and services on a continuing basis through diverse
channels, including circulars, campus notices, displays, exhibitions, demonstrations and
lCT Bulletins. There should be periodic awareness programmes for different categories
of stakeholders and users of these electronic information services.
81
6. Adequate funding.
The gains of MIS, KENET and computerized accounting system III terms of
computerized administration, library users' data and records, should be sustained
through adequate funding, as well as the upgrading of the integrated software to provide
greater functionality and flexibility.
7. Virtual learning centre.
The university library system should be developed into virtual learning centre facilitated
by electronic and integrated information services. This will enable the library system to
effectively serve as the hub of teaching, learning and research activities in the university,
as well as enable the university to contribute and benefit maximally from external
information services and projects, such as the Virtual Library Project.
8. Implementation of special projects.
In view of the slow and haphazard development of electronic library services in the
university, ICT planners and administrators in the university should give top priority to
implementing special projects for catalyzing and sustaining the computerization of their
university library. Moreover, in order to avoid the mistakes of the past, such projects
should be adequately resourced, and supported by human resources in the university.
9. rcr strategies.
Strategies for maintaining of ICT services and electronic services should be given
adequate attention in the planning and implementation of ICT programmes and projects.
The Catholic University should implement and monitor strategies for promoting good
system maintenance practices, and should establish special ICT maintenance units with
clear operational guidelines and adequate technical crews.
82
10. Commission for Higher Education (C.H.E)
The Commission for Higher Education in Kenya should continue to catalyze and
spearhead new projects for the innovative application of information communication
technologies for teaching, learning and research in the Kenyan universities. However, in
articulating and implementing such projects, each university should be allowed to
dovetail the CHE-sponsored projects into its own ICT master plan in terms of project
scaling, phasing, implementation and system procurement.
11. Regular evaluation.
Periodic formative and summative evaluation of electronic information systems and
services should be institutionalized within CUEA Library in order to continually
improve the implementation, operation and cost-effectiveness of electronic information
services in consonance with evolving global technological opportunities for university
education.
12. Increase accessibility.
CUEA Library must give priority to ICT if they are to continue in the business of
providing information to the organization and remain as the main point of access for
researchers/students. This means then that the provision of OPACs at all service points
and access to the internet and the World Wide Web are vitally imperative.
13. Seminars/Conferences.
The Catholic university management has been reluctant towards adoption of ICT in the
CUEA Library. In this regard CHE should organize national seminars and workshops
for all senior management staff of the Kenyan universities to address this issue. These
negative attitudes by university managers must give way to positive ones to enhance
rapid adoption of ICT in our university libraries.
83
14. Funding.
Library management in the university should intensify efforts to source for extra funds from
corporate organizations/companies, international organizations/agencies, donors and
individuals/alumni to finance the library information services.
According to experts, the projected type of paradigm shift that an academic library will
undergo of which CUEA Library is not an exception includes changes in direction and basic
functions. These will include changes:
• From library-centered to information-centered to knowledge-centered;
• From the library as an institution to the library as an information provider that selects
the most relevant information, with the librarian as a skilled information specialist
capable of functioning in all related information environments;
• From using new technology for the automation of library functions to focusing on
content utilizing technology for the enhancement of information access and delivery
to distributed information systems;
• From technology that supports the library staff to technology that empowers the
library user;
• From library networking for information provision to area networking for the
provision of all types of information sources; and
• From individual use of technology to its library-wide integration (Chen, 1994).
84
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Kavulya, lM.(2004).University libraries in Kenya: a survey of current trends and strategies
for development. Berlin: Parker publishers.
Khalid, H. M.(2000) Computerization and networking in library and information systems of
advanced countries: a framework for countries with less developed systems,
library review, vo1.49 no.1 and 2, pp57-63.
Kombo,D.K&Tromp,D.L.(2006).Proposal and thesis writing an introduction. Nairobi:
Pauline publications.
Lancaster, F.W.(1997).Towards a paperless information system. Available at:
http//www.emeraldInsight.com
Malinconico, S.M.(1998). Future of the catalog: the library's choices. New York:
Knowledge industry publications.
