Impact of hospital wastewater to the spread of antibiotic resistance in Kisii level 5 hospital in comparison to Kisii University, Suneka WWTP and Riana River-Kisii County, Kenya

Abstract

A potential post-antibiotic era is a threat and even in future medical advances. The current worldwide increase in antimicrobial resistance continues to pose a challenge with the downward trend in the development of new antibiotics posing serious implications. Despite the wide use of antibiotics especially in Kisii County, there is little available data concerning the contribution of hospital wastewater to the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Due to increasing trends in drug resistance, this study aims at determining the antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial -isolates from wastewater effluents from Kisii level 5 Hospital and Kisii University College. In addition, to carrying out antibiotic testing of commonly prescribed drugs on the bacteria related infections in Kisii level 5 hospital. A total of 384 wastewater samples will be collected during the time period of 8 am to 5pm from July to November from participating institutions. The samples will be transported in chilled cool-boxes to the laboratory at Kisii level 5 hospital for analysis. Bacterial isolation will done by use of specific selective media and confirmed by biochemical tests. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility testing will be performed using Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique and zone of inhibition measured in diameter. Zone of inhibition will be interpreted as sensitive, intermediate and resistant according to CLSI (clinical laboratory standards institute). Collected data will be analyzed by use of ANOVA test to determine whether there is significant difference in resistance of bacteria to antibiotics from the sampling sites