Classification refers to the arrangement of the kinds of individuals living organisms into groups and the groups into systems called classification. TAXONOMY: This is the science of identifying, naming and classifying ...

Plant viruses have a huge impact on crop production throughout the world. Consequently, there has been a considerable effort and resources directed towards managing virus diseases. Crop failure due to debilitating viruses ...

Plants, whether cultivated or wild, grow and produce well as long as the soil provides them with sufficient nutrients and moisture, sufficient light reaches their leaves, and the temperature remains within a certain “normal” ...

Most serious diseases of crop plants appear on a few plants in an area year after year, spread rapidly, and are difficult to cure after they have begun to develop. Therefore, almost all control methods are aimed at ...

Fungi are microscopic organisms that reproduce by means of spores. Only those with cell wall containing chitin are classified as true fungi. Most plant diseases are caused by fungi and most of them tend to become a problem, ...

Nematodes are lower invertebrate animals and are perhaps the most numerous multicellular animals on the earth. They are generally free-living in marine, freshwater or soil environments, but a large number of species are ...

Order Homoptera include aphids, whitefly, scales, leafhoppers, and mealybugs. They are plant-sucking, and many excrete honeydew, a liquid high in sugar, which attracts ants and is used as a substrate for sooty mold fungus, ...

Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with crops. They affect the growth of plants, products desirability, decreased production efficiency and the yields. Weeds usually grow very fast, compete for the ...

The major quarantine pests identified recently on cut flowers include bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera spp.), leaf miner (Liriomyza sp.), white flies (mainly Bemisia tabaci), thrips (mainly western flower thrips ...

Diseases caused by bacterial plant pathogens are one of the most severe constraints to agricultural productivity. Many types of crops are attacked by these pathogens every season with substantial losses occurring. Diseases ...