Mugenda, L. M. & Mugenda, A.G.(1999). Research methods: quantitative and qualitative
approaches. Nairobi: Acts.
Mutula, S.M. (2004).Bridging the digital divide through e-governance: implications for
Africa: towards a knowledge society for African Development: paper present
at SCECSAL, XVI, Kampala.
Nwalo, K.I.N. (2000).Information technology in library and information science education
in Nigeria: papers presented at the io" Biennial conference at the National
Association of Library and Information Science Educators (NALISE).
Ibadan: Nalise.
Okiy,R. B. (1995).Librarianship in Delta State. Available at : http//libres.curtin.edu.au/libres
13nl
8"6
Omoniwa, M. A.(200 1).The computerization of Kashim Ibrahim Library of Ahmadu, Bello
university,Zaria,(1972-2000),Nigerian Library Association,vol.36 no. 1,pp.15-
22.
Orodho, A.J. (2003).Essentials of Educational and Social science research methods. Nairobi:
Masola publishers.
Peter, L.(1997). Norton's introduction to computers, 2nd ed. Pp.135-46. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Rosenberg, D. (1997).University Libraries in Africa: a review of their current state and
potential future: Available at: http//www.search.epnet.com
Saint, W. (1992). Universities in Africa: strategies for stabilization and revitalization.-
Technical paper no.194.- Washington,D.C: World Bank.
Snipett, P. (2001). Proposal for the Computerization and Networking of Delta State
University Library. Available at: http//www.ifla.org/iv/ifla641105-117 e-htm
World Bank, (2000). Information and Communication Technologies. Washington, D C:
World Bank.
87
APPENDIX I
Budget for Research
Activity Responsibility
Item.
I. Acquisition of Research Kshs. 2000/=
Materials/S tationery /Photocopying
2. Preparation and testing of research Kshs. 1000/=
instruments
3. Reconnaissance Survey Kshs. 2000/=
4. Data Collection Kshs. 10,000/=
5. Data Analysis Self
6. Final Report Compiling Myself
7. Typing Kshs. 2000/=
8. Miscellaneous Kshs. 3000/=
Total Kshs. 20000/=
88
APPENDIX 11
Letter of introduction
9th ,Sept.2006
Department of Library Studies
Kenyatta University
P. O. Box 43844
Nairobi
Dear Respondent,
RE: ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES IN KENY A ACADEMIC
LIBRARIES: ACASE STUDY OF CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
I am a second year postgraduate student at the Department of Library Studies, Kenyatta
University. Currently, I am carrying out a research on the above mentioned study. The study
aims at finding out the electronic information services being offered at the CUEA Library
including the computerization process, training, costs involved, obstacles encountered,
benefits accruing from the electronic information services and the effects of these services
on the CUEA library operations.
The purpose of this letter is to kindly request you to fill out the attached questionnaire. All
the information provided will be used for the purpose of this study only and will be treated
with absolute confidentiality.
Thank you in advance for the anticipated cooperation
Yours faithfully,
Jotham Milimo Wasike
89
APPENDIX II
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LIBRARY STAFF
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Tick appropriately in the bracket ( ) or fill in the space provided.
2. Feel free to give further information relevant to the research and not in the questionnaire.
GENERAL INFORMATION:
la) Name ofuniversity _
b) Type of academic Library?
(a) Private (b) Public
c) Title of respondent _
d) Education background
(a) Diploma (b) Bachelor (c) Masters (d) Ph.D
Other (specify) _
e) For how long have you worked in this library?
(a) Below one year (b) 2-5 years (c) 6-10 years (d) Over 10
years
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE LIBRARY
2. What services and areas are computerized in your library?
[ ] Cataloguing [ ] Circulation [ ] Acquisition [] Reference services
[ ] Other (please specify _
FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
3A) Who is currently funding the library?
(a) Sponsors (b) Bilateral donors (c) Friends of the library
Others (specify) _
B) Do you get donor funding for certain library projects?
(a) Yes (b) No
90
C) If yes, briefly explain your answer _
D) In your own opinion what can you say about the vote for the purchase of electronic
information services?
