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HEC-RAS Modeling for the Determination of Highest Water Mark as the Reference Surface for Delineation of Riparian Reserve: Case Study of Nairobi River-Kenya
(African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, 2025-05) Odongo, Malachi; Mireri, Caled
Context and background: Highest Water Marks (HWM) has often been used as the points of reference for measurement of the width of the riparian reserve. Its determination is usually a challenge and, in most cases, its often approximated manually by physically going to the river banks during heavy rainfall seasons. This has often caused a huge challenge when delineating riparian reserves for purposes of protecting and conserving it. Hydrological Engineering Centreline River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) has proven to provide accurate simulation of the highest water mark over a long period of time using both geomorphological features and climatic data. Goal and objectives: The main aim of this study was to apply HEC-RAS model to determine the highest water mark (HWM) for Nairobi River for a flood return period of 30 years. Methodology: HEC-RAS version 6.3 was used to simulate the HWM with inputs of the Digital Terran Model (DTM), River Discharge and rainfall gauge station data. The model was found to very suitable for determining the HWM after conducting validations during the high rain fall periods of April/May 2024 which caused a heavy flood in Nairobi City. The HWM was then used to offset the different set back distances of 2m, 6m and 30m as per the legal framework and laws governing riparian delineation. Levels of encroachment was then established within those delineated riparian reserves. Results: The upper river segment, the highest water mark was found to range between 2-3m above the river bed on a well V-shaped river slope hence not susceptible for flooding while the middle river segment the highest water level was above 5m on a U-shaped river slope rendering it a flood plain where as the lower river segment the highest water mark was found be 1.5m above the river bed on a widened U-shaped river slope making it very prone to huge floods.
Performance of Domestic Airlines in Kenya: The Role of Strategic Management Practices
(Journal of Economic, Accounting and Management, 2025-03) Ichingwa, Georgina Shiboko; Kamau, Sarah
The study sought to examine the effect of strategic management practices on performance of domestic airlines in Kenya. This comes at a time when the domestic airlines in Kenya have been facing tremendous challenges orchestrated by dynamics in the operating environment and disruptions in the global markets. The domestic airlines have seen a surge in customer-shun rate due to low customer satisfaction. Moreover, most of the players in domestic airlines have faced a steady decline in sales revenues and the overall market share. This raises the question on what could be the remedy to upscale organizational performance of domestic airlines. The study specifically addressed the effect of environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation on performance of domestic airlines in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey approach, and targeted 129 employees drawn from 43 domestic Kenyan airlines. A questionnaire was used to collected primary data for the study, which was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that strategic management practices (environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation) significantly influenced performance of domestic airlines in Kenya. It was therefore concluded that the deficiencies in performance of domestic airlines in Kenya was strongly associated with effective embrace of strategic management practices. It is recommended that for the domestic airlines to expand and continue performing in the current competitive market, the managers have a duty to integrate strategic management practices through vigorous environmental scanning, formulation of strategies that respond to market demands, effective implementation of developed strategies and evaluation of implemented strategies to ensure they align with the external operating market for enhanced performance.
Corporate Restructuring and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024) Makui, Risper Siroma
Financial performance is crucial in the realm of finance, and explaining why two organizations operating in the same environment perform differently remains a significant concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a substantial challenge to firms, necessitating strategic responses to survive in the market. Consequently, corporate restructuring has become a common strategy among commercial banks in Kenya. Despite these efforts, banks reported a decline in financial performance in 2020. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of corporate restructuring on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives were to: determine the effect of loan restructuring on financial performance, establish the effect of non-interest income restructuring on financial performance, determine the effect of financial technology restructuring on financial performance, and establish the moderating role of bank size on the relationship between corporate restructuring and financial performance of commercial banks. The study was grounded in four theories: Technology Acceptance Model, Financial Intermediation Theory, Agency Theory, and Profit Maximization Theory. A causal research design was adopted, targeting the 38 commercial banks operating in Kenya as of 31st December 2020. Secondary data was collected sing a data collection instrument and document review guide, sourced from the Central Bank of Kenya. The data covered a period of two years (January 2020 to December 2021) and was collected on a quarterly basis. Descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis were sed for data analysis, with diagnostic tests such as normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and Hausman specification tests conducted to ensure the validity of the regression analysis. The findings indicated that loan restructuring, non-interest income restructuring, and financial technology restructuring had a positive and statistically significant effect on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. However, the study found that bank size does have a moderating effect on the relationship between corporate restructuring and the financial performance of commercial banks. The study concludes that corporate restructuring significantly impacts the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. It recommends that banking institutions enhance their se of technology, develop secure banking applications with robust security measures, and tilize technology to analyze personal information related to creditworthiness. Additionally, commercial banks should diversify their operations to improve financial performance.
Postgraduate Students’ Awareness of Forms of Plagiarism and their Effects on Academic Reputation in Selected Public Universities, Kenya
(Eastern Africa Journal of Contemporary Research (EAJCR), 2025) Mugera, Lucy Wanene; Gichuhi, Zipporah Wanjiku; Njoroge, George Gitau
The standard of original, plagiarism-free research conducted by universities determines academic accomplishment. It emphasizes the caliber of the study and backs the university's initiatives to convey its significance on a global scale. A university can build a strong reputation and generate qualified individuals who aid in the advancement of society. The objectives were knowledge on forms of plagiarism and their effects and consequences of plagiarism. The study adopted descriptive research design using a survey approach. The locale was at Kenyatta University, Karatina University, and Dedan Kimathi University of Technology. The target population was 247 from three schools in the three public universities. Sample size for students was 200, 60 lecturers and three Anti-plagiarism software administrators. The study adapted stratified sampling technique. Purposive sampling was also used to determine sample size from lecturers and Anti-plagiarism software administrators. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected through self- dministered questionnaires and interview schedules respectively. The study was grounded on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which served as its foundation. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. The results of the study indicated that most of the postgraduate students were not exclusively aware of all forms of plagiarism had a reasonable understanding of the different penalties associated with plagiarism. It was recommended that, a campaign should be practiced to raise the level of awareness on forms of plagiarism and its effects. The study suggested that university management should also provide researchers with continuous sensitization through workshops and training on a variety of topics, such as how to improve academic writing abilities and steer clear of plagiarism.
Warburgia Ugandensis and Croton Dichogamus: Possible Botanical Bullets against Callosobruchus Maculatus
(A Multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal, 2025) Katoo, Athanas Alexander; Ngugi, Mathew; Gitahi, Stephen
Botanical pesticides, derived from plant products, have gained significant popularity as an alternative to conventional synthetic insecticides. These natural products often consist of various bioactive compounds that offer effective pest control and may reduce the chances of pest resistance. However, challenges such as variation in pest response, short residual activity, and difficulties in large-scale production hinder their widespread use. This paper explores different generations of botanical pesticides, focusing on their chemical composition, modes of action, and applications. First generation botanical pesticides, including nicotine, rotenone, essential oils, sabadilla, and pyrethrum, are discussed, along with their associated limitations. The second-generation botanical pesticides, such as Melia extracts, synthetic pyrethroids, and neem products, are presented as more specific and environmentally friendly alternatives. Furthermore, the insecticidal potential of Croton dichogamus and Warburgia ugandensis, two East African plants, is examined. Both plants possess promising phytochemical properties that show potential for controlling pests like Callosobruchus maculatus in stored grains. This review highlights the ecological and economic value of these plants in pest management strategies and the sustainable use of plant-based pesticides.