(a) Very much enough (b) Enough (c) Not sure (d) Not enough (e) Less than enough
ICT FACILITIES IN THE LIBRARY
4A). Briefly highlight on the current state of computers and other information
Communication technology facilities in the library
B). In your opinion, are these facilities enough?
(a) Yes (b) No
C). What type of computers are available in your library?
(a) Branded (b) Clones (c) Both
D) Which of the above do you prefer? _
give reason/s for your preference _
SA). What is the nature of your Internet service connection?
(a) Online (b) Service provider based (c) Vsat (d) Wireless
Other (specify) _
B) If Yes, who is responsible for its content?
(a) University Librarian (b) Systems Librarian
(c) University Systems Administrator
Other (specify) _
C) How often is it updated?
(a) Daily (b) Weekly (c) Monthly (d) Quarterly
Other (specify _
D) Which of the following networks is available in your library?
(a) LAN (b) WAN
Other (specify) _
E) If in a network, are users able to access library information off campus?
(a) Yes (b) No
91
F) Highlight briefly on the nature of your network access in the library, more so electronic
Information services
G). How would you rate the quality of ICT facilities in your library?
(a) Excellent (b) Good (c) Average (d) Below average (e) Poor
H). How would you rate the sufficiency of your library ICT facilities in supporting the
users' information needs?
(a) Very adequate (b) Adequate (c) Moderate (d) Inadequate (e) Very inadequate
ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES
6A). What is the nature of available electronic information services?
(a) Internet (b) CD-ROMs (c) E-mail (d) Online journals
Other (specify) _
B). What purposes do you use these Services?
(a) Collection development (b) To write professional papers(c) Current information
(d) Interlibrary loan (e) Current awareness (f) Electronic document delivery
(g) Communication with colleagues (h) Entertainment
Others (specify) _
C). Generally how has the use of Electronic services influenced your working
environment?
(a) Has raised morale towards work (b) Many questions are easier to answer now
(c) I am able to do more searches than before
(d) I am able to know what is happening especially in the profession globally
(e) Have improved communication process with professional colleagues
Other(specify) _
D). In your own opinion to what extent has the use of electronic information services
affected information accessibility? Indicate whether you agree with the following assertions
92
by circling the appropriate response: 1- Disagree completely, 2-Disagree,3-Uncertain,4-
Agree, 5 = Agree completely.
I 2 3 4 5 Use of electronic information services has led to efficient access
to a wide range of services and therefore more users to use them.
I 2 3 4 5 Information can be retrieved anywhere anytime in the world.
I 2 3 4 5 There is no geographical barrier to electronic information services
I 2 3 4 5 Majority of the staff can help the users access the information,
since they only need to have basic information literacy skills.
I 2 3 4 5 With electronic services in the library, users can access the
information, since the information retrieval is electronic and
therefore manual searching is eliminated.
E). Indicate whether you agree with the following assertions by circling a number from
1 = Disagree strongly,2=Disagree,3=Uncertain ,4=Agree, 5 = Agree strongly
I 2 3 4 5 With electronic services in libraries, readers and staff have all
the information they need.
1 2 3 4 5 There will be no need of a physical library in the near future.
I 2 3 4 5 The role of the library and the librarian is gradually changing
with the availability of the electronic services.
I 2 3 4 5 The benefit of using these services out do the obstacles.
I 2 3 4 5 Users are demanding more of electronic services compared to
prints.
TRAINING NEEDS FOR USING ELECTRONIC SERVICES
7A) Do you have any training in use of electronic information services?
(a) Yes (b) No
B) If yes, highlight on the nature of the training problem _
93
C) Does your library have an in-house programme for training the staff on use of electronic
services?
(a) Yes (b) No
D) If Yes, who is in charge of the training programme?
(a) University Librarian (b) Systems Librarian
(c) Reference Librarian
Other (specify) _
E) Identify areas emphasized in the training programme?
(a) Information searching (b) Trouble shooting (c) User instruction (d) ICT
Others (specify)
F) Have you ever been sponsored for any library ICT related course by the library?
(a) Yes (b) No
G) If yes, briefly highlight on the nature of the course ---------------------------
H). How would you rate yourself in regard to the use of electronic services?
(a) Very comfortable (b) Comfortable (c) Not comfortable (d) Very uncomfortable
I). ICT facilities need regular maintenance. How well is your library prepared in this?
Briefly explain _
J). Which areas do you think need further training as far as use of electronic information
services is concerned? Identify any three.
(i) (ii) (iii)
K) In your own knowledge and experience is library staff well prepared to handle ICT
mediated communication services?
(a) Yes (b) No
L) In either case, explain your answer _
94
M) Does the library have adequate staff to manage fC'T related work?
(a)Yes (b) No
N) In either case explain your answer _
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH USE ELECTRONIC SERVICES
8A) Identify from the list below the problems the library is facing in computerizing the
information services fully?
(a) Inadequate budget (b) Inadequate leT facilities
(c) Inadequate space to accommodate users (d) Power supply
(e) Low bandwidth (f) Poor ISP service (g) Inadequate staff with K'T skills
(h) Negative attitude by staff towards leT (i) Break down of facilities
(j) Lack of a computer technician
Other (specify) _
B) Which of the above problem(s) is most pronounced? Briefly explain your answer _
C). Apart from the above obstacles, what else is hindering the library from providing the
needed electronic information services?
a) Library cannot cope with rising demand of electronic information services.
(b) Users spending long hours playing computer games, reading, sending e-
Mails and reading newspapers.
(c) Repair of computers taking too long (d) Low bandwidth
Others (specify) _
D). Briefly highlight from your own experience what would be the best way /approach in
regard to the electronic services in academic libraries generally in Kenya.
95
BENEFITS OF USING ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES
E). By applying the scale given below, rate the benefits you feel you may have obtained
through the use of electronic information services in your library
Scale 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Uncertain 4 = Agree
agree
5 = Strongly
SUGGESTED BENEFITS 5 4 3 2 1
a Has speeded up access to information sought
b Has made access to information easier
c Downloading and printing of required information
d Access to any information regardless of its location
e Has made access to information cheaper and accurate
f Has made my interaction with counterparts of similar
interests to become faster and easier
g Has reduced chances of duplication of research efforts
h Others (specify)
F). In your own professional opinion, what would you say about the future of electronic
information services in your library?
96
APPENDIX IV
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR UNIVERSITY LIBRARIAN
INSTRUCTIONS
1. ~ick appropriately in the bracket ( ) or fill in the space provided.
2. Feel free to give further information relevant to the research and not in the questionnaire.
GENERAL INFORMATION:
lA) Name ofuniversity _
B) Type of academic library?
(a) Private (b) Public
C) Title of respondent _
D) Education background
(a) Masters (b) Ph.D
Other (specify) _
E) For how long have you worked in this library?
(a) Below one year (b) 2-5 years (c) 6-10 years (d) over 10 years
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE LIBRARY
2. (A) Is your library computerized?
Yes [) No [ ]
(B) If yes, when did computerization start? Please indicate the time-----------------------
(C) What services are have been computerized?
[ ] Cataloguing [ ] Circulation [ ] Acquisition [ ] Reference services ( ) Journals
Other (please specify _
97
FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
3.A) Who is currently funding the library?
(a) Sponsors (b) Bilateral donors (c) Friends of the library (d) Student fees
(e) Income generating projects ( f) Others (specify)
(B). What is the range of budget allocated for the purchase of information services both
prints and non print?
(a) Below Kshs.l(b) Kshs. 2m - 5m (c) Ksh.6m - 9m (d) Over Ksh.l0m
(C). Approximately what percentage of the above amount goes to electronic information
services?
(a) Below 10% (b) 11% - 20% (c) 21% - 30% (d) 31% - 40%
Other (specify) _
(D). In your own opinion what can you say about the vote for the electronic information
services?
(a) Enough (b) Not enough
ICT FACILITIES IN THE LIBRARY
5(A). Briefly indicate on the adequacy of computers and other ICT facilities in the CUEA
Library
Computers 1 2 3 4 5
CD-ROM 1 2 3 4 5
OPAC 1 2 3 4 5
Internet 1 2 3 4 5
Scanners 1 2 3 4 5
Printers 1 2 3 4 5
Bandwidth 1 2 3 4 5
(B). What is the nature of your Internet service connection?
(a) Service provider based (ISP) (b) Vsat (c) Wireless
Other (specify) _
98
(C) Who is responsible for electronic services?
(a) University Librarian (b) Systems Librarian (c) University Systems Administrator
Other (specify) _
(D) How often is it updating of information services done?
(a) Daily (b) Weekly(c) Monthly (d) Quarterly
Other (specify _
(E) Which of the following networks is available in your library?
(a) LAN (b) WAN
Other (specify) _
(F) In a network, are users able to access library information off campus?
(a) Yes (b) No
(G) Highlight briefly on the nature of your network access in the library, more so electronic
serVIces
(H). How would you rate the sufficiency of your library ICT facilities in supporting the
Users' information needs?
(a) Very adequate (b) Adequate (c) Moderate (d) Inadequate (e) Very inadequate
ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES
SeA). What is the nature of available electronic information services?
(a) Internet (b) CD-ROMs (c) E-mail (d) Online journals
Other (specify) _
(B). For what purposes do you use these services? (Tick all that apply)
(a) Collection development (b) To write professional papers (c) Current information
(d) Interlibrary loan (e) Current awareness (f) Electronic document delivery
(g) Communication with colleagues (h) Entertainment
Others (specify) _
99
(C). Generally how has the use of information services effected on your working
environment? (Tick appropriately)
(a) Has raised morale towards work (b) Many questions are easier to answer now
(c) I am able to do more searches than before (d) I am able to know what is
happening especially in the profession global (e) Have improved
communication process with professional colleagues
Other (specify) _
(D). In your own opinion to what extent has the use of electronic information services
affected information accessibility? Indicate whether you agree with the following assertions
by circling 1- Disagree completely, 5 = Agree completely.
Use of electronic information services has led to efficient access to side range of resources I 2 3 4 i 5
and therefore encouraged more users to use them
Information can now be retrieved anywhere anytime in the world I 2 3 4 5
There is no geographical barrier to electronic information, since they only need to have 1 2 3 4 5
basic information literacy skills
With electronic services in the library, users can access the information, since the 1 2 3 4 5
information retrieval is electronic and therefore manual searching is eliminated
6). Indicate whether you agree with the following assertions by circling a number from
I = Disagree strongly, 5 = Agree strongly
With electronic services in libraries, readers and staff have all the information they need. I 2 3 4 5
There will be no need of a physical library in the near future I 2 3 4 5
The role of the library and the librarian is gradually changing with the availability of electronic I 2 3 4 5
services
The benefit of using these services out do the obstacles always I 2 3 4 5
Users are demanding more of electronic services compared to prints 1 2 3 4 5
TRAINING NEEDS FOR USING ELECTRONIC SERVICES
7A) Do you have any training in use of electronic information services?
(a) Yes (b) No
B) If No, highlight on the nature of the training need _
100
'~_._..- -- - -
8 A) Does your University have an in-house programme for training the library staff on use
of electronic services.?
(a) Yes (b) No
B) If yes, who is in charge of the training programme?
(a) University Librarian (b) Systems Librarian
(c) Reference Librarian
Other (specify) _
C) Identify areas emphasized in the training programme?
(a) Information searching (b) Trouble shooting (c) User instruction (d) ICT
Others (specify) _
D) Have you ever been sponsored for any library ICT related course by the University?
(a) Yes (b) No
E) If yes, briefly highlight on the nature of the course _
F). How would you rate yourself in regard to the use of electronic services?
(a) Very comfortable (b) Comfortable (c) Not comfortable (d) Very uncomfortable
G). ICT facilities need regular maintenance. How well is your library prepared to achieve
this? Briefly explain _
H). Which areas do you think need further training as far as use of electronic information
services is concerned? Identify any three.
(i) (ii) (iii)
I) In your own knowledge and experience is library staff well prepared to handle ICT
mediated communication services?
(a) Yes
J) In either case, explain your answer _
(b) No
101
K) Does the library have adequate staff to manage leT related work?
(a)Yes (b) No
L) In either case explain your answer _
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH USE ELECTRONIC SERVICES
9A) Identify from the list below the problems the library is facing in computerizing the
information services fully?
(a) Inadequate budget (b) Inadequate K'T facilities.
(c) Inadequate space to accommodate users (d) Power supply
(e) Low bandwidth (f) Poor ISP service (g) Inadequate staff with leT skills
(h) Negative attitude by staff towards leT (i) Break down of facilities
U) Lack of a computer technician
Other (specify) _
B) Which of the above problem(s) is most pronounced? Briefly explain your
answer _
C). Apart from the above obstacles, what else is hindering the library from providing the
needed electronic information services?
a) Library cannot cope with rising demand of electronic information services.
(b) Users spending long hours playing computer games, reading, sending e-mails and
reading newspapers.
Others (specify) _
D). Briefly highlight from your own experience what would be the best way /approach in
the provision electronic services in academic libraries generally in Kenya.
102
BENEFITS OF USING ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES
lOA). By applying the scale given below, rate the benefits you feel you may have obtained
through the use of electronic information services in your library
Scale 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Uncertain 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree
SUGGESTED BENEFITS 5 4 3 2 1
a Has speeded up access to information sought
b Has made access to information easier
c Downloading and printing of required information
d Access to any information regardless of its location
e Has made access to information cheaper and accurate
f Has made my interaction with counterparts of similar
interests to become faster and easier
g Has reduced chances of duplication of research efforts
h Others (specify)
B). In your own professional opinion, what would you say about the future of electronic
information services in your library?
103
APPENDIX V
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LIBRARY USERS
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Tick appropriately in the bracket 0 or fill in the space provided.
2. Feel free to give further relevant information to the research which is not in the
questionnaire.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
lA) Name of university ---------------------------------------------
B) Title of respondent
(a) Academic Staff (b) Student (c) Bonafide library user (d) Administration
Other (specify) _
(C) Education background
(a) Masters (b) Ph.D
(D) Faculty _
(E) Area of specialization Department _
(F) Course of study e.g. MSc, M.A, PhD. _
ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES.
2A) Does your library have electronic information services?
(a) Yes (b) No
B)(i) Identify the types of electronic information services available in your library
(a) Electronic journals (b) Internet (c) Online databases (d) CD-ROMs (e) OPAC
Others (specify) _
(ii) Do you use all these services?
(a) Yes (b) No
(iii) If yes, how often do you use them?
(a) Daily (b) weekly (c) Once a month (d) Rarely
Other (specify) _
104
(iv) If the answer to B (ii) is No, what are the reasons for not using these services?
(a) Do not know how to access them (b) The place is always crowded
(c) There is no librarian to assist (d) The library hours are inconvenient for me
(e) I use them elsewhere (f) Have no reason to use them (g) No relevant
Information
(C)(i) Has the library allocated specific time for using these services?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) If yes, how much time is allocated?
(a) 1hr. (b) 2hrs. (c) 3hrs.
Other (specify) _
(D)(i) In your own view is the time allocated for using these electronic information services
adequate?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) Explain your answer _
(E). For what purpose(s) do you use the electronic information services for?
(a) Accessing online publications (b) E-mail communication
(c) Consulting library's web OPAC (d) Conducting database searches
(e) For current news/events (f) Entertainment/sports
(g) For exploring what is available
Others (specify) _
(F). In your own opinion what do you like most about the electronic information services?
(a) They offers current information (b) They have vast information reservoirs
(c) I can access different information services at the same time
(d)They are easy to us (f) They are faster compared to the traditional services
Others (specify) _
(G) (i) How would you compare electronic information services with traditional information?
(a)Electronic information services are better than traditional services
(b) Traditional services are better than the electronic information services.
(c) Both information services are the same
105
(e) Others (specify)
(ii)Please explain your answer above _
(3A)(i). What type of catalogues does your library have?
(a) OPAC (b) Web OPAC (c) Manual (d) Integrated
Others (specify) _
(ii) Which do you prefer to use?
(a) OPAC (b) Web OPAC (c) Manual
(d) Integrated
(iii) Why do you prefer this catalogue?
(a) It is easy to use (b) It is faster (c) It is comprehensive (d) It is the only available
Others (specify) _
(iv). How often do you use the catalogue?
(a) Always (b) Occasionally (c) Never
(B). What would you say about the computers set aside for OPAC?
(a) Adequate
(b) Not adequate
Others (specify) _
(C)(i). Do you have access to OPAC whenever you need?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) If the answer is No, explain _
(D)(i) Does your library have CD-ROM databases?
(c) Yes (b) No (d) I don't know
(ii) If yes, how often do you use them?
(a) Daily (b) Weekly (c) Monthly (d) Never
(E)(i) Does the library allow users to borrow CD-ROMs for home use?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) Either way, explain your answer _
106
(F). Identify some of the CD-ROM titles acquired by your library that you consider crucial
to your lectures/research
___________ 11 1ll _
(0). How would you rate the frequency of updates of the CD-ROMs?
(a) Updated regularly
(b) Not updated regularly
(c) Not applicable
(H). Which of these electronic formats do you find most useful? Indicate using these criteria
Where:
4 = Most useful, 1 = Less useful
a. CD-ROMs 1 2 3 4
b. Internet 1 2 3 4
c. Electronic Journals 1 2 3 4
d. Electronic books 1 2 3 4
e. OPAC 1 2 3 4
(I)(i) While in the library which services of information do you use most?
a) Electronic sources (b) Printed sources
(ii) In either case, give reasons for your preference _
TRAINING NEEDS
(4A) (i) Have you had any training in the use of electronic information services. ?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) If yes, how would you rate the training?
(a) Very good (b) Good (c) Poor
Other (specify) _
(iii) If you have not had any training in the use of these services, how do you access
them?
(a) Through trial and error (b) Through fellow users (c) Ask a librarian
(B)(i) In your opinion, do.you feel that the library should embark on a serious training
Programme for users in the use of electronic information services?
107
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) In either way explain your answer _
(C). How would you rate the training offered by the library staff on the use of electronic
Information services.
(a) Very adequate (b) Adequate (c) Moderate (d) Inadequate (e) Very inadequate
OBST ACLES HINDERING EFFECTIVE USE OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION
SERVICES
(5A)(i) Do you encounter any obstacle(s) while using electronic information services?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) If yes, which obstacle(s) do you encounter?
(a) Limited computers (b) Computers are too slow
(c) Very limited time (d) Power supply disruption
(e) Inadequate staff to ask for assistance while stuck
(f) Lack of user skills (g) Poor connectivity to Internet
(h) Lack of printing facilities
Other (specify) _
(iii) Which ofthe above do you consider to be the most serious obstacle?
Brieflyexplain _
(iv) Which areas would you like to be improved to facilitate use of these services in the
library?
(a) Increase the number of computers (b) Increase the bandwidth
(c) Replace slow computers (d) Subscription of more databases
(e) All computers to have UPS system (f) Installation of a network printer
(g) Increase library operating hours (h) Have password and user instruction manuals
displayed appropriately
Others (specify) _
108
BENEFITS IN THE USE OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES
(6A). By applying the scale given below, rate the benefits you feel you may have obtained
through the use of electronic information services in your library
Scale 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Uncertain 4 = Agree
5= Strongly agree
SUGGESTED BENEFITS 5 4 3 2 1
a Has speeded up access to information sought
b Has made access to information easier
c Downloading and printing of required information
d Access to any information regardless of its location
d Has made access to information cheaper and accurate
f Has made my interaction with counterparts of similar
interests to become faster and easier
e Has reduced chances of duplication of research efforts
g. Others (specify)
(B) (i) In your own opinion, is there anything attractive in using the electronic information
services than printed formats?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) In either way, explain your answer _
(C). Any other information that you feel might help in this research _
109
_w •••.